Phonetic Rules Research Articles

Acoustic analysis of the unstressed vocalism modifications in the English speech of Ukrainians

The methodology of unstressed vocalism prosodic features research presupposes acoustic analysis of vowelsinweak positions, pronounced by the native speaker and Ukrainians with different levels of English were studiedfor stating speech deviations in connected speech. At the stage of acoustic analysis in order to compare hownaturally the speech sounds and if it corresponds received pronunciation, the frequency diapason of rhythmicgroups and the words, selected for analysis was investigated. Also, indexes of unstressed vowels spectralcharacteristics were analyzed in the speech of Ukrainians with different levels of English. As a result of phoneticexperimental research, it was proved that in foreign speech speakers without special education and enoughexperience of speaking a foreign language, refer to phonetic rules of their native language, assimilatingthe pronunciation of unstressed sounds to similar sounds of the native language. So, it can be stated, that nativespeakers of Ukrainian will have common deviations in the system of unstressed vocalism. The received datapersuasively prove the assimilation of the pronunciation of unstressed vowel phoneme allophones in the Englishspeech of Ukrainians to their full variants of the native language. Such deviations, in their turn, influenceprosodic characteristics of speech, making the understanding of the content more difficult. During the researchthe dependence of the number and level of speech deviations on the level of language acquisition, education andthe experience of communication was stated. Thus, the set of speech deviations on the segmental level specificfor Ukrainian speakers was identified and their influence on prosodic features of the English speech was proved.

Text Reader

The historical and theoretical bases of contemporary high-performance text-to-speech (TTS) systems and their current designs are discussed. The major elements of TTS system are described, with particular reference to vocal tract models. The stages involved in the process of converting text into speech parameters are examined, covering text normalization, word pronunciation, prosodies, phonetic rules, voice tables, and hardware implementation. It is an image to text and speech conversion system developed for visually impaired as well as physically challenging people to be able to get information from the images easily. Core idea for image to text and speech conversion is to overcome the challenges faced by a visually impaired person in real life. The system goes through various phases such as image processing, text extraction, text-to-speech (TTS) conversion. This device opens the camera using the app into it out to the text and you get the audio. The primary motivation is to provide a visually impaired person with a friendly speech interface with computer and to allow such people who are physically and visually challenged to use the system to read printed text on the go.

ПАВЛО ЖИТЕЦЬКИЙ І ТИПОЛОГІЯ СЛОВ’ЯНСЬКИХ МОВ

P. H. Zhytetskyi’sbook «Очерк звуковой истории малорусского наречия» became a valuable contribution into Ukrainian and Slavonic studies. Zhytetskyi is credited with posing the problem of the relationship between vocalism and consonantism in the history of the Ukrainian language, and thus in the history of the Slavonic languages in general. Zhytetskyi’s thesis about «the poor» vocalism combining with «the rich» consonantism and vice versa in the Slavonic languages and in their history set the grounds of the historical typology of the Slavonic languages (on the phonological level) and proved to be really effective in the XXth ct. linguistics. It provided the principles of the Slavonic languages division into two types – a vocal and a consonant ones, which were interpreted both synchronically and diachronically (A. V. Isachenko, K. V. Horshkova, V. V. Ivanov, V. V. Kolesov). Zhytetskyi reconstructed the systems of archytypes and the systems of phonetic rules with the similar mechanism (united by a common cause). This resulted in Zhytetskyi’s understanding of the Ukrainian phonetic system history as a chain of causally related phonetic processes on the level of the subsystems (vocalism and consonantism) and the sound categories (strong and weak, voiced and unvoiced, hard and soft consonants). Therefore, Zhytetskyi’s concept of the relationship between vocalism and consonantism in the history of the Ukrainian language has retained its relevance in comparative and typological linguistiscs of the XX-th ct. – early XXIst ct.

Correct pronunciation (Orthoepy) and correct spelling (Spelling) of words in russian

This article discusses some aspects of the pronunciation and spelling of words in the Russian language. Examples of each phonetic rule are given and described in tables.Everything that is reflected in this article is a product of the experience that we meet on a daily basis. Specific examples of the use of a soft sign, the concept of the importance of a soft sign in Russian are given. Many words compared in languages.

Strategies for Determining German Nouns' Gender by College Students

The article is dedicated to the study of strategies for determining the gender of nouns of the German language by Ukrainian-speaking first-year-students at the Yuriy Fedkovych National University of Chernivtsi, Ukraine. The purpose of the study is to establish the strategies for determining the gender of nouns on the basis of phonetic, morphological, and semantic criteria and experimentally trace the impact of interlingual and intralingual interference in the process of gender categorization of nouns. The material of the study included 60 nouns, out of which 30 were phonetic equivalents and 30 – semantic ones. Each group contained 10 nouns of the masculine, feminine and neuter gender respectively, with the same number of structurally different nouns among them, which were selected according to semantic, morphological, and phonetic rules of gender identification. To identify strategies for determining the gender of German nouns, two psycholinguistic experiments were held with a month interval. The experiments involved 30 first-year-students at the University of Chernivtsi (German department), who had to decide whether the noun gender specified in DMDX program is correct. Thus, the article in half of the given nouns was set incorrectly in the program. The obtained results indicate that the gender of the noun of the native language significantly affects gender determining of the German phonetic equivalent (85% of all mistakes in determining the gender in Experiment 1 and 47% – in Experiment 2). The students also focus on the suffixes or endings of German nouns when choosing the correct gender. Phonetic or semantic rules for determining gender play a secondary role. The gender of a noun in the native language prevents the correct choice of the gender in the German language, which is twice as often recorded for phonetic equivalents.

معانی غریب القران نموذج من (جزء عم) (دراسة دلالیة تطبیقیة)

معاني غريب القرآن نموذج من (جزء عم) - دراسة دلالية تطبيقية معتوقة بنت محمد حسن بن زيد الحساني قسم الکتاب والسنة، کلية الدعوة وأصول الدين، جامعة أم القرى، مکة المکرمة، المملکة العربية السعودية. البريد الإلکتروني: mmhasane@uqu.edu.sa ملخص البحث : الهدف من البحث فهم مراد الله،وفهم الغريب من الألفاظ لتستفتح المغالق من آيات الله تعالى المحکم منها والمتشابه ,ومعرفة ماهية الغريب, وبيان المشترک اللفظي لألفاظ الغريب والربط بين هذه المعاني وأثرها الدلالي لجزء الدراسة، والمنهج المتبع هو وصفي تحليلي و تاريخي. ومن نتائج البحث أن ألفاظ القرآن الکريم بحر لا تنفد معانيه کيف لا وهي في کتاب الله العظيم. دلالات هذه الألفاظ وارتباطها بمقاصد وأهداف السور. اتساع دائرة الألفاظ وتناسبها مع بعضها البعض في نفس السياق القرآني. أنه لا تعارض ولا تضاد ولا تنافر في الألفاظ القرآنية. التوصيات: - بذل الدراسات القرآنية لمعرفة أثر ووقع الدلالة الصوتية من خلال الآيات القرآنية على النفس. دراسة أثر التجويد وأحکامه في نطق الألفاظ القرآنية. دراسة أثر الحروف العربية من خلال صفات تلک الحروف وتوظيفها في فهم المعاني والأحکام الشرعية. Interpretations of the Odd Words in the Holy Qur'an Juz' Amm (60th Section); A Model An Applied Semantic Study By: Matouqah Bint Mohammed Hassan Bin Zeid Al-Hassany Department of the Holy Qur'an and Sunnah Faculty of Dawah and Osoul Al-Deen Umm Al-Qura University Mecca, Saudi Arabia E-mail: mmhasane@uqu.edu.sa Abstract This research seeks a better understanding of what is intended by Almighty Allah through studying the odd words which would help decoding the perfect and similar Signs of Allah, tracing the origins of the odd words, displaying their common articulations and relating these interpretations to the semantic effects of the study. The research applies the descriptive, analytical and historical approach. One of the findings of this research is that the Holy Qur'an is an unfailing source of interpretations as it is the Word of Allah. The interpretations of these words are closely related to the objectives and purposes of their chapters (Sūrat). There is a wide range of words which are compatible with each other within the Qur'anic context. Accordingly, there is no conflict, contradiction or discord in between these Qur'anic articulations. The research recommends carrying out more Qur'anic studies to find out the impact of semantic phonetics of the verses on the self. It also recommends studying the phonetic rules of Qur'anic recitation (Tajweed) and its rules so as to pronounce the words perfectly. In addition, the research recommends studying the Arabic alphabet by shedding more light upon the characteristics of the letters and their functions which would enable the reader to understand the meaning and the legislative provisions.

Genuszuweisungsstrategien im DaF-Unterricht

Abstract This paper focuses on the phonetic, morphological and semantic principles determining the grammatical gender of nouns in German. Based on the experiments we established the main trends in determining the gender of the German equivalents and interlingual homonyms and the role of the interlingual and intralingual interference in this process. The results of two experiments show that Ukrainian students take into consideration suffixes of German nouns when choosing the correct gender. Phonetic or semantic gender allocation rules play a subordinate role. The interlingual interference determinates the gender choice in the target language: the gender of the mother tongue lemma interferes the selection of the gender in the foreign language equivalent. This effect appears more frequently in interlingual homonyms than in translation equivalents. A plausible interpretation of these results could be: the lemmas of two similar nouns or translation equivalents share the same concepts, the relationship between them is rather close, and the competition between the two lemmas and their genus nodes is strong and influences language production. This conclusion supports the hypothesis that both languages, the mother tongue and the foreign one, can be activated during language producing.

Mawlāna Abul Kalām ‘Azād and his Efforts in Reforming and Developing the Curriculum of Dars-i-Nizāmī

For an depth understanding of Islamic ideology and shariah, it is necessary to be well-versed in the Arabic language; for this very reason Arab and non –Arab religious scholars (Ulama) in the past psent their lives in carrying out extensive research and pruduce scholary works on all aspects of the language.
 The subcontinent produced scholars and thinkers who palyed a major role in guiding the Ummah. These Ulama work untiringly and they carried out pioneer work in teaching, editing, writing original work on Arabic grammer, prose, and oratory.Among these Ulama is sheikh Nizamuddin bin Qutbuddin sehalawi Ansari (1161H- 1748) who was the founder of the Dars-I- Nizami course . He included in the course books of famous Ulama. Most of the books of the course are written in Arabic, but some Persian books on Arabic grammar and syntax wre also included in the course.
 Need for changes in Dars- I – Nizami: an eduction is basically a palan for the future. It is true that Dars- I – Nizami was best suited for the age for which it was prepared. But times have changed, and so have the demands of the era changed; there is a race between nations for progress and development. Under such circumstances, the importace of an education system and syllabus cannot be over-emphasised.To cater the needs of changing times our Ulama felt the need for reforming Dars- I – Nizami; especially, when it was criticised from many quaraters. Some of criticism is form very learned, sincere and religious scholars. Among these scholars is Maulana Abulkalam Azad who was a famous and great scholar in the sub-continent. He notice and took a number of misfortunes on the Dars- I – Nizami corruculum in the subcontinent, some of the include:
 1-Most of the books on grammar and syntax are in Persian and students have to bear burfen of learning Arabic grmmar, understanding the book and learning Persian.
 2- students don’t get to know-how and practice to seak Arabic.Rarely applied rules of grammar, idiom and phonetics taught in unnecessary details and in philosophical way which is great burden on the students.
 That is why Abul kalam Azad sought reform, and development the Dars- I – Nizami corruculum.
 In this rtice we mention some of his efforts in this field, and tite of the article is
 العلامة أبو الكلام آزاد وجهوده في إصلاح وتطوير منهج الدرس النظامي .
 (Allama Abul kalam Azad and his efforts in reforming and developing the Dars- I – Nizami corruculum.)

Fonètica històrica versus història lèxica. El cas de "saloma" < kéleusma `cant dels mariners

Le mot grec kéleusma "chant des mariniers" est passé en ltalie sous plusieurs formes: celoma, scialoma etc. Elles sont attestées depuis le XIVe siècle, et toutes ont une consonne initiale palatale. Le catalan saloma et le verbe correspondant salomar (1436) ne sont vraisemblablement pas autochto­nes, mais pris de l'italien. La question se pose surtout pour l'espagnol çaloma (fin du XVIe siècle; plus tard zaloma): du point de vue phonetique il ne peut pas s'agir pour ce dernier d'un emprunt direct de l'italien, ni même du catalan. Cependant, l'histoire lexicale des termes hispaniques (cat. saloma, esp. et portg. zaloma) contredirait ce que les "lois phonetiques" exigent: pour ces mots nautiques, soumis aux avatars de la "lingua franca", on ne devrait pas faire jouer une stricte rigueur linguistique. A en juger par les attestations recueillies, le point de départ vers l'espagnol serait la Catalogne. Néanmoins l’exposition des données philologiques objectives tirées d'une abondante documentation écrite et dialectale permet d'étaler la complexité du problème.

The Effectiveness of Implicit and Explicit Instruction on German L2 Learners’ Pronunciation

AbstractPrevious research has investigated the effectiveness of implicit and explicit instructional methods on second language (L2) learners’ grammatical accuracy. However, there is a scarcity of studies focused on the effects of the two teaching methods on L2 learners’ pronunciation. To fill this gap, the present study examined the effects of implicit and explicit instruction on the pronunciation of beginning learners of German. Over the course of one semester, one group of learners (n=5) was taught pronunciation explicitly (i.e., using phonetic rules), another group (n=5) implicitly (i.e., without phonetic rules), and a third group (n=5) received no pronunciation instruction. A pretest‐posttest design was used to measure learners’ improve ment in accent and comprehensibility. A slight improvement in both variables was observed under all conditions, but no significant difference in progress was found across the three groups. The findings suggest that some learner variables (e.g., age) might be better predictors of improvement than the type of instruction. Moreover, not all pronunciation features were equally relevant for L2 learners’ comprehensibility and accent. The results have implications for L2 pronunciation teaching.

Bayïrqu and Barγu: Deconstructing One Myth

In academic and unspecialized literature related to the ethnogenesis and ethnic history of the Buryats, the two ethnonyms Bayïrqu ~ Bayarqu, known in the Old Turkic period, and Barγu ~ Barqu, first recorded in the early 13th century, have been commonly regarded as corresponding forms, phonetically or, at least, semantically. This position fit well into the ideas about the ethnic continuity in the history of the population of the Baikal region at different stages. Once hypothetically suggested, this point of view established itself in historiography. But although accepted by many authors, this position has never been subjected to verification or philological criticism. The article aims to reconsider and dispel this misconception. The authors give philological evidence to prove that treating the ethnonyms Bayïrqu ~ Bayarqu and Barγu ~ Barqu as phonetic forms of one word at different historical stages is completely ungrounded. Specifically, the study shows that there are no phonetic rules, known at least for Altaic languages, to argue the transformation of forms Bayïrqu and Bayarqu, attested in written sources of the 8th–10th centuries, to Barγu known since the 13th century. The authors also consider different versions of the etymology of each of these ethnonyms, based on the materials of the Turkic and Mongolic languages. The name Bayïrqu ~ Bayarqu must be derived from the stem bay+u- ~ bay+ï- ‘to be or become rich’ and is likely a verbal noun with the meaning ‘enrich (Acc.)’. Contrary, the ethnonym barγu is attested among Mongolic peoples and displays parallels in the ethnonymy of the Turkic peoples in the forms of Barγï, Barqï. It can be either a Turkic borrowing or an original Mongolic formation, in both cases representing a verbal noun from the stem bar-.

Multi-Task WaveRNN With an Integrated Architecture for Cross-Lingual Voice Conversion

Spoken languages are similar phonetically because humans have a common vocal production system. However, each language has a unique phonetic repertoire and phonotactic rule. In cross-lingual voice conversion, source speaker and target speaker speak different languages. The challenge is how to project the speaker identity of the source speaker to that of the target across two different phonetic systems. A typical voice conversion system employs a generator-vocoder pipeline, where the generator is responsible for conversion, and the vocoder is for waveform reconstruction. We propose a novel Multi-Task WaveRNN with an integrated architecture for cross-lingual voice conversion. The WaveRNN is trained on two sets of monolingual data via a two-task learning. The integrated architecture takes linguistic features as input and outputs speech waveform directly. Voice conversion experiments are conducted between English and Mandarin, which confirm the effectiveness of the proposed method in terms of speech quality and speaker similarity.

An Effective and Efficient Genetic-Fuzzy Algorithm for Supporting Advanced Human-Machine Interfaces in Big Data Settings

In this paper we describe a novel algorithm, inspired by the mirror neuron discovery, to support automatic learning oriented to advanced man-machine interfaces. The algorithm introduces several points of innovation, based on complex metrics of similarity that involve different characteristics of the entire learning process. In more detail, the proposed approach deals with an humanoid robot algorithm suited for automatic vocalization acquisition from a human tutor. The learned vocalization can be used to multi-modal reproduction of speech, as the articulatory and acoustic parameters that compose the vocalization database can be used to synthesize unrestricted speech utterances and reproduce the articulatory and facial movements of the humanoid talking face automatically synchronized. The algorithm uses fuzzy articulatory rules, which describe transitions between phonemes derived from the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), to allow simpler adaptation to different languages, and genetic optimization of the membership degrees. Large experimental evaluation and analysis of the proposed algorithm on synthetic and real data sets confirms the benefits of our proposal. Indeed, experimental results show that the vocalization acquired respects the basic phonetic rules of Italian languages and that subjective results show the effectiveness of multi-modal speech production with automatic synchronization between facial movements and speech emissions. The algorithm has been applied to a virtual speaking face but it may also be used in mechanical vocalization systems as well.

Implantation of indexing optimization technology for highly specialized terms based on Metaphone phonetical algorithm

When compiling databases, for example to meet the needs of healthcare establishments, there is quite a common problem with the introduction and further processing of names and last names of doctors and patients that are highly specialized both in terms of pronunciation and writing. This is because names and last names of people cannot be unique, their notation is not subject to any rules of phonetics, while their length in different languages may not match. With the advent of the Internet, this situation has become generally critical and can lead to that multiple copies of e-mails are sent to one address. It is possible to solve the specified problem by using phonetic algorithms for comparing words Daitch-Mokotoff, Soundex, NYSIIS, Polyphone, and Metaphone, as well as the Levenshtein and Jaro algorithms, Q-gram-based algorithms, which make it possible to find distances between words. The most widespread among them are the Soundex and Metaphone algorithms, which are designed to index the words based on their sound, taking into consideration the rules of pronunciation. By applying the Metaphone algorithm, an attempt has been made to optimize the phonetic search processes for tasks of fuzzy coincidence, for example, at data deduplication in various databases and registries, in order to reduce the number of errors of incorrect input of last names. An analysis of the most common last names reveals that some of them are of the Ukrainian or Russian origin. At the same time, the rules following which the names are pronounced and written, for example in Ukrainian, differ radically from basic algorithms for English and differ quite significantly for the Russian language. That is why a phonetic algorithm should take into consideration first of all the peculiarities in the formation of Ukrainian last names, which is of special relevance now.

The Phonemic Value of Pashto Language Special Letters

This academic paper assists its readers in the field of Pashto Language phonetics insight that in the future study it can be used as a source for its users. Phonetic is one branch of linguistics because phonetics studies the human’s practical sound scientifically. Phonetics provides some approaches for description of classification and writing of sounds. This paper is regarding the rules of Pashto Language productive phonetics in order to prove whether there is such grapheme and phonemes in other world languages or not? Therefore, the diversity of Afghanistan language, particularly Pashto Language is counted as the cultural heir and rich wealth for current globe. Hence, in this academic paper Pashto Language phonemics rules are studied and linguistic study of it opens a door for Afghan users. For this reason, phonetic is the basic study of linguistics and literature is depended on grammar and grammar is relied on morphology and morphology is depended on phonology and phonology is the base and important element of phonetics. The other spot of this paper is the similarity of some phonetics letters of Pashto Language alphabet with Indo-European because Pashto Language is on branch of Indo-European family and has its own alphabet with special features that the speakers use it. The phonemic rules of aforementioned language is like other Indo-European languages.

A Two-Level Morphological Description of Bashkir Turkish

In recent years, the topic of Natural Language Processing (NLP) has attracted increasing interest. Many NLP applications including machine translation, machine learning, speech recognition, sentiment analysis, semantic search and natural language generation have been developed for most of the existing languages. Besides, two-level morphological description of the language to be used is required for these applications. However, there is no comprehensive study of Bashkir Turkish in the literature. In this paper, a two-level description of Bashkir Turkish morphology is described. The description based on a root word lexicon of Bashkir Turkish is implemented using Extensible Markup Language (XML) and appended to Nuve framework. The phonetic rules of Bashkir Turkish are encoded using 41 two-level rules. This two-level morphological description is promising to be used in Bashkir Turkish oriented NLP applications.

Multilingual Entity Matching

The aim of this paper is to explore methods of multilingual entity matching. Name matching is currently the main technique used for entity resolution. When dealing with entities having features recorded in different languages and with different alphabets the basic approaches have serious limitation. The basic name matching approach using string comparison metrics is enriched with phonetic rules and with relational information. The results show that the approach using transliteration enhanced by phonetic matching provides with the best performance.

Experimental Phonetics and Phonology in Indo-Aryan & European Languages

Abstract Phonetics and phonology are very interesting areas of Linguistics, and are interrelated. They are based on the human speech system, speech perception, native speakers’ intuition, and vocalic and consonantal systems of languages spoken in this world. There are more than six thousand languages spoken in the world. Every language has its own phonemic inventory, sound system, and phonological and phonetic rules that differ from other languages; most even have distinct orthographic systems. While languages spoken in developed countries are well-studied, those spoken in underdeveloped countries are not. There is a great need to examine them using a scientific approach. These under-studied languages need to be documented scientifically using advanced technological instruments to bring objective results, and linguistics itself provides the scientific basis for the study of a language. Most research studies to date have also been carried out with reference to old or existing written literature in poetry and drama. In the current era of research, scholars are looking for objective scientific approaches, e.g., experimental and instrumental studies that include acoustic research on the sound systems of less privileged languages spoken locally in developing countries. In this context, Sindhi is an example of this phenomenon, and un-researched with reference to syllable structure and the exponents of lexical stress patterns.

On the performance of phonetic algorithms in microtext normalization

User–generated content published on microblogging social networks constitutes a priceless source of information. However, microtexts usually deviate from the standard lexical and grammatical rules of the language, thus making its processing by traditional intelligent systems very difficult. As an answer, microtext normalization consists in transforming those non–standard microtexts into standard well–written texts as a preprocessing step, allowing traditional approaches to continue with their usual processing. Given the importance of phonetic phenomena in non–standard text formation, an essential element of the knowledge base of a normalizer would be the phonetic rules that encode these phenomena, which can be found in the so–called phonetic algorithms.In this work we experiment with a wide range of phonetic algorithms for the English language. The aim of this study is to determine the best phonetic algorithms within the context of candidate generation for microtext normalization. In other words, we intend to find those algorithms that taking as input non–standard terms to be normalized allow us to obtain as output the smallest possible sets of normalization candidates which still contain the corresponding target standard words. As it will be stated, the choice of the phonetic algorithm will depend heavily on the capabilities of the candidate selection mechanism which we usually find at the end of a microtext normalization pipeline. The faster it can make the right choices among big enough sets of candidates, the more we can sacrifice on the precision of the phonetic algorithms in favour of coverage in order to increase the overall performance of the normalization system.

중국어 교재분석을 통한 감정표현기능 어법 항목 선정에 대한 고찰

As we know, Currently, there are various attempts to recognize and improve the problems of the existing teaching grammar methods in the Chinese educational academy. Among these attempts, the analysis of the rich linguistic phenomena has led to a new interest in grammar education combined with the linguistic function of guiding the learners to the linguistic rules or the sentence structures that constitute the concrete linguistic behaviors. In this paper, As a part of research that combines phonics function and phonetics, I extracted the phonetic rules that constitute these emotional expression functions through the analysis of textbooks, focusing on the frequently used emotional expressions among various phonetic functions.BR In other words, it is because I think that it is possible to increase the efficiency and interest of the teaching of phonics at the same time by examining what kind of language forms the emotional expressions that are frequently used in everyday life. In addition, when extracting these formats based on language phenomena, using textbooks as a source of data collection would be an effective way to secure both representative and reliability of the data.BR In this paper, we first examine the previous studies related to phonology and phonology combination, and then, based on this, we extracted the phonetic items that constitute emotional expressive behavior through text analysis.BR Finally, we discussed how to use these teaching methods in practical teaching and how to use them in education.