Phonetic Rules Research Articles

Turkic-Chinese lexical parallels within the framework of the phonological model SASYS

Relevance. Considering the constant development of global language contacts and cultural interactions, examining the mechanisms of interaction between the Turkic and Chinese languages is of great importance for identifying the mechanisms of borrowing words and analysing cultural and historical ties between these language groups. Purpose. The purpose of the study was to examine and identify the features of the processes of mutual influence, assimilation, and development of lexical elements of the Turkic and Chinese languages. Methodology. The study uses linguistic, comparative, and lexical-semantic methods to analyse etymological pairs and phonological adaptation between the Kyrgyz and Chinese languages. Results. The study identifies both similarities and differences in the phonetic implementation of single-root lexemes between Chinese and Turkic languages within the SASYS phonetic model. Attention is paid to sound combinations, accents, and phonetic features, establishing patterns in their structure and evolution. The phenomena of phonetic borrowing and adaptation in both languages are identified, and influenced by cultural and historical contexts. Additionally, the study confirms a tendency to simplify sound structures in some Turkic languages compared to more persistent phonetic forms in Chinese. Conclusions. The analysis determines the origin of various interlanguage and intercultural words. Single-root lexemes passing between Chinese and Turkic languages undergo systematic phonetic changes, adapting sound combinations and accents to conform to the phonetic rules of the recipient language. The results highlight the SASYS phonetic model's importance for understanding phonetic evolution and adaptation between these languages, emphasizing their deep historical and cultural ties. Keywords: interaction of languages; nostratics; etymological identity; sound changes

Pronunciation of Hijaiyyah’s letter for New Quranic Learners a Contrastive Analysis Study

Makhraj or pronunciation is an essential element of phonetic rules in the Quranic reading. Studies on the articulateness of Arabic alphabets pronunciation of phonetic aspects due to the influence of native languages ​​have been debated for decades. The Makhraj of Hijaiyyah is related to the learning of reading the Quran as the Quran itself is revealed in Arabic. Therefore, the consonant of Hijaiyyah’s pronunciation must be mastered at the beginning of the Quranic study to produce a clear sound and precise meaning. This study aims to acquire a pattern of Hijaiyyah consonant designation in the aspect of the characteristics of articulation fluency, consonants and phonetic nature of the Malay tongue for the basis of Quranic learning and teaching. Through the content analysis method, a thematic related to the pronunciation fluency of letters has been developed in three levels. The classification of letters is emphasized to serve as guidance for teachers and other researchers in area of teaching the Arabic language and al-Quran education.

Procedes D’adaptation Phonetique De L’emprunt : La Dynamique De Systeme Phonologique De L’arabe Jordanien En Contact Avec L’anglais Et Le Français

Objectives: This study aimed at analyzing a number of Jordanian Arabic lexical units borrowed from French and English Particularly, we attempt to answer the following questions: What are the mechanisms adopted by the target language in the process of integrating the phonic forms of borrowed units? What is the impact of these adaptation mechanisms on the dynamics of the phonological system of the target language? Methods: This study adopted the methodology of functional phonology to analyze an oral corpus made up of approximately 300 units. Results: The findings of the analysis show that language contact offers explanations for the observed phonetic variations. In essence, the consonant system of Jordanian Arabic is characterized by a rather weak correlation of voiced and voiceless consonants insofar as certain voiceless consonant phonemes do not have corresponding voiced counterparts, e.g., /k/ and /f/, which favored the integration of corresponding voiced phonemes like /g/ and /v/. The results of the study also show the emergence of new vowel sounds. Conclusions: This study found effects of phonetic adaptation strategies and their contribution to the evolution of the phonological system in the target language, revealing that borrowing in such manner introduces new phonetic variations which gradually get integrated within the system of the language in ways that would fit its phonetic rules.

Morphological Homonymy in the Verbal Structure of the Albanian Language

Verbal structures, in general, in the Albanian language have followed the system, but there have also been interventions outside the system. Due to phonetic and analog interferences, this system has undergone constant changes. The changes have involved not only the system of endings, but often also the structure of their phonological representation.
 The phonological structure of many verbs in the course of time has been disorganized, in the view that during changes the representative forms have avoided the initial unified forms. The changes have affected, in the first place, verbs ending in consonants, such as: speak, shout, go out, bake, take etc. These have often brought consequences of opposite directions. Transitions from one state to another, or reversals to the previous state, have been evident. These transitions are observed not only in the representative form of verbs, but also in their typical changes means.
 Excluding the phenomenon of complementarity, thematic diversity within the same verb is a linguistic state obtained as a result of many phonetic or analogical developments. A change conditioned by the phonetic rule has over time taken on a morphological grammatical function. Morphological value in many cases have received phonological additions, unnecessarily supporting the system of typical changes. Changes in the subject structure of these verbs, when the grammatical means of expression are clear and obvious, are neutral to the grammatical meanings.

THE PHONETIC MANIFESTATIONS OF SHEIKH ABU ABD AL-RAHMAN ALDARIR AL-HIRI AL-NAYSABURI (D. 430 AH) IN HIS BOOK: AL-KIFAYA FI ALTAFSIR

Phonetically, it does not represent an important part of the study of the Qur’an and Quranic interpretation, and the phonetic aspect of the Qur’an has not been understood as a prominent part in interpreting the text and understanding its meanings. Among those phonetically, according to Sheikh Al-Hiri, are tilt, assimilation, shamam, substitution, and hamza. Scholars do not work hard to study these phonetic and linguistic phenomena for the sake of an accurate and profound interpretation of the Holy Qur’an. They aim to interpret the meanings of the Holy Qur’an more clearly and contribute to conveying and elevating its message better. Therefore, it has become necessary in its vocabulary and linguistic rules, and this includes sounds, thinking, and phonetic rules that scholars adopt when interpreting and understanding the Qur’anic text. The impact of these phonetic instructions appears in several concepts of the Arabic language Understanding these phonetic rules and applying them correctly is essential for readers and interpretation scholars when, understanding the Qur’anic text. It plays a crucial role in making the recitation of the Qur’an smooth and beautiful, thus contributing to effectively conveying its message and teachings to Muslims and other readers

越南学生汉语习得中的韵母偏误分析

本文对汉语和越南语韵母系统进行了较详细的描写，同时对标准越南语与越南三大方言的韵母系统进行对比，以便找出越南学生在汉语习得过程中所存在的区域性韵母偏误。通过汉越韵母系统的对比本文指出二者在构成情况、韵母数量、拼写方式、语音等方面的异同。越南学生区域性语音偏误规律的分析结果表明不同区域的越南学生有不同的韵母偏误。本文运用理论对这些偏误进行解释，从而探讨偏误的成因,以求找出克服的方案以及提出教学建议。希望本研究结果能给从事汉语语音教学的工作者提供参考，使教学工作更加有针对性，从而能够提高教学效率，同时也希望对汉语学习者有所帮助。 This article describes the vowel of Chinese and Vietnamese, and compares the vowel of standard Vietnamese and the three major Vietnamese dialects in order to find out the regional vowel errors that Vietnamese students have in the process of Chinese acquisition. Through the comparison of Chinese and Vietnamese vowel systems, the article points out similarities and differences in phonetic aspects, writing methods, number of patterns, and composition of Vietnamese and Chinese. According to the analysis results of the regional wrong phonetic rule of Vietnamese students, Vietnamese students in different regions will have different vowel errors. The article has applied theory to explain these errors, thereby finding the causes of errors, finding solutions to overcome and making recommendations on teaching. It is hoped that the results of this research can be a reference for those who do the teaching of Chinese phonetics, making the teaching on target, thereby improving the teaching efficiency, improving the teaching efficiency, and at the same time also hope it helps the learners.

Eichner’s law in Latin, Greek and beyond: some neglected evidence

AbstractAccording to a phonetic rule commonly referred to asEichner’s law, the quality of a long *ēwas not affected by an adjacent laryngeal *h2or *h3in the prehistory of the individual Indo-European languages: Latinspērāre‘hope’ < *spēh2-s-(desiderative), Old Slavicspěti‘be successful’ < *spēh2-(cf. *sph2-ró-in Ved.sphirá-and Lat.prosperus; *speh2-i-s-in Old Slavicspěxŭ); Tocharian Byerpe<*h3ērbh-o-‘disk, orb’ (without colouration) versus Latinorbis< *h3orbh-i-‘circle’. The purpose of the article is not to reassess the value of all reconstructions involving Eichner’s law, but to focus primarily on two neglected examples supporting its validity: Latinīdūs< *h2ēid-‘Ides’, a term originally referring to the full moon, for which a connection withaemidus< *h2eid-(a term glossed astumidus) can plausibly be argued; Greek ἔγκατα < *h2ēnk-‘mass of the inner organs of the thorax and of the upper part of the abdomen’ related to ὄγκος ‘swelling, tumour, bulk’ (from an older meaning ‘curvature’; the word constantly refers tovolume, not to weight). The striking structural parallelism between ἔγκατα < *h2ḗnk-r/n-‘pluck’ (with Osthoff-shortening) and ἧπαρ < *(H)yḗkw-r/n-‘liver’ requires a close reexamination of the latter word and a detailed discussion of the puzzling vocalism of Lat.iecur, gen.iocineris. The study aims at offering a careful analysis of these items, taking into account their precise semantics and the relevant comparative data. Particular emphasis will be laid upon the derivational processes responsible for the morphological shape of the lexemes under discussion. It will appear that the Classical languages, especially Latin, can make a decisive contribution to the understanding of the morphology of lengthened-grade formations, which in turn offer new insights into the history of the Latin and Greek lexicons.

MIRZA KAZEMBEK AND AZERBAIJAN

The article is dedicated to the great Azerbaijani orientalist, founder and patriarch of Russian Oriental studies Mirza Kazembek and his indissoluble ties with the Motherland. At the age of 19, he had to live away from his family and homeland. He lived in Astrakhan, then in Kazan and in St. Petersburg. Despite the fact that he lived and worked away from Azerbaijan, but all the time he was inextricably linked with his Homeland, worrying and worrying about it. Of particular value are the works of Mirz Kazimbek on the study of the life and work of Azerbaijani poets and writers. The scientist focuses on the life and work of such great Azerbaijani poets as Nizami Ganjavi, Muhammad Fizuli, Khagani Shirvani, as well as the founder of Azerbaijani drama Mirza Fathali Akhundov. Mirza Kazembek’s scientific works on the history, philosophy, jurisprudence, literature, linguistics of the peoples of the Muslim East are unsurpassed examples in the field of Russian Oriental studies. He was the first linguist who introduced the Azerbaijani language to the scientific community on a scientific basis for the first time. Thus, the "Grammar of the Turkish-Tatar language", which was published in Kazan in 1839, was a major event not only in domestic, but also in world Turkology. This was the world's first experience of presenting the grammar of Turkic languages using comparative analysis, where the rules of phonetics, morphology and syntax of the Ottoman Turkish language are compared with the rules of the "Tatar" (Kazan, Siberian, Orenburg Tatars), as well as Azerbaijani languages. Mirza Kazembek's "Grammar of the Turkish-Tatar language" was highly appreciated by representatives of Russian and world Oriental studies. This work has long remained the main manual for the study of the Turkish language not only in Russia, but also in the world. His works are recognized, translated and studied all over the world.

Balaghat 'ahadith aleadad fi sahih albukharii (ktab al'iiman 'inmwdhjaan)

The research is concerned with the analysis of selected texts from the hadiths of the Prophet that include numbers in the chapter of knowledge in the Sahih of Al-Bukhari and Muslim (may God have mercy on them and enter them into a paradise to display the heavens and the earth prepared for the righteous) a rhetorical analysis according to the basic phonetic rules laid down by the scholars of Arabic rhetoric (may God have mercy on them). In revealing the aesthetic, artistic and rhetorical images of these prophetic hadiths, and clarifying the choice of the Prophet, may God’s prayers and peace be upon him, for words, giving preference to one expression over another, and one form over another, and the manifestation of the splendor and beauty of graphic and original images, With clarification of the distinctive characteristics of each type, and their effects in directing meanings in order to understand, persuade and influence the recipient, because the Prophet, peace be upon him, came to build man and organize the relationship of the servant with his Lord, and the relationship of servants with servants is based on acquaintance, the Almighty said: {O people, we created you. from male and female, and We made you into peoples and tribes, that you may know one another. Indeed, the most honorable of you in the sight of God is the most pious.

METHODS OF TRANSLITERATION OF CHINESE ONOMASTIC NAMES IN KAZAKH ALPHABET WITH LATIN GRAPHICS

Translation of onomastic names from one language into another or their correct spelling is one of the most important problems of linguistics and translation. This is due to the fact that onomastic names are not only linguistic units, phenomena, but also non-linguistic factors (ideological, historical, cultural, geographic, social, linguistic relations), which play a very important role in the development of relations between states and peoples. The Kazakh and Chinese languages, both genetically and typologically, belong to different language groups: one belongs to the Sino-Tibetan language group, the other to the Altai language group; typologically, one refers to isolating languages, the other to agglutinative ones. Moreover, there are significant differences in the spelling of both languages: one uses a semantic syllable and the other uses phonetic notation. The "Palladium transcription system" based on the current phonetic rules of the Russian language does not correspond to the phonetic rules of the Kazakh language. The study shows the ways and rules of transliteration of Chinese onomastic names into the Kazakh alphabet with Latin graphics.

Лингвистическая креативность: нарушение нормы?

The paper sets out to show that linguistic creativity which is usually associated with inventive, imaginative, and frequently unexpected use of language means to enhance the expressive back up of communication should not be taken as mere violation of the universally accepted language and/ or communicative norm. Linguistic creativity is a feature of language performance based on language competence which is unthinkable without the norm, the latter being described as a set of mental models underlying the formation of utterances which are to be built according to the acknowledged codified rules of grammar and phonetics as well as the rules of making up word combinations. The norm codifies prescriptive use but also allows for certain variability which helps to adapt language performance to the constantly changing communicative environment. Thus, language competence implies the knowledge of the scope of norm variability, and with regard to this point, linguistic creativity may be defined as testing the variability potential of the language system in discourse with special reference to the limits it might be extended to. Linguistic creativity is found on all levels of the language system including borrowings, though the latter are usually left out of language creativity studies. However, the material of English (a Germanic language), where Romance borrowings constitute more than half of its vocabulary, shows that borrowings prove to be a good point of departure for language creativity but only in case they are fully adapted to the recipient language system.

French Semi-Vowels and Its Teaching for Chinese-Speaking Learners

The three French semi-vowels [j], [w], and [?] present challenges and noteworthy problems to Chinese-speaking learners of French. Despite the fact that few domestic studies are related with French semi-vowels and their inclusion in French textbooks, the uniqueness of semi-vowels has always revealed itself in the learning process of French pronunciation. This paper, focusing on semi-vowels in French, intends to elaborate the phonetic features of these semi-vowels; following that, an exploration of the reasons for the exception of words to the phonetic rules of semi-vowels is conducted from the perspective of etymology. Since these semi-vowels have vowel-like sounds but act like consonants, the performance of semi-vowels in some phonetic rules, such as syllabication, word stress, and the aspiration of voiceless stops, is analyzed. This study has implications for the teaching of semi-vowels in French.

Design and Development of a Text-to-Speech Synthesizer for Afan Oromo

Speech is one of the natural ways of communication between humans, later extended as a means for human–computer interaction. It helps visually impaired people to read electronic texts and is used in information retrieval and language education. This paper proposed the development of a text-to-speech synthesizer for Afan Oromo (Oromo Language), using unit selection speech synthesizer approaches. Although several works have been conducted in the area of text-to-speech synthesis for technologically favored languages for many years, every language has its own unique features. So, speech synthesizer systems developed for one language cannot be used for another language, because the structures of one language are not presumably representative of others. It is clear that each program is based on the system corresponding to the phonetic rules of a certain language. Besides, the existing text-to-speech synthesizer for Afan Oromo was reviewed in this study and the result of developed prototype results are showing promising, however, still, their performance needs a lot of improvement in terms of intelligibility and naturalness using novel approaches and quality of corpus. Therefore, this research was initiated to develop the possibility of developing a prototype text-to-speech synthesizer to improve the performance of the text-to-speech synthesizer. In this study, Afan Oromo corpus was collected from genuine sources and prepared speech datasets both text and audio in collaboration with Afan Oromo experts. The performance of the synthesizer was tested by proper users for its intelligibility and naturalness using Mean Opinion Scale (MOS). The obtained result of naturalness of the prototype is 4.44 (very good) out of 5, which indicated that the result obtained is encouraging and better performance than the existing TTS of Afan Oromo in terms of intelligibility and naturalness. But the result scored in terms of intelligibility still needs further work. The main challenge is Afan Oromo has many dialects, so preparing a balanced text corpus from each dialect is very tough. Moreover, enhancement of the work is predicted to bring a reasonable level of intelligibility to the system.

Review Essay: The Sicilian World of Gaetano Cipolla

Review Essay: The Sicilian World of Gaetano Cipolla

АКЦЕНТУАЦІЙНА ПОМИЛКА ЯК ФЕНОМЕН СУЧАСНОГО СПІЛКУВАННЯ В ІНФОРМАЦІЙНОМУ ПРОСТОРІ

Language culture is an important part of national culture. It is the language that is the source that preserves the nation’s history, promotes its self-identification and uniqueness in the global history of mankind. To lose a language or turn it into an illiterate conglomeration of words and phrases means to lose one’s independence, the right to civilizational development and communication with other nations. The accentuation norm together with the orthoepic one are the elements of the phonetic passport of a word, ignorance of which easily decloses a foreigner and an individual having no proper level of education. Each language has its special phonetic rules, its phrases have their own unique rhythmic and melodic pattern, the negligence of which is the result of nihilistic attitude to this very important communication tool. The significance of the research is that the study of errors of the accentual norm will give an opportunity to improve the level of literary language among different segments of its native speakers, increase responsibility for the use of norms and help instill a desire to preserve and develop options for proper functioning of national language in public communication. Such work is necessary especially in the conditions of artificial bilingualism that has developed in modern Ukraine. Knowledge of foreign languages is a characteristic feature of the 21st century, but knowledge of the mother tongue is a natural attribute for every citizen. The purpose of the article is to analyze the factors and reasons that contribute to the spread of erroneous options for emphasis both in the media and in public communication, as well as the development of recommendations to avoid them. So, the purpose stipulates the usage of methodological basis of the study including comparative, structural, oppositional research methods, and the method of stylistic analysis. The paper presents real examples of violations of the accentuation norm by presenters of leading TV and radio channels, journalists, teachers, deputies. The accentuation norm is not stable enough, as it is easily ignored in the process of communication, although each individual word has its own emphasis. This fact creates real conditions for its violation, which eliminates the national identities of the Ukrainian system of emphasis, distorts the language system itself, and leads to the distortion of the content of the message. In addition, the non-normative emphasis in case of its active circulation in the media, advertising, communication of civil servants and VIPs does not contribute to the functioning of the Ukrainian language as the official language, is a threat to its further development. This issue is considered to be public, so it’s solving is of great importance.

The Arabic Root and the Peculiarities of Its Language Categorization (Structure and Inflection)

This article discusses the peculiarities of the Arabic root, its phonemic structure, and morphological categorization. The pure appearance of the Arabic root in language categorization allows you to separate the onomatopoeic feature of inflectional structure and phonetic rules of the Arabic language by which the root is categorized. This phenomenon of meaningful consonant phonemes in the Arabic roots makes the theory of onomatopoeia practicable not just only in Arabic but also in other Semitic languages. Moreover, the first consonant of an Arabic root usually contains the word's primary, essential meaning, and the second and third lookup. Also, in this work, it is noted that the grammar of the Arabic language has many features aimed at preserving the “purity” of the language and ensuring its continuity. It means that Arabic grammar is working as a trusted keeper of Arabic; therefore, the rules of this phenomenon are well prepared by old Arab grammarians. The Arabic root can show very useful organized peculiarities making Arabic so easy to understand and makes the Arabic words formed systematically. The article reveals “the Arabic law of language self-defense” and its basic rules, such as the principle of progressive language categorization.

SoundexGR: An algorithm for phonetic matching for the Greek language

AbstractText usually suffers from typos which can negatively affect various Information Retrieval and Natural Language Processing tasks. Although there is a wide variety of choices for tackling this issue in the English language, this is not the case for other languages. For the Greek language, most of the existing phonetic algorithms provide rather insufficient support. For this reason, in this paper, we introduce an algorithm for phonetic matching designed for the Greek language: we start from the original Soundex and we redesign and extend it for accommodating the Greek language’s phonetic rules, ending up to a family of algorithms, that we call ${\tt Soundex}_{GR}$ . Then, we report various experimental results showcasing how the algorithm behaves in different scenarios, and we provide comparative results for various parameters of the algorithm for revealing the trade-off between precision and recall in datasets with different kinds of errors. We also provide comparative results with matching using stemming, full phonemic transcription, and edit distance, that demonstrate that ${\tt Soundex}_{GR}$ performs better (indicatively, it achieves F-Score over 95% in collections of similar-sounded words). The simplicity, efficiency, and effectiveness of the proposed algorithm make it applicable and adaptable to a wide range of tasks.

Teaching linguistics through language construction

Abstract This article details how introductory linguistics courses can increase student engagement and learning through a project-based approach, whereby the students first study the subfields of linguistics with a view to complete the main project of the course, namely to construct a novel language. I provide information from a semester-long course with specific project-based activities teachers could utilize in their classes. I also thoroughly examine the constructed language projects based on 33 student submissions in an introductory linguistics course in the US. The analysis indicates a high level of engagement and creativity by the students in creating a distinct orthography, phonetic, morphological, and syntactic rules and semantic properties for their constructed languages. The results from a 20-item questionnaire and student exit interviews indicate that the project-based approach adopted in the completion of their constructed languages proved effective in (a) improving student motivation and engagement; (b) helping students apply the knowledge of the material to carry out linguistic analysis; (c) enhancing students’ language learning skills; (d) encouraging them to study additional foreign languages; and finally (e) promoting linguistic diversity. Hence, as an innovative and effective method still in its infancy, project-based learning should be more widely implemented in linguistics instruction.

THE ROLE OF PROBLEM SOLVING ACTIVITIES FOR IMPROVING SPEAKING

Language is the chief means by which the human personality exercises itself and fulfills its basic need for social interaction with other persons. Robert Lado wrote that language functions owing to the language skills. A person who knows a language perfectly uses a thousand and one grammar lexical, phonetic rules when he is speaking. Language skills help us to choose different words and models in our speech.Before generating ideas, it is important to understand more about problems. It is not essential, but the material that follows could provide better insight into the types of situations in which idea generation activities are applied. You also might want to use it for general problem-solving training or as background information for training in idea generation activities.

PHONETIC FEATURES OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE

The relevance of this topic lies in the fact that English is an international language that is used almost everywhere, and phonetics plays an important role in the study of this language (the section of linguistics that studies the sounds of speech and the sound structure of the language), on the literacy of which it depends, they will understand you or not. The aim of the work is to study and identify the most important and necessary phonetic rules. To achieve the goal, it was necessary to solve the following tasks: to identify the classification of English sounds, to describe the peculiarities of pronunciation, to establish intonation coloring.