Rules Of Good Practice Research Articles

Fish Rearing Experiment in a Combined Intensive-extensive System (I.E.S.) for Complex Recovery of the Fishery Potential from Water Basins

Abstract In 2015, the researchers of the Fish Culture Research and DevelopmentStation of Nucet have experienced a combined intensive-extensive system (I.E.S.) for fish growing, that aimed a complex recovery of the fishery potential from water basins. Fish population in the extensive system (EC3 Nucet pond - 3.8 ha) was constituted from: carp ( Cyprinus carpio ) - 300 ex.; North American sturgeon - paddlefish ( Polyodon spathula ) - 125 ex.; Asian Ciprinidae: silver carp ( Hypophthalmichthys molitrix ) - 530 ex. and grass carp ( Ctenopharyngodon idella ) - 185 ex. The combined intensive-extensive system (I.E.S.) was located in the fish growing pond. The module is composed from 8 floating cages (6 x 6 x 2 m each one), module surface was 288 square meters and total volume / module was 576 cubic meters. Stocking density in the intensive system was 500 ex. carps 1 year old / floating cage (4000 ex./module). In the moment when the floating cages were stocked, the average weight of carps was 150 g/ex., resulting in a total quantity of 600 kg/module. Total production obtained was 3267 kg/module (3.803 ex.; 95% survival rate) on average 408 kg carp / floating cage, without any additional technological interventions. The fish were fed with floating feed (32% protein) and conversion rate (FCR) was 1.37%. The fish were clinically healthy,on the length of the entire experiment, and the quality of aquatic environment was within the rules of good practice for aquaculture.

A importância da qualificação de manipuladores de alimentos: estudo de caso na produção de salgados na cidade de Mariana/MG

Entre os anos de 2011 e 2014, 102 pessoas, 82,35% de mulheres, foram capacitadas em manipulacao de alimentos. Nesse mesmo periodo, a pedido da VISA de Mariana/MG realizou-se um levantamento da qualidade bacteriologica de salgados comercializados com o objetivo de verificar a qualidade dos mesmos quando vendidos por padarias, lanchonetes e salgadeiras particulares. 13% das amostras analisadas foram reprovadas por apresentarem a presenca de bacterias Staphylococcus aureus e Escherichia coli e 82,61% das 23 amostras analisadas apresentaram algum tipo de contaminacao. Conclui-se que a necessidade da capacitacao em Manipulador de alimentos e real, pois as condicoes sanitarias dos estabelecimentos eram precarias, a temperatura de armazenamento inadequada e observou-se descumprimento das regras de Boas Praticas. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.35700/ca.2015.ano2n3.p14-22.1824

A importância da qualificação de manipuladores de alimentos: estudo de caso na produção de salgados na cidade de Mariana/MG

Between the years of 2011 and 2014, 102 people - of which 82.35% were women - have been trained in food handling. During the same period, at the request of VISA Mariana / MG, a survey on the bacteriological quality of Snack foods marketed was carried out on the city, in order to verify their bacteriological quality when sold by bakeries, cafeterias and private salting. 82.61% of the 23 analyzed samples had some type of contamination and 13% of the analyzed samples were rejected for having the presence of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. It is therefore concluded that the need for capacity building in food handlers is real: because the sanitary conditions of the establishments were poor, snack foods were storage at inadequate temperature and there was breach of duty of the Good Practice rules.

Efficacy of Malic Acid AgainstCampylobacter jejuniAttached to Chicken Skin During Refrigerated Storage

The ability of malic acid to reduce Campylobacter jejuni on chicken legs was evaluated. Chicken legs were inoculated with C. jejuni. After dipping legs either in water (control), 1 % or 2% malic acid solution (v/v), they were stored at 4C for 8 days. Changes in C. jejuni, psychrotrophs, Pseudomonas counts and sensorial characteristics (odor, color and overall appearance) were determined after treatment (day 0) and after 1, 3, 6 and 8 days of storage at 4C. Legs washed with 2% malic acid showed a significant (P < 0.05) inhibitory effect on C. jejuni compared to control legs, with a decrease of about 1.18 log units after treatment. The shelf life of the samples washed with malic acid was extended by at least 2 days over the control samples washed with distilled water. This study demonstrates that malic acid is effective for reducing C. jejuni populations on chicken. Practical Applications This study demonstrates that malic acid reduces populations of Campylobacter jejuni on chicken. The application of malic acid cannot replace the rules of strict hygiene and good manufacturing practice, but it may be used as an additional hurdle having important economic implications since it contributes to extend the shelf life of raw chicken, and it has safety implications since it contributes to control pathogens such as Campylobacter jejuni.

Review of the Waqf and trust commission (WTC) in Zanzibar

The Government of Zanzibar has prepared development strate- gies of Vision 2020 on a medium scale known as the Zanzibar Strategies for Growth and Reduction of Poverty (MKUZA II) whose main objectives are to take care of the economic growth and the reduction of poverty in Zanzibar. To streamline eficient service delivery to the beneiciaries in Zanzibar, the Govern- ment has placed religious duties and responsibilities to three Government-run institutions. These are the Kadhi’s Court, the Ofice of the Mufti of Zanzibar and the Waqf and Trust Com- mission (WTC). Being allocated on a very strategic position commercially, politically and even socially, Zanzibar is sand- wiched between several forces as shown in its history. In view of the aforesaid, there is a need to revisit the overall responsi- bilities of the three institutions, compare them with the capacity they have in relection to both local environmental changes as well as those from a global perspective. This study will concen- trate on reviewing the WTC, which is a corporate body that has the power to conduct, coordinate or regulate by using its name any of its functions in accordance with the provisions of the Act Islamic law and rules of good practice. The aim is to review economic variables and functions of the WTC in relation to 95% of the population in Zanzibar. The study is also intended to explore the types of challenges facing the administration of the Waqf Commission in the areas of creativity, innovation, responsibility, involvement, support and participation of the concerned stakeholders and record management system.

Prevalence of Listeria monocytogenes in poultry meat

The objectives of this study were i) to isolate Listeria spp. and Listeria monocytogenes in broiler wing meat samples, ii) to confirm the isolates by PCR, based on prs and hly A gene sequences, iii) to determine the seasonal and monthly distribution of the isolates. A total of 120 broiler wing meat samples (60 packaged pieces wrapped using strech film in styrofoam plates and 60 unpackaged pieces) bought from different markets in Hatay province were analysed. Listeria spp. was isolated from 57 (47.5%) out of 120 samples. Fifty-four, out of 57 Listeria spp. isolates were identified as L. monocytogenes. L. monocytogenes was isolated from the samples collected during the spring, winter, summer, and autumn at the levels of 26.6%, 40%, 53.3%, 60%, respectively. In this study, the isolation rates were found to be the highest in autumn, while the isolation rates were found to be the lowest in spring. As a consequence, high prevalence of Listeria spp. and L. monocytogenes in poultry wing meat samples may pose a risk for human health. We consider that with obeying the rules of good hygiene practices (GHP), good manufacturing practices (GMP) and HACCP can minimize the contamination with Listeria spp.

Distribution policy characteristics of STING AD

This article reviews the distribution policy characteristics of wholesaler with drugs (STING AD) as well as some of its advantages and risks. The distribution policy of STING AD is in compliance with the internationally recognised rules for Good Distribution Practice (GDP). GDP is transposed in the Bulgarian legal framework and the principles and requirements of GDP are governed by Decree № 39 of 13 September 2007. The compliance with international standards combined with swiftness and quality of distribution activities is a guarantee for providing affordable and safe medicinal products and achieving therapeutic results.

The Assessement of the Compositional and Microbiological Parameters of some Meat Products Manufactured in a Small Processing Unit

The hygienic quality of meat products can be substantially improved by respecting strictly the rules of Good Hygienic Practice (GHP) and the rules of Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) along the entire food chain.The aim of this study was to evaluate the compositional and hygienic parameters of meat and meat products processed in a small scale processing unit, and to assess the microbial risk represented by the total plate count, E. coli and Salmonella spp. The research materials were collected from a small scale meat processing unit located in Maramures County during January-Mai 2014, 15 samples from each of the following types of products: fresh pork meat, smoked salami, cold smoked sausages, raw dry smoked specialities. In order to assess the quality of meat products, all the samples were processed through standardized protocols. Also, the results were statistically analysed using ANOVA monofactorial analysis. Some compositional parameters are accordence with the standards (salt, nitrates and total ammonia content). For the previously mentioned category of products the following compositional parameters were not in accordence with the maximum and minimum limits of the standards: proteins, fatness and humidity. The microbial load ranged between 3.56± 0.32 and 5.85 ± 0.22 log cfu/cm 2 , 20% of samples presented elevated values according with EU standards. The main nonconformities identified regarding compositional parameters in case of smoked salami were the lower values for protein content and the higher values in case of fat. Regarding the fresh sausages nonconformities they were represented mainly by the increased moisture and fat content. In case of raw meat products, the identified nonconformities were represented by the low protein and high fat and moisture content. The microbiological risk parameters were represented by total bacterial load, E. coli and Salmonella was low in all meat products except for fresh raw meat, because total bacterial load exceeds the maximum limits.

Rapport de la conférence nationale de l’échographie obstétricale et fœtale (CNEOF) – recommandations pour l’échographie focalisée

The conference has among its functions, to promote a quality assurance policy for obstetrics and foetal ultrasound scans by participating in the development of an information strategy for the professionals and the public on the interest and limits of these techniques, and in the development of rules for good practice. Thus, the conference produced in 2005 a good practice's recommendations report concerning the screening of ultrasound scans, with an actualised version in 2015, and has published in 2014 a similar report concerning second line prenatal ultrasound. The conference complements these recommendations by characterizing the third type of ultrasound scan, the “focused ultrasound scan”, which is a daily tool for every practitioner in obstetrics.

Le médecin nucléaire et la radioprotection du patient avec les caméras hybrides

In order to elaborate rules of good practice in the use of the CT device performed with single photon emission tomography (SPECT) or positron emission tomography (PET) in hybrid imaging, the Radiation Protection Group of Acomen have studied the ongoing operation modes in different regional nuclear medicine departments.

Guidelines for translational research in heart failure.

Heart failure (HF) remains a major cause of death and hospitalization worldwide. Despite medical advances, the prognosis of HF remains poor and new therapeutic approaches are urgently needed. The development of new therapies for HF is hindered by inappropriate or incomplete preclinical studies. In these guidelines, we present a number of recommendations to enhance similarity between HF animal models and the human condition in order to reduce the chances of failure in subsequent clinical trials. We propose different approaches to address safety as well as efficacy of new therapeutic products. We also propose that good practice rules are followed from the outset so that the chances of eventual approval by regulatory agencies increase. We hope that these guidelines will help improve the translation of results from animal models to humans and thereby contribute to more successful clinical trials and development of new therapies for HF.

Historical Data Analyses and Scientific Knowledge Suggest Complete Removal of the Abnormal Toxicity Test as a Quality Control Test

In the early 1900s, the abnormal toxicity test (ATT) was developed as an auxiliary means to ensure safe and consistent antiserum production. Today, the ATT is utilized as a quality control (QC) release test according to pharmacopoeial or other regulatory requirements. The study design has not been changed since around 1940. The evidence of abnormal toxicity testing as a prediction for harmful batches is highly questionable and lacks a scientific rationale. Numerous reviews of historical ATT results have revealed that no reliable conclusions can be drawn from this QC measure. Modern pharmaceutical manufacturers have thorough control of the manufacturing process and comply with good manufacturing practice rules. Contaminants are appropriately controlled by complying with the validated manufacturing processes and strict QC batch release confirming batch-to-batch consistency. Recognizing that product safety, efficacy, and stability can be ensured with strict QC measures, nowadays most regulatory authorities do not require the ATT for most product classes. In line with the replacement, reduction, and refinement (3Rs) initiative, the test requirement has been deleted from approximately 80 monographs of the European Pharmacopoeia and for the majority of product classes in the United States. For these reasons, it is recommended that the ATT should be consistently omitted world-wide and be removed from pharmacopoeias and other regulatory requirements.

La responsabilité en matière de prescription et surveillance d’un acte transfusionnel et sécurité des produits sanguins

The act to transfuse is a prescription following basic rules similar to drug prescriptions. If harm happens, potentially linked with this prescription, the harm's responsibility is borne by the physician, the paramedics, the care organization but by the supplier laboratory too. The setting of good practice rules consistent with science data at the time when the act is performed, the respect of the patient's rights and the quality of supplied products will be assessed during the expertise. Under restorative responsibility, it is necessary to previously establish a direct and certain causation between the litigious act and the harm to enforce the vicarious liability. Nowadays, legal precedents grant a larger protection to more and more numerous victims, enhancing the field of the fault with the appeal to assumption of fault. At the same time, the lawmaker himself promulgated objective conditions of compensation for many categories of victims of medical risk from which transfused people are part. The law of March the 4th of 2002 went one step closer devoting a new foundation of compensation: national solidarity.

German chamomile performance after stubble catch crops and response to nitrogen fertilization

Pharmaceutical companies have a growing demand for herb raw material, including German chamomile (Chamomilla recutita (L.) Rauschert), produced according to the rules of Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) for medicinal plants. These rules, among others, require limitation of the application of mineral fertilizers and pesticides. Catch crops can improve soil fertility and reduce weed infestation for subsequent crops. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of stubble catch crops and different nitrogen doses on anthodia and herb yield, and content and yield of essential oil from a diploid and tetraploid cultivar of German chamomile. In the 3-year experiment, two chamomile cultivars were grown – Mastar (2n) and Dukat (4n). They were sown after ploughing legume mixture or buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) stubble catch crops; nitrogen fertilization rates were 0, 30, 60, and 90kg Nha−1. It was found that fertilization with 60 and 90kg Nha−1 reduced chamomile weed infestation to a greater extent than the use of catch crops. The highest yield of anthodia was obtained after the application of the highest nitrogen rate. The herb and oil yield from herb were highest after the application of 60kg Nha−1. Cultivation of Dukat after a legume catch crop allowed for a reduction in nitrogen fertilizer rate from 90 to 60kg Nha−1 without a decrease in anthodium yield. Buckwheat catch crop inhibited the growth of chamomile. A higher yield of anthodia was collected from the cultivar Dukat, but the essential oil content was higher in anthodia of Mastar. The content of chamazulen in essential oil from anthodia was 17.7 and 17.2%, α-bisabolol 23.0 and 21.1%, respectively, from Mastar and Dukat. The essential oil from herb contained mainly farnesene and en-in-dicycloether. The requirements of Good Agricultural Practices in chamomile cultivation can be met by the application of legume stubble catch crops, choice of suitable cultivar, and by adopting the nitrogen rate appropriate for the aim of cultivation.

Analysis of three private hydraulic systems operated in Apamea during the Byzantine period

In this paper, three hydraulic systems (two nymphaea and a private bath), excavated in three houses located in the southeast of the city of Apamea and operated during the Byzantine period, are described from an archaeological point of view and using fluid mechanics. Information (mostly unpublished) about the architecture of these systems, their construction material, their construction date and their operation (water flow rate …) is provided.The cisterns of these three hydraulic systems were previously understood as being dedicated to collect rainwater. It is clear today that these cisterns belonged to larger systems and that they were not meant to simply collect rainwater.There was probably no precise period for building these hydraulic systems. They spread gradually via major projects scattered over time, as they belong to the embellishment of the Apamean houses during the Byzantine period.The similarities and differences between these systems are discussed. This comparison highlights the probable existence of Roman good practice rules in the construction of nymphaea.The analysis of the data presented in this work stresses highly probable evidence about connections between an operative aqueduct and the hydraulic systems analyzed in this work. These are valuable results, as no documented information about water adduction is available for the southern half of the city of Apamea, except for a distribution table.

The science of dermocosmetics and its role in dermatology

Our increased knowledge of normal skin physiology has ushered in a subtle revolution in cosmetic science. Originally designed as preparations to enhance personal appearance by direct application on to the skin, cosmetics have now taken on a new role in dermatology, through the support of the management of many skin disorders. This evolving role of cosmetics in skin care is primarily due to scientific and technological advancements that have changed our understanding of normal skin physiology and how cosmetics modify its appearance both physically and biologically. The vast array of techniques currently available to investigate skin responsivity to multiple stimuli has brought about a new era in cosmetic and dermocosmetic development based on a robust understanding of skin physiology and its varied responses to commonly encountered environmental insults. Most cosmetic research is undertaken on reconstructed skin models crucial in dermatological research, given the strict ban imposed by the European Union on animal testing. In addition, the design and conduct of trials evaluating cosmetics now follow rules comparable to those used in the development and evaluation of pharmaceutical products. Cosmetic research should now aim to ensure all trials adhere to strictly reproducible and scientifically sound methodologies. The objective of this review is to provide an overview of the multidisciplinary scientific approach used in formulating dermocosmetics, and to examine the major advances in dermocosmetic development and assessment, the safety and regulatory guidelines governing their production and the exciting future outlook for these dermocosmetic processes following good practice rules.

Solar potential in existing urban layouts—Critical overview of the existing building stock in Slovenian context

In recent years implementation of sustainable building design in the EU has become one of the key issues in reducing energy dependence. In this context efficient use of solar potential incident on building envelope is essential. The goal of the study is to evaluate the influence of interventions required by the new Slovenian legislation and to propose general site planning guidelines. Special emphasis is devoted to the existing building stock, which is due for refurbishment. The study is carried out on the basis of seven typical urban layouts, which are assessed according to the shape of layout, density, building orientation and design. The calculations are carried out with the program SHADING. The study showed that the existing layouts are not as problematic as had been expected and that form and orientation of buildings present a major challenge. Nevertheless, the quality and the duration of insolation are highly dependent on the specifics of each case. The study showed that by respecting the basic rules of good practice in conjunction with the existing requirements no major changes in the existing design principles are needed.

Plagiarism in Scientific Research and Publications and How to Prevent It

Quality is assessed on the basis of adequate evidence, while best results of the research are accomplished through scientific knowledge. Information contained in a scientific work must always be based on scientific evidence. Guidelines for genuine scientific research should be designed based on real results. Dynamic research and use correct methods of scientific work must originate from everyday practice and the fundamentals of the research. The original work should have the proper data sources with clearly defined research goals, methods of operation which are acceptable for questions included in the study. When selecting the methods it is necessary to obtain the consent of the patients/respondents to provide data for execution of the project or so called informed consent. Only by the own efforts can be reached true results, from which can be drawn conclusions and which finally can give a valid scholarly commentary. Text may be copied from other sources, either in whole or in part and marked as a result of the other studies. For high-quality scientific work necessary are expertise and relevant scientific literature, mostly taken from publications that are stored in biomedical databases. These are scientific, professional and review articles, case reports of disease in physician practices, but the knowledge can also be acquired on scientific and expert lectures by renowned scientists. Form of text publications must meet standards on writing a paper. If the article has already been published in a scientific journal, the same article cannot be published in any other journal with a few minor adjustments, or without specifying the parts of the first article which is used in another article. Copyright infringement occurs when the author of a new article, with or without mentioning the author, uses a substantial portion of previously published articles, including past contributions in the first article. With the permission of the publisher and the author, another journal can re-publish the article already published. In that case, that is not plagiarism, because the journal states that the article was re-published with the permission of the journal in which the article is primarily released. The original can be only one, and the copy is a copy, and plagiarism is stolen copy. The aim of combating plagiarism is to improve the quality, to achieve satisfactory results and to compare the results of their own research, rather than copying the data from the results of other people's research. Copy leads to incorrect results. Nowadays the problem of plagiarism has become huge, or widespread and present in almost all spheres of human activity, particularly in science.Scientific institutions and universities should have a center for surveillance, security, promotion and development of quality research. Establishment of rules and respect the rules of good practice are the obligations of each research institutions, universities and every individual researchers, regardless of which area of science is being investigated. There are misunderstandings and doubts about the criteria and standards for when and how to declare someone a plagiarist. European and World Association of Science Editors (EASE and WAME), and COPE - Committee on Publishing Ethics working on the precise definition of that institution or that the scientific committee may sanction when someone is proven plagiarism and familiarize the authors with the types of sanctions. The practice is to inform the editors about discovered plagiarism and articles are withdrawn from the database, while the authors are put on the so-called black list. So far this is the only way of preventing plagiarism, because there are no other sanctions.

Rapport du Comité national technique de l’échographie de dépistage prénatal (CNTEDP) : recommandations pour l’échographie de diagnostic

ObjectivesThe committee has among its functions, to promote a quality assurance policy for obstetrics and foetal ultrasound scans by participating in the development of an information strategy for the professionals and the public on the interest and limits of these techniques, and in the development of rules for good practice. Thus, the committee produced in 2005 a good practice's recommendations report concerning the screening ultrasound scans. It pursued its work with a similar report concerning this time the “diagnostic” prenatal ultrasound or second line prenatal ultrasound. The present report has set its objective to define as precisely as possible the content of a “diagnostic” ultrasound scan and what should be expected from it. Materials and methodsA group of experts from the committee members has functioned as a task team that met on a regular basis. First, in the context of a professional consensus and a review of the literature, it determined the clinical goals in regard to the indication of the “diagnostic” ultrasound scan. After discussing different formats of the scan test procedure, some intuitive hypotheses on the content of the test were developed. Each criteria was validated by the group of experts with a statistics’ definition and a diagnosis’ capacity. The hypotheses were finally validated or discarded after confrontation with the data of the literature. Finally, the content of the report was discussed during the plenary sessions of the CNTEDP, the National Committee on the Technical aspect for PreNatal Ultrasound Screening. All the items validated in format document have been the subject of a consensus with a right to veto. The preliminary report was reviewed by a group of six readers not members of the CNTEPD. ResultsThe “diagnostic” ultrasound scan test is organized in two parts: one common part made of the content of the screening test, to which is added the study of the anatomic structures and taking some additional pictures. The sonologist must then do a specific scan study for the organ suspected or diagnosed with an anomaly. Subsequently, a series of ten format documents per anomaly is proposed to guide the examiner (i.e., abdomen, chest, heart, genitourinary, cerebrospinal, skeletal and limbs, IUGR, polyhydramnios, infection, twin pregnancy). These documents suggest a check-list of items to study during the scan, specific pictures to take, and, give some comments on the management plan. Discussion and conclusionThe CPDPN, the Multidisciplinary Committee for PreNatal Diagnosis, since it was established in 1994, has contributed to structure most of the activity of the prenatal diagnosis, but did not answer the question of the quality of the second line prenatal ultrasound. Screening ultrasound, and focused ultrasound scan are not “levels” in the scan procedure, but different and supplementary studies contributing to the quality of the mother and her foetus follow-up. This report of the CNTEDP, in defining the content of this scan test, clarifies the objectives of the diagnostic test compared to the screening test, and subsequently gives the public a better understanding of what is expected or due in regard to our prenatal screening strategy. A reliable second level scan, affordable and consistent, is a label of good quality for our prenatal strategy. The recommendations of the committee should be understood in a large perspective of quality assurance, that includes an initial and a continuous medical education, a quality control system for the echograph, and a procedure to inform the public.

White coats: How long should doctors wear them?

ObjectivesWhile coat contamination increases progressively with the duration of use, there are no guidelines on how frequently medical white coats should be changed. The purpose of our study was to examine the turnover of individual batch of medical white coats in a university hospital. Study design and methodsA retrospective analysis of the white coat turnover of 826 physicians was performed by using the hospital laundry computerized database and an electronic declarative survey (240 responses) to evaluate the duration of medical white coat use. ResultsThere was a wide discrepancy between the data extracted from the laundry database and those from the survey. The median factual duration of use (20 days, range: 15–30) corresponding to a turnover of 2 (1–2) coats per month, was widely underestimated by the physicians. Multivariate analysis identified 4 independent factors associated with a declared use of coats longer than 7 days: estimation of insufficient gown turnover (OR 14.8 [4.8–45.8]), daily change considered as not useful (OR 5.1 [2.4–10.8]), non-medical specialty (OR 2.95 [1.5–5.6]) and presence of stains on gowns (2.9 [1.5–5.5]). ConclusionShortening white coat use should be included in medical education in order to improve the good practice rules of hospital hygiene.