Rules Of Etiquette Research Articles

VII. Eine Entwicklungsgeschichte des chinesischen Familien- und Erbrechts im Lichte der Rezeption des deutschen BGB

Summary In contrast with China’s several millennia of civilization history, its history of civil law legislation had not started until the late Qing-Dynasty (1911). This discrepancy stood out prominently in the correlated areas of the family law and inheritance law due to China’s cultural features and the compatible cultural awareness of its people, which had naturalized and legitimized their practices in both areas. Actually, in no other areas had the cultural consciousness, the deep-rooted cultural psychology and the consciousness-driven behavioral patterns of the Chinese families and individuals been more profoundly shaped by the rules of rites and etiquette, the ethical rules and the patriarchal clan system, central customary-legal elements enshrined in the Chinese history. As its key achievement, the legal modernization in the late Qing period (1902–1911) brought forth the Civil Code of the Qing- Dynasty (ZGE), the first such milestone in China’s legal history, initiating the civil law legislation in China. With regard to China’s special legal-historical and legal-cultural background, the drafters of the ZGE – especially its family and inheritance law – had to revolutionarily modernize the Chinese civil law, while at the same time, transferring certain traditional cultural legacies. This could not have been possible without adopting the German Civil Code (BGB) as the primary foreign codification model, especially from the legal-technical, legal-systematic and legal-dogmatic perspective. Ever since then, the evolution of the Chinese civil law has been closely connected with the adoption of the BGB, while the history of the former runs parallel to the history of the latter. The influences of the BGB on China’s major civil law codifications, including also the Civil Code of the Republic of China (1929–1931) and the PRC Civil Code (2020), have been significant and continuous. It is legal-historically insightful to probe into these influences while examining the evolutionary history of the Chinese family and inheritance law ever codified since the ZGE, and, accordingly, retracing and closely analyzing the pre-modern state of both areas.

Składanie życzeń w języku polskim i bułgarskim. Etykieta językowa i aspekt socjolingwistyczny

The article discusses the custom of saying good wishes in Bulgarian and Polish. It focuses on the sociolinguistic contexts and rules of linguistic etiquette in both languages. To explore the specific characteristics of this practice, we selected the most important traditional occasions of saying good wishes in Bulgaria and Poland. Here included are religious holidays such as Christmas, New Year’s Eve, and Easter; as well as specific holidays like name days, birthdays, marriages, wedding anniversaries, and events related to professional careers. Some Bulgarians, for example, find public holidays suitable to make good wishes informally. The article likewise discusses and compares diverse ways of saying wishes on the above-mentioned occasions. A brief presentation of the Bulgarian traditions serves only as a background to help Polish readers better understand the content and linguistic specifics of this custom. Attention is drawn to similarities and some interesting differences.

Влияние коммуникативного поведения студентов в виртуальном пространстве на эффективность общения с преподавателями (в парадигме правил делового нетикета)

Digital communication has become an integral part of social reality to a degree that it prevails in some social contexts, e.g., in academic communication between university students and professors. This research featured violations of netiquette rules by university students and their effect on the effectiveness of virtual academic communication. The article introduces a comprehensive review of domestic and foreign publications on virtual communication and digital etiquette. A survey that involved teaching staff affiliated with higher educational institutions in Kemerovo made it possible to formulate the rules of virtual academic netiquette between university students and professors. The authors identified, quantified, and classified violations of these rules, as well as described the response and attitude of professors to such violations. Although all respondents experienced violations of virtual communication, they believe that local students possess a rather high level of communicative culture. In most cases, poor netiquette did not affect the attitude of teachers towards the violators and caused no strong negative reactions. However, some professors admitted that poor netiquette sometimes caused biased attitude and discomfort on their side in dealing with particular students. Gender, age, or job had no effect on the attitude of professors to students who break the rules of virtual academic etiquette. In general, poor academic netiquette had some negative impact on the effectiveness of communication between professors and university students.

Linguistic and cultural analysis of the concept “politeness”

Abstract The need to study the concept of “politeness” from the point of view of its linguistic and cultural nature is caused by the desire to study the national identity of speech etiquette in different cultural spaces and conditions. The aim of the work was to form an idea about the specifics of the implementation and understanding of the concept of “politeness” in the Uzbek information field. In this study, the following methods were used: contextual, conceptual, communicative, linguocultural, analytical-synthetic, and comparative. This study is focused on the study of key lexical meanings (stylistically neutral and marked, basic and additional) that are within the functional-semantic field of the concept “politeness.” With the help of contextual study of different variants of the use of the lexeme, the meanings were distributed in the conceptual structure (core, near and far periphery). Also, the key etiquette formulas representing the originality and national-specific features of the Uzbek linguocultural tradition were considered. The importance of politeness in the information space of Uzbekistan is assessed, including with the help of both positive and negative associations, that is, from an axiological point of view. Speech etiquette and linguistic formulas were considered from the point of view of the influence of social, cultural, and political values of the Uzbek people. In the process of analyzing the lexical layer, the boundaries of the functional-semantic field of the concept “politeness” were determined: from the principles of communication and a set of rules of etiquette to the strategy of obtaining benefits from communication and insincere attitude. In the future, this work can be used for comparative analysis of the conceptual structure of politeness with models presented in other close and distant languages, comparison of speech etiquette and linguistic formulas in different national cultures.

SOSİAL MEDİA REKLAMLARINDA EVFEMİZMLƏRİN FUNKSİONAL XÜSUSİYYƏTLƏRİ

The Functional Characteristics of Euphemisms in Sosial Media Advertisements Summary The study describes the functions of euphemistic units used in English commercial and social advertising. Euphemism in social media is used as a refinement of words in new forms of words, phrases and sentences of meanings that tend to be negative and harsh. Recently, the world has paid great consideration to the sosial media in many fields of life. Due to this consideration, the need for euphemistic expressions becomes one of the most important matters in many fields, especially in advertising. The author highlights that euphemisms are a big part of both social and commercial advertising, although they do carry different messages. When used in commercial ads, euphemisation is largely a tool allowing to describe a product vividly and catchy while at the same time observing etiquette rules. When used in social ads, on the other hand, euphemisms help unveil some problematic social issues of public importance and make people reflect on them. Key words: Social advertising, commercial advertising, euphemism, Mass Media, manipulation

SOSİAL MEDİA REKLAMLARINDA EVFEMİZMLƏRİN FUNKSİONAL XÜSUSİYYƏTLƏRİ

The Functional Characteristics of Euphemisms in Sosial Media Advertisements The study describes the functions of euphemistic units used in English commercial and social advertising. Euphemism in social media is used as a refinement of words in new forms of words, phrases and sentences of meanings that tend to be negative and harsh. Recently, the world has paid great consideration to the sosial media in many fields of life. Due to this consideration, the need for euphemistic expressions becomes one of the most important matters in many fields, especially in advertising. The author highlights that euphemisms are a big part of both social and commercial advertising, although they do carry different messages. When used in commercial ads, euphemisation is largely a tool allowing to describe a product vividly and catchy while at the same time observing etiquette rules. When used in social ads, on the other hand, euphemisms help unveil some problematic social issues of public importance and make people reflect on them. Key words: Social advertising, commercial advertising, euphemism, Mass Media, manipulation

Peculiarities of solving socialization tasks by primary school children with signs of giftedness

Introduction. In modern educational practice, serious attention is paid to social and pedagogical work with gifted children, who, despite having high development potential and success compared to their peers, may encounter problems of dyssynchrony in development and difficulties in social adaptation. Primary school age largely determines the opportunities for social development and effective solution of socialization problems. In this regard, the objective of our study is to identify the characteristics of solving socialization problems by gifted junior schoolchildren. Materials and methods. Gifted primary schoolchildren, studying at general educational institutions in the city of Kostroma (Kostroma region, Russian Federation) (n=61), took part in the diagnostic study. The following methods were used: the “Gender and Age Identification” method by N.L. Belopolskaya; “Fun Étiquette” questionnaire; test “Reflecting on life experience” by N.E. Shchurkova; “Ask the Wizard” technique by A.D. Chiplieva; Methodology “Map of Giftedness” by A.I. Savenkova; “Sociometry” by J. Moreno. Results. The results of the study showed that gifted junior schoolchildren have an understanding of the norms and rules of etiquette at a sufficient level (28%), and at a satisfactory level (21%). At the same time, 41% of respondents have low scores on this characteristic. Younger gifted schoolchildren have a high level of self-identification. Most of them have received sufficient moral education. However, 26% showed results indicating some immoral orientation and unstable impulsive behavior. The majority of younger gifted schoolchildren are in a situation of sufficient social well-being. Noteworthy is the fact that 12% of respondents are in the zone of “social rejection” or “isolation”. Conclusion. The results obtained made it possible to formulate psychological and pedagogical conditions that ensure the effectiveness of solving natural-cultural, socio-cultural, socio-psychological problems of socialization of gifted primary schoolchildren. While working with this category, it is important to take into account the fact that their development cannot be effective within the framework of traditional education; it requires an individual trajectory of learning and development, which includes psychological and educational assistance for the development of subjectivity, the formation and realization of the child’s creative potential, and the creation of conditions for social development.

Дары и придворные церемониалы в «Записке» (Рисала) Ибн Фадлана

The article shows the role and importance of gifts by the embassy of Ibn Fadlan, prepared for the nobility of the Oghuz and the ruler of the Volga Bulgars Almysh. The delegation considered necessity, the importance and value of gifts for the Oghuz. Attention was paid to cases of gift exchange. The nature of presents and their mutual exchange, common to all medieval societies, is also revealed. Тhe schedule of reception of Ibn Fadlan’s embassy corresponded to the ceremonial of meetings and preparation for them for delegations of foreign states by the court of the Samanid states. The rules of etiquette were borrowed by the Samanids from the Abbasids, going back to the traditions of the Sassanids. The similarity of the ritual of the meeting of the delegation by the ruler of the Volga Bulgaria Almysh with the etiquette of the Samanids is noted. The described regulation corresponds to the practice adopted in the Caliphate and among the Samanids, which means a long and deep acquaintance of the king of the Volga Bulgaria with palace traditions accepted in the Islamic world.

МОНИТОРИНГ РАЗВИТИЯ НАВЫКОВ ЦИФРОВОГО ЭТИКЕТА КАК СРЕДСТВ КОММУНИКАЦИИ СТУДЕНТОВ УНИВЕРСИТЕТА

Currently, digital technologies including various means of communication, play an important role in daily life of both students and teachers. Rapid development of Internet communications and social networks requires not only technical skills from students, but also the ability to interact following the digital etiquette rules. The article considers the importance of digital etiquette skills development among university students within the framework of the modern communication paradigm. The article presents the results of the research that have allowed the authors to make certain conclusions about the way the university students studying Pedagogy react to the norms of digital etiquette. The authors confirm that the development of digital etiquette skills as a means of communication among university students is necessary for improvement of e-learning and online environment in education.

Tarjimonning etika qoidalari jahonning zamonaviy dunyosida

This article examined the ethical norms and rules of conduct for an interpreter, in particular for an interpreter. Currently, the ethics of a translator presupposes not only knowledge of the rules of business etiquette, but also possession of the appropriate set of technical means.

Victorian Courtship – from Ideal to Real. The Englishwoman’s Domestic Magazine and the Rules of Etiquette

The Victorian era in Britain was characterized by an emphasis on “respectability” which formed a part of the domesticity ideology that treated the home as a place created for women. Proper, respectable behaviour was a function of belonging to the middle class. A significant number of savoir‑vivre guides published contemporaneously informed the reader not only about receiving guests but also about courtship and marriage. The subject of the article is a close reading of these etiquette guides and the Englishwoman’s Domestic Magazine letter section, which frequently addresses issues of courtship and marriage. The analysis of the texts using rigid gender roles as presented in the guides and the comparison of them with the letter section of the magazine shows that young readers expressed their independence and assertiveness in trying to contest these rules.

Stylistically Marked Names of Office Workers in German Language

The research of the linguistic image of an office worker, their behavior and character is an understudied area of linguistic science. The importance of the corporate, business and professional culture of corporate employees is increasing
 due to the ongoing processes of globalization in world economy and the increase in the number of joint ventures with foreign companies, as well as the importance of optimizing intercultural communication in the business sphere.
 The norms of behavior, ethical code, priorities and ideas of the national and social experience of native speakers of certain languages are recorded in the vocabulary of the language under study. Knowledge of the norms and values of another culture plays an important role in demonstrating adequate behavior and achieving successful communication when speaking a foreign language. Such cultural values, norms and rules are
 often identified through the analysis of their violation, including the process of collective labour activity. When faced with various kinds of violations, the employee expresses their
 attitude towards these negative occurrences. Thus, the anthropological picture of the world and its priorities are actually reflected through the prism of violations of norms
 and rules of etiquette surrounding the employee at their workplace.
 The article deals with the semantics and structure of stylistically marked lexemes that negatively nominate various office workers (a boss, a secretary, an employee) and their intercommunication. Most of the analyzed lexemes occur as a result of metaphorical reinterpretation, have a negative assessment and are composites.
 The research of the problem under study in a comparative aspect is proposed as a direction for future research.

PSYCHOLOGIC-PEDAGOGICAL PRINCIPLES OF STUDYING GERMAN SOCIAL DISCOURSE (BASED ON VOCABULARY MATERIAL FROM HANDBUCH KNIGGE BY BIRGIT ALTHAUS)

On the basis of modern approaches, the article substantiates the problems of learning the vocabulary of German social discourse in classes at higher education institutions. The definition of discourse has been clarified according to various theories and approaches. The main aspects of studying the vocabulary of social discourse are highlighted. Based on the systematization and generalization of the theoretical assets of domestic and foreign researchers, as well as through comparative analysis, the main methods of learning social vocabulary were established: 1) use of factual material with a sufficient number of texts on social topics; 2) study of stable phrases and clichés; 3) the possibility of forming language competence with a set of exercises; 4) creation of conditions for independent work of students; 5) use of dictionaries and reference books. The method of working with the book Handbuch Knigge by Birgit Althaus, which is devoted to the rules of behavior and etiquette in various situations of everyday communication, is described. Based on the text, the choice of vocabulary of social discourse for students is substantiated (compound words, established clichés, non-equivalent vocabulary, idiomatic expressions, etc.). It was determined that vocabulary of social discourse has recently become one of the most studied spheres in modern linguistics. A comprehensive approach to the problem of learning social vocabulary stimulates the formation of language competence, which in turn leads to the formation of a holistic view of the culture and language of the German people. According to this, the research of social vocabulary for students with the aim of its further use in some day-to-day situations is promising.
 Keywords: social discourse; compound noun; stable expression; correct use; background knowledge; language competence; speech situation; mentality.

Formation of professional and ethical competence of future preschool teachers

The article is devoted to the problem of formation of professional and ethical competence of future teachers of preschool education institutions in the process of professional training. The theoretical analysis of psychological and pedagogical literature on the research problem is carried out, the essence of the concepts of "ethics", "professional ethics", "competence", "professional and ethical competence of future preschool teachers" is revealed. The author's own interpretation of the concepts of "professional ethics" and "ethical competence of preschool teachers" is presented. The need to find modern forms and methods of forming the professional and ethical competence of students, which activate their cognitive activity, motivate them to learn, is emphasised. The criteria for the formation of professional and ethical competence of future educators (cognitive-motivational; operational-activity; reflection-evaluation) are determined. The selection of diagnostic methods according to the presented criteria is carried out. The study was conducted on the formation of professional and ethical competence of future educators of preschool education institutions of the Faculty of Preschool Pedagogy and Psychology of Ushynsky University. The study used theoretical methods of analysis, generalisation, systematisation, comparison; empirical methods - observation, questionnaire, conversation, diagnostic methods, tasks, and exercises aimed at identifying the awareness of 4th year students of speciality 012 "Preschool Education" with the concepts of "professional ethics", "ethical competence of preschool teacher". It is proved that professional and ethical competence is one of the key competences that a future educator should master in the process of studying. The content of the professional and ethical competence of the educator is a focus on the child's personality, needs and interests, compliance with the norms and rules of etiquette. Prospects for further research are determined, which consist in the development and implementation in the educational process of higher education institutions of a model for the formation of professional and ethical competence of future educators of preschool education institutions.

VOYAGA YETMAGANLARNI OʻZ JONIGA QASD QILISH DARAJASIGA YETKAZISH JINOYATINI SODIR ETGAN SHAXSLARNING KRIMINOLOGIK TAVSIFI

This article describes the issues related to the criminological description of the criminal in the suicide of a minor. In addition, the article analyzes the concept of a criminal person in the suicide of a minor, his socio-demographic, biophysiological, and spiritual description, and studies the opinions of scientists in this regard. In the author’s article, he describes the criminal who caused the suicide of a minor to the point of suicide as a result of expressing his opinion: «a person who disregards the norms and rules of etiquette established for him in society in the process of socialization, disregards the interests of the individual, society, and the state, and is contrary to the public danger of his behavior despite knowing that they are, a person with a behavior that tends to violate and not comply with them. In addition, in the article, the author studies criminals by classifications such as «violent», «malicious», «career», «playful» «vindictive» and «protective». In the article, as a result of the study of the materials of the criminal case filed against the persons guilty of the suicide of a minor, it was found that in most cases, it was committed as a result of violence related to psychological pressure on the victims of this crime.

The Last Note

In this narrative medicine essay, a pediatrician shares her reflections on final pediatric visits, channeled through her grandmother’s rules of etiquette.

Netiquette: Fundamentals of Etiquette in Digital Communication

Socialization is an innate human need. The individual finds himself/herself in a social environment as soon as he/she is born. As human beings communicate with those around them, they become aware of the existence of some social regulators such as laws, moral rules, and traditions that regulate the relationships they establish. Among these rules, etiquette rules have a special place. Etiquette rules are the rules of respect and courtesy that should be shown sensitivity in interpersonal relations. Although they do not have legal sanctions such as the rules of law, when the rules of etiquette are violated, the person is shamed, excluded from society, and left alone. Today, in addition to face-to-face communication, there is a very intense socialization on digital platforms. Interpersonal communication evolved into a different internet-based relationship network. The rules called Netiquette, in the simplest definition, are regulations that beautify and protect social relations established through the internet. Digital platforms are not environments where freedoms are experienced unlimitedly and without rules. It should not be forgotten that only the environment is virtual, but the people are real. In other words, the rules of social behavior that regulate our relationships in our daily lives also apply to the communication we establish through the internet. Acting in a manner sensitive to the rules of etiquette when communicating with others over the Internet will further strengthen social relations, while the opposite situation will lead to the termination of existing relationships.

Communication Culture as a Key Professional Skill

The article reflects the culture of communication as effective communication skills in professional activities in the contemporary world. The aim of the article is to study the role of language clichés in professional communication, to determine the role of professional communication in the educational process and to present the structure of business communications and ways to increase their efficiency. The article provides the results of a study on speech interaction in the professional sphere. The authors of the article describe such phenomena inherent in the communication of employees of the penitentiary system, as compliance with the rules of official communication, the rules of language etiquette of teachers, methods of evaluative expressions. Particular attention in the characterization of evaluative expressions is paid to the ways of expressing criticism and praise in professional communication. The article considers language aggression as an unacceptable form of communication. The author identifies ways to combat language aggression. Such aspects of language communication as observance of norms of official communication, rules of language etiquette, and methods of evaluative expressions play an important role in professional activity. Language etiquette is a verbal formula for expressing polite attitudes to people in society. Therefore, learning to follow it is an extremely important task in today’s world for the effectiveness of dialogue and business understanding.

Метафора государства и способы ее выражения в русской деловой речи

The article deals with various metaphorical models of the state structure of Russia from the Ancient Russian era to the 20 th century and linguistic means of their representation in official speech. It is assumed that the primary metaphor of the medieval state as a family state, reflected in a special "familiar" type of official communication, is focused on oral colloquial speech. The sovereign was presented as the parent of his citizens, the dependence of one prince on another was defined in terms of kinship, the reference of people towards those in authority was expressed using speech formulas with the modality of demand, disparagement, exhortation, submission, and the like. The state-as-mechanism metaphor comes to replace the family metaphor in the era of Peter the Great's reign. Decrease in emotionality and elimination of familiarity from official speech, as well as the introduction of document formatting standards have been revealed. The logical continuation of this metaphor is the "court" model of the state structure in Russia since the era of Catherine the Great, when intrastate communication featured compliance with the rules of etiquette and decency of court interaction, which tended to overcame the rigour and accuracy in expressing the purpose of communication. Further periods in the history of Russian business speech appear as combinations of ways of expressing these three basic metaphorical models.

Email Literacy in Higher Education Institutions: A Case Study on Student-Instructor Email Communication at Dhofar University in Oman

Email is one of the means via which students in higher education institutions (HEIs) liaise with instructors to enquire about course materials, assignments, upcoming assessments and seek advice on personal or academic matters. The current study is an attempt to investigate student-instructor email communication focusing on the problematic aspects in students’ emails that affect the process of communication. The study is based on the analysis of one-hundred email messages composed and sent by undergraduate students to their instructors at Dhofar University in Oman. It is concluded that student email messages are often characterized by lack email etiquette rules, linguistic inaccuracies and traits of texting and instant messaging mediums. Several student messages, for instance, lack proper email layout and contain grammar, spelling and punctuation mistakes, indicating that reviewing emails before sending them to teachers does not take place. In addition, informal features such as use of informal vocabulary, excessive use of punctuation marks, non-standard spelling, emojis and emoticons, which reflect unawareness of formality, professionalism and university setting etiquette, are noticeable in students’ email messages. Therefore, pedagogical intervention with respect to acquisition of skills required for writing and perceiving emails is recommended. Education and guidance on the conventions governing email communication can help students communicate more effectively and professionally via email in HEIs, which will promote not only decent practices but also future employability opportunities.