Rules Of Cooperation Research Articles

“Learning it the Hard Way”: Social safeguards norms in Chinese-led dam projects in Myanmar, Laos and Cambodia

Chinese dam developers claim to construct at least every second dam worldwide. However, scholarly literature comprehensively investigating the social safeguard norms in these projects is rare. This paper analyses social safeguard norms in Chinese-led dam projects in Myanmar, Laos and Cambodia, hotspots of Chinese-led dam construction. We find that social safeguard norms adopted have significantly changed in the past 15 years. While Chinese dam developers claimed to adopt standards of the host countries upon the launch of China's Going Out Policy in 2001, with occasional adoption of more demanding Chinese standards, they did not adopt international norms. In recent years, however, they increasingly take into account international norms. We argue that the root cause for this change is social mobilization, with the suspension of the Myitsone Dam in 2011 as a particular game changer. Enhanced social safeguard legislation in host countries and China, stricter rules of Chinese funders and cooperation of Chinese dam developers with international players have also facilitated this change.

Legal and political framework of the federal and regional legislation on national ethnic policy in the Russian Arctic

The article discusses a legal framework of state ethnic policy in the Arctic Zone of the Russian Federation (AZRF). The article covers basic legislative principles at the federal level and in the Arctic regions ranged from Murmansk to Chukotka. The main conclusions made by the authors are: there is a need to improve political and legal regulation mechanisms of ethnic policy in northern regions, included into the AZRF; a need to develop a common conceptual and categorical apparatus as well as cooperation rules between state bodies and actors of ethnic policy in order to improve the effectiveness of management in this field. The article is an interdisciplinary research in the intersection of politics, law and sociology.

Contemporary Perspective of Pedagogical Rhetoric in Higher Education Teaching –the Example of a Seminar

One of the goals of the information society is cooperation with the use of technical resources and information. Knowledge is not associated with any element of the structure, but results from the process of cooperation.Therefore, the requirements regarding the eff ectiveness of the formulation and processing of knowledge are increasing. The problem of not being mature enough to autonomously participate in the global exchange of information relates inter alia to students who engage in various social activities with the use of IT. in the case of university students, who have mature personalities and for whom self-reliance and problem solving orientation are of key importance, diff erent rules of cooperation with lecturers are necessary. The uniqueness of a person’s situation in the knowledge society lies in the extent of the collection and processing of knowledge.

The Impact of Accidental Deviation by Natural Disaster-Prone Countries on Renegotiation-Proof Climate Change Agreements

This study provides a new framework for international environmental agreements (IEAs), which include punishment exceptions for accidental deviation, using repeated games. We consider that deviation from an agreement can occur accidentally because of phenomena such as natural disasters, even if the agreement is sustained as a weakly renegotiation-proof equilibrium. If an IEA signatory deviates accidentally, it fails to achieve its emission abatement target. In the repeated game, a cooperative relationship among signatories is sustained by a strategy that prescribes rules of cooperation and punishment for deviation. We present a new strategy, called Regional Cooperative, which integrates accidental deviations into an IEA. Our model reveals that punishing countries tend to revoke the punishment of deviators and return to cooperation if an accidental deviator increases its abatement volume. That is, the abatement efforts of the accidental deviator can lead to renegotiation. The Regional Cooperative strategy motivates the accidental deviator to try to engage in abatement and the punishing countries to restart cooperation by renegotiation. We conclude that social welfare loss by punishment is prevented through renegotiation in cases of accidental deviation.

A novel consensus algorithm for second‐order multi‐agent systems without velocity measurements

SummaryIn this paper, a novel consensus protocol for second‐order multi‐agent systems is elegantly designed, and it relaxes the common requirement of the velocity information of the agents. An interesting consensus criterion is explicitly derived in terms of the proposed cooperation law provided that the dynamical equation for each agent is linear. As an extension, the proposed cooperation rule is further extended to a general scenario, where the coupling weights characterizing the relationships among the neighboring agents are time‐varying. Accordingly, two distributed cooperative algorithms (node/edge‐based scheme) are explicitly designed. Moreover, we study the case of network with switching communication setting. It shows that edge‐based law is capable with the time‐varying topology, while the node‐based scheme is not. In addition, the proposed coordination strategies are applied to the tracking problem as well. Finally, these obtained consensus results are well supported in the light of the pendulum models. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

O Princípio da Cooperação Judiciária do Novo Código de Processo Civil: Uma Análise a Partir da Proteção ao Trabalhador Frente ao Instituto da Recuperação Judicial

O artigo tem por tema estudar o Princípio da Cooperação Judicial. O problema da pesquisa se concentra no conflito entre o instituto da recuperação judicial e a legislação trabalhista. A hipótese inicial de trabalho é que o princípio da proteção ao trabalhador e o instituto da Recuperação Judicial revelam embate, contradição e não cooperação. Desta maneira, o trabalho procura demonstrar que a regra processual da cooperação judicial trazida pelo Novo CPC é um instrumento de diálogo entre contradições materiais. Objetiva-se analisar o novo código de processo civil e a dificuldade de cooperar o inconciliável. O método utilizado foi o dedutivo.

Excess-Risk of Distributed Stochastic Learners

This paper studies the learning ability of consensus and diffusion distributed learners from continuous streams of data arising from different but related statistical distributions. Four distinctive features for diffusion learners are revealed in relation to other decentralized schemes even under left-stochastic combination policies. First, closed-form expressions for the evolution of their excess-risk are derived for strongly convex risk functions under a diminishing step-size rule. Second, using these results, it is shown that the diffusion strategy improves the asymptotic convergence rate of the excess-risk relative to non-cooperative schemes. Third, it is shown that when the in-network cooperation rules are designed optimally, the performance of the diffusion implementation can outperform that of naive centralized processing. Finally, the arguments further show that diffusion outperforms consensus strategies asymptotically and that the asymptotic excess-risk expression is invariant to the particular network topology. The framework adopted in this paper studies convergence in the stronger mean-square-error sense, rather than in distribution, and develops tools that enable a close examination of the differences between distributed strategies in terms of asymptotic behavior, as well as in terms of convergence rates.

Ład międzynarodowy w ideologii Rycerskiego Zakonu Krzyża i Miecza w czasie drugiej wojny światowej

During the Second World War The Military Order of the Cross and the Sword combined Catholic moral principles with patriotism in the active struggle for independence. The role of enlarged strategically Poland was peaceful integration of Central Europe. They planned to follow rules of peaceful Catholic international cooperation. Anti-Christian systems of Germany and the USSR and materialistic western countries were not acceptable.

Removal of Sensing-Throughput Tradeoff Barrier in Cognitive Radio Networks

Under the conventional approach of spectrum sensing in a cognitive radio (CR) system, in the start of each frame of duration $$T$$T a time slot $$\tau$$ź is allocated for the spectrum sensing and $$T - \tau$$T-ź for the data transmission. During the sensing duration $$\tau$$ź, no data transmission is allowed, this invites a serious problem of sensing-throughput tradeoff. To overcome the problem of sensing-throughput tradeoff, this paper presents a new approach which with the help of the proposed decoder structure enables the CR system to execute the tasks of spectrum sensing and data transmission simultaneously. Under the proposed approach, the CR does not only ensure a sufficient level of protection required by the licensed users, but also improves utilization of underutilized portion of the licensed spectrum which is reflected in terms of its improved achievable throughput. The proposed approach is also implemented under the m-out-of-k rule of cooperation to overcome the effects of channel uncertainties such as the shadowing, multipath fading and the hidden terminal problems, resulting in a significant increase in its throughput compared to that under the non-cooperation.

Reinforcement Learning Explains Conditional Cooperation and Its Moody Cousin.

Direct reciprocity, or repeated interaction, is a main mechanism to sustain cooperation under social dilemmas involving two individuals. For larger groups and networks, which are probably more relevant to understanding and engineering our society, experiments employing repeated multiplayer social dilemma games have suggested that humans often show conditional cooperation behavior and its moody variant. Mechanisms underlying these behaviors largely remain unclear. Here we provide a proximate account for this behavior by showing that individuals adopting a type of reinforcement learning, called aspiration learning, phenomenologically behave as conditional cooperator. By definition, individuals are satisfied if and only if the obtained payoff is larger than a fixed aspiration level. They reinforce actions that have resulted in satisfactory outcomes and anti-reinforce those yielding unsatisfactory outcomes. The results obtained in the present study are general in that they explain extant experimental results obtained for both so-called moody and non-moody conditional cooperation, prisoner’s dilemma and public goods games, and well-mixed groups and networks. Different from the previous theory, individuals are assumed to have no access to information about what other individuals are doing such that they cannot explicitly use conditional cooperation rules. In this sense, myopic aspiration learning in which the unconditional propensity of cooperation is modulated in every discrete time step explains conditional behavior of humans. Aspiration learners showing (moody) conditional cooperation obeyed a noisy GRIM-like strategy. This is different from the Pavlov, a reinforcement learning strategy promoting mutual cooperation in two-player situations.

European Citizenship and EU Immigration: A Demoi‐cratic Bridge between the Third Country Nationals' Right to Belong and the Member States' Power to Exclude

AbstractEuropean citizenship entails, for EU nationals, a right to belong across borders. This article questions the implications of this latter right for the status of third country nationals in the EU. It contributes to address a gap between the literature on European citizenship and the literature on the admission and civic integration of third country nationals. The article begins by tracing a disconnect in the rules and narratives on admission and naturalisation of third country nationals in the EU. This is a disconnect between logics of individual rights protection, which European citizenship infiltrates, and logics of state sovereignty and governmental discretion, which otherwise dominate relevant rules and narratives. The article relies on the political science literature on mutual recognition and demoicracy to reinterpret European citizenship's norm of belonging across borders so as to reconcile the disconnect. Ultimately, the theoretical bridge that the article draws between citizenship narratives and immigration narratives offers a novel perspective on the tension between liberal values and integration discourses in Europe. It also sets out a possible frame to begin rethinking rules of engagement and cooperation in the context of the EU common immigration policy.

Non-compliance, renegotiation and justice in international adjudication: A WTO perspective

Abstract:Focusing on the expanding realm of international adjudication, this article approaches justice from the domain of the empirical and shows – through a careful, interview-based case study analysis in the WTO context – that justice in the international context is not only a contested concept, but also a multifaceted one, deeply embedded in notions such as the rule of law, fairness, equality, transformation, and cooperation. Whereas in the past, the primary, if not the sole role of international courts was that of settling disputes, in their modern legalised reincarnation these empowered international institutions have come to be seen primarily as enforcement mechanisms. Mechanisms that have been put in place by states in order to give effect to their originally negotiated commitments, and to hold states (or other entities) accountable for the international rules agreed-upon. Within this common enforcement-centred discourse of international courts, in turn, the natural tendency has so far been to think of ‘justice’ mainly through its ‘legal’ or ‘rule of law’ dimension. This article challenges this enforcement-centred discourse. Focusing on the vibrant WTO dispute settlement system (DSS) and its operation throughout the perennial EC–Bananas dispute, the article argues that the current enforcement-oriented debate of international courts, and the WTO DSS in particular, is lacking in several aspects. First, it brushes aside other important roles served by the DSS, and consequently overshadows the manifold social outcomes – beyond rule-compliance – produced by this system. Second, the prevalent rule-enforcement discourse further works in turn as to mask the multiple challenges of justice encapsulated in international disputes reaching the DSS docket, and obstructs the need to explore other conceptions of justice – beyond its legal-procedural meaning – such as global distributive, corrective, or transformative justice, through which the diverse roles and outcomes of the DSS may (and should) be evaluated. Against this backdrop, the article puts forwards a broad multifunctional account of the WTO DSS, which goes beyond the prevalent view of the system as primarily an enforcement mechanism, portraying it instead as a system of multiple, competing, and shifting roles. Among them, providing an orderly mechanism of renegotiation, redistribution, and settlement. Roles that essentially allow WTO Members to readjust their original WTO commitments and reallocate their burdens and benefits of international cooperation, and thereby to arrive at new – at times not fully legally-compliant – but not necessarily ‘unjust’ cooperative and sustainable social outcomes.

Post-crisis learning in public agencies: what do we learn from both actors and institutions?

ABSTRACTPost-crisis learning is a challenge for public organizations, and especially for agencies which handle health and environmental risks. This article investigates how the Belgian Food Safety Agency settles mechanisms for drawing lessons from crises while ensuring day-to-day routine. The framework by Crozier and Friedberg is used as a guideline to consider both the actors and the system, both strategic games and institutional constraints. The article helps in understanding the institutional logics underpinning how the public organizations learn from societal risk and crisis. Centralization and openness appear to be guiding principles, resulting from the learning games. They also generate tensions that the actors’ games manage by defining new rules for cooperation. Both the practice (through our case study) and the theory (combining actors and institutions) broaden the lens of policy analysis for what policy-making at organizational level concerns.

CITY PLACEMENT – INNOVATIONAL MEANS OF PROMOTING CITIES

A detail attempt of the “city placement” strategy, has been made in the article. Its main threads, components and decision making problems of the film producers teams have been emphasized. The author based his knowledge, in this case, on the diagnosis and analysis of the processes and decision making procedures adequate for big, Polish cities, their administrative authorities, promotional strategies and the rules of cooperation with media partners. Assumedly, the used process-structural conceptualization is to emphasize the main determinants of the “city placement” strategy introduction in marketing practice of the cities and regions.

Socio-environmental Disputes within mercosur: Lack of a More Meaningful Cooperation

Global environmental degradation is but one aspect of a crisis in human rationality, resulting from anthropocentric and unsustainable paradigms. Increasing awareness towards the need for sustainability promotes rationality standards founded in holistic and interdisciplinary approaches that encourage participatory governance at various levels. Within this context, the peaceful settlement of cross-border, socio-environmental conflicts represents a challenge to the unilateral exercise of jurisdiction, owing to issues such as enforceability, effectiveness and the granting of provisional measures. Hence, international, regional and/or sub-regional entities must become meaningful vehicles for institutional environmental cooperation, in order to establish higher levels of participatory governance among relevant local, regional and global players. mercosur’s Environmental Framework Agreement (Decision cmc nº 2 of June 22, 2001), its Additional Protocol on Cooperation on Environmental Emergencies (Decision cmc nº 4 of July 8, 2004) and the Summit of Environmental Ministers of mercosur (Decision cmc nº 19 of December 15, 2003) represent important steps towards the promotion of socio-environmental, cultural, political, economic, ecological and geographical sustainability. However, its dispute settlement system is still lacking in additional institutional cooperation principles and rules to achieve these goals. It can be argued that Member States should engender the additional regulatory framework to reduce asymmetries between local socio-environmental public policies and, thus, inspire stronger confidence in the effectiveness of its dispute settlement system.

Italian policies for the restitution of illicitly trafficked cultural heritage, based on the rule of law and interested cooperation

We are very proud to hold this meeting in Rome today. I want to thank U nidroit for its passionate work—in particular, Ms Schneider, senior officer of the organization, who always gives her passion for such an important cause. Yes, I was the Mayor of Rome during the proceedings and the approbation of the Convention here in Rome. Maybe there is a spirit of Rome allowing the European Union here on the Capitol Hill to adopt the Treaties of Rome in 1957, maybe there was also a spirit of Rome and of the Capitol Hill in 1998 when the Statute of the International Criminal Court was approved here. But, of course, now we face very tough challenges. I will say a few words about Italian policies for the restitution of illicitly trafficked cultural heritage based on the rule of law and international cooperation. I think that these two concepts either work together or do not work at all. We need to fight illicit trafficking and we need cooperation. I believe that the experience of many ministers of culture in the Italian government was inspired by these two goals. I was responsible for some relevant restitutions to our national heritage in the years between 2006 and 2008 when I was minister of culture. However, it was never a personal purpose: it was a cooperation issue, and it was a way of fighting crime against art and cultural heritage, starting with Italy. It was not only an attempt to achieve an important change of policy by big institutions, private museums, and public museums, but it was also our goal to stop illegal activities, local mafias, and local traffickers—what we call tombaroli —from acting in our country. 1 I believe that these are common international goals and not nationalistic goals. For example, if you walk around Rome and you look at obelisks, they are of course stolen artefacts. Even if they are re-baptized artefacts—because when Pope Sixtus V in the sixteenth century decided to put a cross over the obelisks that the Roman Empire had brought from Egypt, he decided to give a new meaning and a new life to each monument. They were also very important as landmarks for people walking in Rome because they were re-erected in front of churches in order to show people where to go at the end of the roads that were built by the Renaissance popes. Yet you will not see the Axum obelisk in Rome any more because our government gave it back to Ethiopia. It was a colonial legacy of the Fascist era. To return it was a controversial decision, but, in the end, our country decided to give back what belonged to another country and that was the fruit of a recent historical colonial experience.

The evolution of social play by learning to cooperate

Social play is common in mammals but its adaptive significance is not well understood. A commonly held hypothesis is that social play allows juveniles to learn skills and rules for cooperation as adults. On this view, the adaptive benefit of social play derives from the benefits of cooperation as adults. However, cooperation is only beneficial if it is used in populations of predominantly cooperators; otherwise, it is a costly strategy. We investigated the latter problem by modeling the link between social play and subsequent adult cooperation using an agent-based model. In our model, agents had a play gene with allelic social play states (i.e., play or not play). Juveniles with a play gene learned to cooperate by successfully engaging in social play with another juvenile agent with a play gene. As adults, agents played the stag hunt game with other adults to obtain resources for reproduction. Those that learned to cooperate by playing as juveniles cooperated in the stag hunt game. When agents aggregated into small groups, we found that social play could evolve by facilitating the learning of cooperation. Our theoretical results also show that social play is a novel mechanism for the indirect evolution of cooperation.

The Unbearable Lightness of Europeanisation: Extradition Policies and the Erosion of Sovereignty in the Post-Yugoslav States

This research analyses the effect of Europeanisation on sovereignty in the post-Yugoslav states by examining the evolution of the different states’ policies related to extradition of their own nationals. Extradition is an important aspect of these countries’ political transformation, because the rule of law and regional co-operation are enshrined in the set of conditions these countries have to meet to enter the European Union. The research thus looks at how the different post-Yugoslav states approach the extradition of their own nationals, and whether they have altered them in view of the requirements of the accession process. By doing so, this paper looks at the dynamics between the duty of the state to protect its citizens and the transformative power of Europeanisation in the Western Balkans.

Proposal for Organizing The Industrial Cooperation on Commercial Space Safety and Technical Standards

ABSTRACT For commercial human spaceflight to flourish and expand, industry has to develop a notion of safety as the collective responsibility and common strategic business goal of all members. In 2004, the U.S. private spaceflight industry welcomed a law (i.e. the Commercial Space Launch Amendment Act (CSLAA)) postponing the ability of FAA to issue safety regulations, except for aspects of public safety until 2012. The deadline was later moved to 2015. The law, currently undergoing a second postponement until 2020, offers a historic opportunity for space industry to engage in the development of a comprehensive set of industrial consensus standards, based on the experience gained in more than 50years of government programs. This paper proposes framework and rules of an industrial cooperation for consensus standards, in the form of textual content for a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU). Those standards, when established, could become the basis of a mixed regulatory regime, where industry takes care of self-certifying the vehicles safety, while government regulators would continue to cover launch and reentry operations for all aspect of public safety. This paper also suggest to carry out standardization activities within the broader scope of a Space Safety Institute.

Appreciation of Ambiguous Humorous Messages: The Influence of Processing Mode and Presentation

Abstract In the current study it was assumed that participants of the act of communication do not always follow the rules of cooperation, and sometimes build their utterance in a way that misleads the listener. It depends on the communicative competence of the listener and the message sender if an interaction between them takes place. Th e aim of this research was to assess to what extent deliberate, incorrect identification and the mode of communication in which the text is presented makes the audience lose their orientation in both bona-fide (informative) and non-bona-fide (playful) mode formulations. In order to answer these questions, two experiments were conducted using three types of texts: informative text with a humorous digression, humorous informative text, and a real life parody joke. Th e information preceding the presentation of the texts and the order in which they were shown was manipulated. Respondents assessed how funny each of the texts was. 85 high secondary school students participated in the survey. Th e conducted statistical analyses enabled us to establish that the information appearing at the beginning, i.e. the type of message (informative/humorous), can affect the recipient’s reaction and assessment of how funny a particular text was. Th e research results indicate that poor intensity of comicality in the messages may be aggravated by not indicating that they were intended to induce a humorous effect. This reveals the specific nature of humorous messages, bringing about an effect that is categorically inconsistent with the stimulus that precedes it.