Algorithm Research Articles

Корреляционно-регрессионный анализ как инструмент прогнозирования прибыли организации

The planning process is important for the rhythmic functioning of an organization. Planning at each stage of the production process leads to forecasting financial results, in particular the profit from sales of the organization. As a rule, in the process of forecasting profit from sales, only internal factors or processes that influence the organization’s activities are taken into account. The purpose of this paper is to substantiate the use of correlation and regression analysis as a tool for forecasting profits from a sales organization. The paper considers two approaches to forecasting profit from sales, taking into account, among other things, the influence of external factors affecting organizations whose main activity is related to the rental and management of its own or leased real estate. The first approach to profit forecasting is based on the direct counting method and economic and mathematical algorithms. The second approach is the use of correlation and regression analysis, based on the influence of selected external factors. Profit forecasting using correlation-regression analysis showed that the average rental price of commercial real estate has a negative relationship with sales profit, and the amount of electricity consumed has a positive relationship with profit from sales. Based on the results of the correlation analysis, it can be concluded that changes in the rental price of commercial real estate and the volume of electricity consumed affect the company’s sales profit. The value of the forecast sales profit obtained under the optimistic scenario, calculated by the direct calculation method, is close to the forecast values calculated by the methods of correlation and regression analysis, which proves the importance of using this forecasting tool.

Compensation of temperature drift of a ring laser gyroscope

The paper investigates methods and algorithms for compensating the temperature drift of the angular velocity signal. The influence of the design on the properties of the laser gyroscope is examined. A mathematical model and algorithm for compensating the temperature dependency of the output signal of the laser gyroscope are proposed.

AN IMPROVED MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF THE METHOD OF FULLY PREPARING THE DETERMINATION OF FIRING UNITS FOR HITTING THE INFORMATION AND CALCULATION COMPONENT OF THE AUTOMATED FIRE CONTROL SYSTEM OF COMBAT VEHICLES OF REACTIVE ARTILLERY

Context. As part of the automation of the fire control system of rocket artillery combat vehicles, in relation to the preparation of data for firing and fire control, the information and computing process of this system has been improved, namely, the mathematical model of the method of fully preparing the determination of installations for firing projectiles used in rocket salvo fire systems has been improved. In the system of differential equations of the mathematical model of the information and computing process of the component of the automated fire control system of combat vehicles of jet artillery, weighting functions for air temperature, wind influence for the active and passive sections of the projectile flight trajectory and the section of the opening of combat elements have been introduced, which allows determining the weighting coefficients for them for each projectile type. Objective. To improve the information and calculation component of the automated fire control system of combat vehicles of reactive artillery, by improving the mathematical model of the method of full preparation of the determination of installations for firing on damage. Having proposed a system of differential equations that will take into account the weighting functions of air temperature, wind influence for active and passive sections of the projectile flight path and the section of the opening of combat elements, and will also give the opportunity to determine weighting coefficients for each type of projectile based on them, which in turn will lead to an increase the accuracy of determining firing settings. Method. The proposed analytical method allows: to calculate the weighting coefficients for each type of rocket, characterizing the process of the approach of the rocket flight to the tabular trajectory and to set the initial conditions necessary for solving the differential equations of the mathematical model of the information-computing process of the component of the automated fire control system of combat vehicles of rocket artillery; to increase the accuracy of determining firing positions when performing firing tasks, which makes it possible to quickly respond to a change in the combat situation by means of changes in the softwaremathematical process of the automated fire control system; effectively and efficiently ensure the development or clarification of textual and graphic administrative and combat documents based on the results obtained using differential equations of the mathematical model of the information-computational process of the component of the automated fire control system. Results. The improved information and calculation component of the automated fire control system of combat vehicles of jet artillery was tested during the conduct of hostilities. The system of differential equations of the mathematical model of the information-computing process of the component of the automated fire control system of combat vehicles of reactive artillery ensures a timely response to a change in the situation in the information-computational process of the component of the automated fire control system of combat vehicles of reactive artillery during firing and fire control. Provides an opportunity to efficiently and quickly ensure the development or clarification of textual and graphic administrative and combat documents based on the information received during the execution of fire missions. Conclusions. The calculations based on the proposed system of differential equations confirm the improvement of the information-calculation component of the automated fire control system of jet artillery combat vehicles and allow timely response to changes in tasks in the information-calculation process during firing and fire control, as well as effectively and quickly ensure the formation of formalized messages and documents based on the information received during the execution of a fire mission by units of reactive artillery. Prospects for further research are the creation of agreed mathematical methods, models, algorithms and programs for the implementation of the goals and tasks of firing and fire control when compiling Firing Tables for prospective or received combat vehicles of reactive artillery from partners.

An Efficient Algorithm for Power Dominating Set

AbstractThe problem Power Dominating Set (PDS) is motivated by the placement of phasor measurement units to monitor electrical networks. It asks for a minimum set of vertices in a graph that observes all remaining vertices by exhaustively applying two observation rules. Our contribution is twofold. First, we determine the parameterized complexity of PDS by proving it is W[P]-complete when parameterized with respect to the solution size. We note that it was only known to be W[2]-hard before. Our second and main contribution is a new algorithm for PDS that efficiently solves practical instances. Our algorithm consists of two complementary parts. The first is a set of reduction rules for PDS that can also be used in conjunction with previously existing algorithms. The second is an algorithm for solving the remaining kernel based on the implicit hitting set approach. Our evaluation on a set of power grid instances from the literature shows that our solver outperforms previous state-of-the-art solvers for PDS by more than one order of magnitude on average. Furthermore, our algorithm can solve previously unsolved instances of continental scale within a few minutes.

The Sullivan Principles as a Way to Struggle Against the Apartheid Regime in South Africa

The article covers the history of the foundation and application of the Sullivan Principles, proposed in 1977 as a voluntary set of rules for corporate social responsibility of American companies operating in South Africa, which, according to their compiler, were supposed to accelerate the elimination of the apartheid regime. The author of the article examines the biography of Leon Sullivan, an African-American activist for racial equality, who relied on nonviolent methods of struggle, which predetermined the concept of the Sullivan Principles as a way of peaceful corporate pressure on the apartheid regime. Although Sullivan’s initiative was not totally original, being based on the experiment of Polaroid Corporation, it turned out to be a convenient solution for American companies, which, accepting the Principles, freed themselves from the reputational losses connected to the cooperation with the apartheid regime while continuing to reap the profits from their businesses in South Africa. But by the early 1980s, due to increased public pressure on the US authorities and because of their passivity in introducing comprehensive measures against South Africa, the Sullivan Principles became an object of criticism. That is why their author began to toughen his position, joining the supporters of full-fledged economic sanctions in 1987. Thus, the Sullivan Principles turned out to be a very limited method of fighting apartheid, beneficial to corporations, and significant only in the absence of opposition to the racist regime by the US authorities. However, after the fall of the apartheid regime, the Principles did not lose their relevance, and in 1999, under the auspices of the United Nations, they were updated as the Global Sullivan Principles, designed to improve corporate ethics around the world.

RSP-UV: real-time sampling-based path planning method for unmanned vehicles

Abstract The Rapidly-exploring Random Trees Star (RRT*) is widely used in unmanned vehicle path planning. However, it suffers from excessive sampling randomness, long search time and not capable of dynamic obstacle avoidance. This is not only fatal to safety, but also detrimental to smooth driving. We propose a real-time sampling-based path planning method for unmanned vehicles (RSP-UV) that systematically solves these problems. To address the problem of excessive sampling randomness, we formulate a partitioned sampling strategy and limit the density of sampling points. It reduces the sampling time to a certain extent. Additionally, we design a fuzzy controller to adjust the scale factor of the Dynamic Window Approach (DWA) evaluation function to optimise the local path and improve the dynamic obstacle avoidance efficiency. Fusing the improved RRT* and the improved DWA, the global path output from the improved RRT* is used as the bootstrap path for the improved DWA. Besides, the return path set rule is made to avoid the backtracking phenomenon. This improves the reliability and asymptotic optimality of the final path. Simulation experiments show that the trajectories planned by RSP-UV outperform the three compared methods, the similar method, ORRT*-DWA and MTAR. Real experiments show that the average path length of RSP-UV is reduced by 2.26%, 3.03%, and 3.33% compared to the other three methods, respectively. The average planning time of RSP-UV is reduced by 7.16%, 2.15% and 8.78% compared to the other three methods, respectively. RSP-UV not only ensures the success of path planning but also excels in real-time and adaptability. The paths formed by RSP-UV are cheaper and safer.

When audit confronts blockchain

PurposePrevious work has explored the ability of auditors to expand successfully into seemingly unrelated fields, referred to as new audit spaces. The present paper focuses on how auditors respond to challenges when entering a new audit field and devising strategies to sensemake and sensegive about those challenges.Design/methodology/approachThis study builds on findings from 32 interviews with auditors and participant observation of interactions between auditors and blockchainers to understand how auditors approached a new audit space.FindingsWe find that when auditors enter a new audit space, they endeavour to impose a logic of auditability. First, they determine an acceptable knowledge basis for this target audit space by developing a codified set of rules to organize knowledge, then develop a codified set of practices to verify conformity to the auditor’s set of rules. Next, auditors engage in three strategic tactics to influence members of the target audit space: appealing to the financial benefits of adopting a logic of auditability; appealing to their credentials from established audit markets; and appealing to bona fides in the target audit space to establish credibility. We posit that these sensemaking and sensegiving strategies do not take hold in the blockchain space because auditors are approaching these activities from a different mental model than blockchain natives. Because auditors are unable to adopt the mental model of the blockchain space, they are unable to devise strategies to compellingly influence blockchain natives and secure a stronghold in this new audit space. We developed a model for sensemaking and sensegiving when auditors enter new audit spaces.Originality/valueThis paper challenges and contrasts prior accounts of the seemingly unending expansion of audit firms into new spaces. The study demonstrates that there are limitations to auditors’ abilities to transplant their verification skills in the blockchain field.

Parents' perspectives and behaviors regarding their child's access to alcohol: Variation by race/ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and neighborhood.

Setting rules about alcohol use and minimizing its availability in the home are known effective parent-level strategies for reducing underage drinking risk. However, parents' restrictions and their perceptions of their child's alcohol access have rarely been considered in combination (e.g., determining if rule-setting consistently accompanies perceived easy access), despite the potential to inform targeted prevention. The current study identified patterns in six parent-reported indicators of their child's alcohol restrictions and access and characterized them with respect to race/ethnicity, socioeconomic status, community type (urban, suburban, or rural), and neighborhood (dis)advantage. Latent profile analysis was applied to Follow-up Year 2 data from the parents of Black, Latinx, and White participants in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study (n = 9586; youth mean age = 12.05; 47.50% girl, 51.32% boy, 0.32% other gender; 14.29% Black, 25.97% Latinx, and 59.74% White) to derive distinct profiles. Four profiles (subgroups) emerged: High Restrictions/No Drinkers in Household (32.18%), Low Restrictions/High Access (29.58%), High Restrictions/High Access (26.38%), and High Restrictions/Low Access (11.86%). Black and Latinx youth and parents with relatively low educational attainment and income were overrepresented in the High Restrictions/No Drinkers in Household and High Restrictions/Low Access subgroups. By contrast, the low restrictions subgroups were composed primarily of parents of White youth living in advantaged neighborhoods. Findings support the notion that parents' perspectives and behaviors around youth alcohol access cannot be divided simply into restrictive and permissive. Further, the observed differences by demographic and neighborhood factors suggest the value of tailoring parent-level prevention approaches to consider community norms.

АВТОМАТИЧЕСКИЕ СИСТЕМЫ УПРАВЛЕНИЯ ТЕХНОЛОГИЧЕСКИМИ ПРОЦЕССАМИ ПЕРЕВОЗОК С РАСШИРЕННЫМ КОНТУРОМ АНАЛИТИКИ ДАННЫХ

A new hybrid approach has been proposed to automate the management of complex technological processes at railway stations of industrial transport using intelligent monitoring technologies. This approach is based on the concept of predictive modeling combined with methods of statistical analysis, including a modification of the principal components analysis method for multivariate statistical analysis and the identification of violations in technological processes using a combination of well-known methods such as contribution analysis and fuzzy dynamic analysis. The principal feature of the hybrid approach is mapping the initial space of numerical parameters of the technological process onto a new space formed by fuzzy rules of an evolving system model. Applying multivariate analysis to new system variables using the principal component method allows for the formation of a few intermediate variables with different degrees of granularity and interpretability, describing the behavior of the controlled process, which makes it possible to develop mathematical models and algorithms for solving various monitoring tasks An example of using this approach for post-processing monitoring data to identify performance discrepancies in a marshalling yard and anomalies in the controlled process is considered.

Cultural-Based Spatial Management: Lesson Learnt from The Collective Intelligence of The Gayo Community, Aceh

Cultural spaces represent a heritage passed down through generations. Today, these cultural spaces are in a worrying state, with the advent of globalization and the increasing influence of foreign cultures. Recognizing this situation, researchers aim to contribute and participate in examining the Gayo community's ability to manage these cultural spaces, as the Gayo are known for their rich cultural spaces. This study aims to explore the knowledge the Gayo people possess in managing cultural spaces and the methods by which this knowledge is passed down. Furthermore, this research intends to equip the Gayo community with insight derived from the cultural spaces that have been inherited over the years. The knowledge of these cultural spaces, when passed to future generations, becomes a foundation for the sustainability of the Gayo community's way of life. The research employs an ethnographic approach, aimed at exploring social realities in a natural context. The findings indicate that the Gayo community has a set of rules known as always, which forms the basis for determining their living spaces managed based on cultural principles. Among the Gayo community, there are five collective living spaces that have become the foundation of their way of life: Bur Perutemen, Bur Peruweren, Wih Aunen, Bur Mulo, and Hutan Keuramat.

Probabilistic cellular automata simulation of microstructure evolution: the role of model parameters on precision and uncertainty

Abstract Probabilistic cellular automata (PCA) is a widely used and cost-efficient method for simulating microstructural evolution. In this method, probabilistic state change rules determine the evolution of cell states at each time step. However, its stochastic nature introduces inherent uncertainty, leading to non-repeatable results. Most microstructural simulation studies assess the accuracy of simulations by comparing predicted results with experimental observations, neglecting uncertainties in mathematical models and algorithms. In this study, the precision and stochastic behavior of microstructure evolution in the PCA simulations were investigated. The probabilities of transformations of cell states at each time step were formulated, and discrete probability distribution functions (dPDF) were introduced to analyze the frequency distribution of simulation outcomes. The performance and consistency of these dPDFs were assessed by comparing statistical analyzes of PCA simulation results with dPDF predictions, revealing that the variance of simulation results is less than that of the binomial distribution function. Additionally, the effects of modeling parameters, such as model size, cellular resolution, and probability distribution of state changes in two- and three-dimensional PCA modeling, on the precision and reliability of simulation results were studied. In PCA models, simulation uncertainty inversely relates to the square root of model size. Furthermore, in 2D simulations, uncertainty is inversely proportional to the square root of the cellular resolution, while in 3D simulations, it is inversely proportional to the cellular resolution itself. These findings provide a simple and computationally efficient method for evaluating PCA simulation uncertainty and determining optimal simulation parameters, including model size, cellular resolution, and dimensionality.

The Halbach and alternating polarity linear magnets array are designed for microparticle separation, based on magnetophoresis

Abstract Particle separation using magnetophoresis requires an inhomogeneous magnetic field which affects the microparticle. The more changes in the magnetic field, the greater the magnetic force. The changes could exist in various ways. In this article, the change to produce a more intensive inhomogeneous magnetic field is generated by rotating the magnets to a specific degree. The analyses are done for three-state magnet arrays. For this purpose, a device is fabricated and the mentioned arrays are embedded in it. First, the results are simulated. The mathematical piecewise algorithm is used to validate the simulation. By examining the states in the fabricated device the experimental results are extracted. Overall, the results demonstrated that the Halbach and alternating polarity linear arrays (both 90, and 180 degrees) have better efficiency and throughput than the regular design array (without magnet rotating). The Halbach designs are illustrated with approximately the same results. However, in alternating polarity linear array, 180 degrees the particle capturing rate stood in a better place than the other design. 

How precarious are European workers? An expert-system approach with evidence from the European Social Survey

ABSTRACT A major current discussion in labour sociology is the conceptualisation of precarity and the establishment of key indicators for its measurement. In many countries, a significant and frequently increasing part of employment is characterised as insecure, atypical, non-standard, or precarious. To offer new insights into the quantification of precarious employment, this paper proposes a novel approach for assessing precarity, building on the latest literature. It expands on an initial expert system developed in 2022 for Greece, constructing a more advanced knowledge system that quantifies precarity across several European countries. A rule set is created to identify which socio-demographic traits and their combinations predict precarity. These traits relate to three domains: job insecurity, insufficient resources, and unsupportive entitlements. Raw data drawn from the ninth wave of the European Social Survey (ESS) provides a comprehensive view of experiences rendering workers precarious and enables comparisons of precarity among European countries. Additionally, data from the ESS’s ad hoc module ‘Timing of life, fairness and justice’ is used to form a subjective precarity score for employed individuals. Results are illustrated separately for four countries relating different types of labour market regimes, Germany, Finland, Italy and Lithuania and comparisons are made to reveal discrepancies between countries.

Reliable modelling of the sulphur properties to calculate the process parameters of the Claus sulphur recovery plant

AbstractIn order to handle the overwhelming effects of the removed hydrogen sulphide (H2S) from natural gas and industrial waste gases on the environment, H2S can be converted to elemental sulphur. Among the available processes for sulphur recovery, the most widely employed process is a modified Claus process. In this work, first, least square version of support vector machine (LS‐SVM) approach is utilized for determining the properties of sulphur including heat of vaporization, heat of condensation (S6, S8), heat of dissociation (S6, S8), and heat capacity of equilibrium sulphur vapours as a function of temperature. An illustrative example is given to show the usefulness of the presented computer‐based models with two parameters for designing and operation of the Claus sulphur recovery unit (SRU). According to the error analysis results, predicted values by the proposed intelligent models are in excellent agreement with the reported data in the literature for the aforementioned sulphur properties where the coefficient of determination (R2) is higher than 0.99 for all developed models. The average absolute relative deviation percent (%AARD) is less than 1.3 while predicting the heat capacity of equilibrium sulphur vapours. Other proposed models' predictions show less than 0.2% AARD from the target values. In addition, a mathematical algorithm on the basis of the Leverage approach is proposed to define the domain of applicability of the developed LS‐SVM models. It was found that the presented models are statistically valid and the employed data points for developing the models are within the range of their applicability.

Patient Care as Sacred Rite: Applying Viktor Frankl's Concept of Meaning and Confucian Li to Address Physician Burnout.

Among the many factors causing physician burnout is the difficulty offinding meaning in clinical work. Psychiatrist and philosopher Viktor Frankl believed that meaning, derived from experiences of self-transcendence, can help a person endure extraordinary adversity.The Confucian concept of li may offer a path to finding meaning in clinical work. Though commonly translated as "ritual" and thought of as merely a set of rules, practices, or decorum,limay be understood as any act, state of mind, or arrangement reflecting or bringing about the sacred. Practitioners ofliparticipate in a liturgical celebration of human community and everyday life sinceliis not merely ritual acts performed during religious ceremonies or special occasions but encompasses the entire spectrum of interaction with humans, nature, and even material objects. Thus, everyday interactions between physicians and their patients, colleagues, and work environment, if madeli, willallow physicians to participate in such a liturgical celebration, sanctify their work, and encounter the sacred. In realizing the sacred in every ordinary task, work is no longer sterile, mechanical, and temporal but living, spiritual, and holy. Withli, physicians approach work with mindful, artistic, and priestly devotion and access sources of meaning from work, from one's attitude while facing challenges, and from relationships.

BEYOND SHORT-LIVED RESPONSES TO MALICIOUS CYBER OPERATIONS: THE UN GGE AND OEWG PROCESSES

Western democracies imposed international sanctions, issued internationally coordinated public attributions, and/or deployed defensive cyberattacks after being hit by major cyber operations. These responses and measures have a role in reducing malicious state-sponsored activity, but their success is only temporary (if any). Bilateral agreements, such as the one between the US and China, are limited in scope, playing only a brief role. Moreover, a cyber arms control treaty could contribute to a more peaceful cyberspace, but it would be remarkably difficult to monitor compliance. Thus, in this study I shall explore the development and role of the two main United Nations processes on the security and usage of cyber technologies by state actors. In parallel, the paper will discuss the major cyber operations that have occurred during these processes, highlighting that progress has been largely obtained after escalations in cyber operations. The United Nations Groups of Governmental Experts and the Open-Ended Working Groups have achieved some limited results, but conclusive success is far from being obtained. State-actors’ behaviour in cyberspace is still an issue that needs to be regulated and normed at an international level, but it will be difficult to achieve a meaningful consensus among several loosely-formed groups of states with very different approaches to these issues. Thus, democratic states need to go beyond sanctions and use cyber diplomacy for the adoption of an international set of rules.

The Islamic Perspectives of Freedom, Veiling, and Open Mindedness: A Current Misunderstand Elements

Islam is the oldest divine religion with a complete code of life. Islam, being natural, comprehensive, rational, and authentic, provides its followers, the Muslims, with a comprehensive set of rules, guidelines, and criteria to follow. Due to its rapid prevalence, currently, 1.8 billion people around the world follow Islamic principles. Because of the vast expansion of Muslim populations, some elements are presently understood and followed wrongly. The Islamic teaching of personal freedoms, particular individual choices like veiling and social interactions, is often misunderstood as being impressed by the modern world. Freedom, a widely used term in current debates, is frequently used to express one’s power and depress or impose on others. Likewise, the concept of veiling is typically regarded as a personal choice, though it is mandatory in Islam. Every man and woman is ordered to follow the Islamic principle of veiling, which not only gives protection but also gives satisfaction and peace of mind and is a symbol of a true follower of Islam. Additionally, the concept of an open mind is growing rapidly, and every individual is trying to avoid the other’s actions and moments to show his open mindness. Among others, the children-parent relationship greatly helps to properly understand these misunderstood elements. Through a comprehensive review of theological sources and modern interpretations, this paper aims to contribute to a more balanced understanding of these elements and their place in Islamic thought today.

Innovations and Challenges in Mathematical Algorithms in the Development of Artificial Intelligence

This paper delves into the innovations and challenges of mathematical algorithms in the development of artificial intelligence. The fundamental position of mathematical algorithms in artificial intelligence and the demand-driven mathematical algorithms in the development of artificial intelligence are described. The improvement of traditional mathematical algorithms, the emergence of new mathematical algorithms, and the algorithmic innovation brought about by interdisciplinary integration are analysed in detail. Meanwhile, the challenges faced by mathematical algorithms in the development of AI, such as computational complexity, data quality and uncertainty, interpretability, and ethics and safety, are analysed in depth, and corresponding coping strategies are proposed. Finally, the future development of mathematical algorithms in AI is envisioned.

Buddhist Esoteric Theory of Language in the Kokugaku School

This paper is devoted to the analysis of the esoteric version of the origin of the Japanese language, put forward by the Buddhist monk Keichū 契沖 (1640–1701), who is considered the founder of the national cultural and philosophical movement kokugaku 國學, emerging during the Tokugawa period. In his main treatise Man'yō Daishōki 万葉代匠記, relying on his own set of orthographic rules for spelling Japanese in kana (kanazukai 仮名遣い), Keichū tries to prove the inconsistency of the former Fujiwara Teika system and at the same time to reveal the esoteric nature of the structure of speech. According to Keichū, fifty characters of the Japanese alphabet make up a whole integral system in which all sounds originate from the Sanskrit sign “A”. This shows the interdependent relationship between the microcosm and the macrocosm, expressed in the sounds that form the language as an instrument of communication and comprehension, which manifests the universality of the nature of the cosmic Buddha Vairochana. Based on this metonymic connection, Keichū concludes that studying the structure of the Japanese language is equivalent to cognition of the world as a sacred object and, accordingly, forms a more rational and open approach to understanding the essence of classical Japanese literature, which distinguishes it favorably from the closed linear tradition adopted in the Heian era. Further study of Man'yō Daishōki is of particular interest to researchers of the kokugaku school, since it may provide additional information about the Buddhist origins of this trend, whose followers then, on the contrary, denied the positive influence of Buddhism on Japanese culture and preferred not to mention Keichū at all as the founder of kokugaku tradition (for example, Hirata Atsutane). It may also shed light on the contribution of Buddhist philosophy to the formation of the tradition of scientific empiricism in Japan at the end of the XVII century.

Employed or Self-Employed: the Problem of Regulating Platform Work in the EU

The article analyses the process of decision-making to regulate platform work in the European Union. The author underlines that the EU strived to introduce legal certainty and improve the working conditions of platform workers. Despite the fact that many platform workers are classified as self-employed, their status remains unclear, since it is often difficult to distinguish between real and bogus self-employment, which the employer uses to evade social payments. There are two key principles of the new directive: it allows to determine correctly the status of people working on digital platforms, and sets rules for the use of algorithmic systems in the workplace. At the same time, the conclusion is drawn that the difference in approaches among member states, political groups of the European Parliament, and EU institutions turns the regulation of platform employment into the most controversial EU files, resulting in the adoption of compromise legislation on minimum standards.