Rules Of Society Research Articles

Maternity, science and pandemic: an urgent call for action!

ABSTRACT Historically, women have been subjected to the rules of patriarchal society and the unfair assignments of a sexual division of labor. A female transition from the household to join the workforce did not come with equal division of labor at home, which has been occurring recently on a small scale. In the field of Science, women have always had to face the prejudices and the misogyny of this patriarchal society. Therefore, female academic success is disproportionate to their male counterparts. Having children also plays a significant role in the declining numbers of women in advanced scientific careers and it is clear that the inequalities in the conditions of broad development of the academic career result in an overlap of weaknesses imposed specially on the career of the mother-scientists. Many scientists have had to change their routine and working relationships in response to the COVID-19 pandemic and are adapting to this new reality of remote work. Meanwhile, mother-scientists, especially with young children, are facing challenging situations. In recent years, women have been reaching collective actions to address and resolve injustices in the field of science and we cannot allow this pandemic to pull us into irreparable setbacks. Here we bring to light problems that mother-scientists are facing during the COVID-19 pandemic and call attention to the losses that will occur if we do not take an urgent action.

Las redes y el écart: reflexiones a en torno a “El Estado de derecho y la Unión Europea”

espanolEn el periodo actual caracterizado por las fuertes tensiones entre un paradigma nacionalista e iliberal y la propia idea de “Union mediante el Derecho” asume una dimension central el principio del Estado de Derecho. Para configurarse como norma de convivencia de la sociedad europea este principio ha de ser reelaborado en la doble direccion de tension dialectica con las normas democraticas, por un lado, y de comparacion dialectica con las “tradiciones constitucionales comunes”, por el otro. El presente ensayo pretende analizar tales cuestiones identitarias mediante la nueva metodologia del ecart. francaisDans la periode actuelle caracterisee par les fortes tensions entre un paradigme nationaliste et intolerant et l’idee meme de « l’Union par le droit » prend une dimension centrale le principe de l’Etat de droit. Pour etre configure comme une regle de coexistence de la societe europeenne, ce principe doit etre retravaille dans la double direction de la tension dialectique avec les normes democratiques, d’une part, et de la comparaison dialectique avec les «traditions constitutionnelles communes», d’autre part. Cet essai vise a analyser ces questions d’identite a l’aide de la nouvelle methodologie de l’«ecart ». EnglishIn the current period of strong tensions between a nationalist and illiberal paradigm and the very idea of Union by the principle of the rule of law assumes a central dimension. In order to be configured as a rule of European society’s cohabitation, this principle has to be reworked in the dual direction of dialectical tension with democratic norms, on the one hand, and of dialectical comparison with common constitutional traditions, on the other. This essay aims to analyse these identity issues using the new ecart methodology.

American Honor: The Creation of the Nation's Ideals during the Revolutionary Era by Craig Bruce Smith

Reviewed by: American Honor: The Creation of the Nation's Ideals during the Revolutionary Era by Craig Bruce Smith Andrew Robertson (bio) Keywords Honor, Ethics, Honor culture, Virtue, Dueling American Honor: The Creation of the Nation's Ideals during the Revolutionary Era. By Craig Bruce Smith. (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2018. Pp. 367. Cloth, $35.00.) Craig Bruce Smith has written a different study of honor. Rather than opening on the battlefield or the dueling ground, the book begins with the delegates arriving at Carpenters' Hall for the First Continental Congress in 1774. Before the Revolution began, these Americans shared an understanding of honor and virtue. When many of these same delegates met two years later to declare independence, they pledged their sacred honor to the cause. Smith argues that common and well-defined conceptions of honor, virtue, and ethics united Americans in the patriot cause. As a consequence, "Americans from expansive gender, social and racial categories transformed them as their own" (2). As individuals came to understand honor and virtue as synonymous with ethical precepts, they adapted understandings of honor and virtue to direct their conduct. Smith argues that as these broadened and deepened ethical understandings from the American Revolution created a "continuing ethical ideology" (7). Smith offers us a refreshing and original perspective on the role of ethics in the American Revolution and its aftermath. He sees this ethical interpretation of the Revolution not as challenging economic, political, and social considerations; he offers us instead a complementary narrative. The author urges his readers to take the moral purposes of the [End Page 394] American Revolution and its participants seriously. In this endeavor, Smith directs his attention not only to the elite but also to men and women of the middling and lower orders and also to African Americans, both free and enslaved. For Smith, this "egalitarian shift" in ethics contrasts with "the violent, hierarchical and oppressive aspects of honor culture" (9). Smith acknowledges the importance of honor culture, especially to elite men from the South. Smith argues for regional variations in what was defined as "honor"; for Bertram Wyatt-Brown's southerners, virtue and honor were inseparable. Smith contrasts John Adams as the emblematic New Englander who argued for the supremacy of virtue over honor. The institutions that played the most important role in instilling notions of virtue and honor among elite young men were the colleges. The standard texts in moral philosophy would have included Shaftesbury's Inquiry Concerning Virtue, Hutcheson's Short Introduction to Moral Philosophy, and later Adam Smith's Theory of Moral Sentiments. For Hutcheson and Shaftesbury, honor and virtue were closely related. For Adam Smith, however, virtue was acquired by merit and honor was the adherence to the rules of society. The other source for a wider circle of young men and women to imbibe the principles of honor and virtue was the colonial resistance of the 1760s and 1770s. In 1775, as British troops engaged New Englanders in battle, the notions of honor and virtue, national and personal, northern and southern, gradually blended together. Smith quotes Joseph Warren's observation that henceforward the struggle for independence was not only a political choice; it was an ethical choice as well. Americans of all ranks believed their national honor was based in the moral superiority of their cause. In the early years of the Revolutionary War women like Mercy Otis Warren, Abigail Adams, and poet Hannah Griffitts were at pains to describe the superiority of national honor based in virtue. Washington, on the other hand, was instrumental in creating some collective conception of military virtue. Washington argued for a form of Stoic conduct; Roger Stevenson argued in Military Instructions for Officers that true honor was founded on religion. There were tensions between civilian and military conceptions of honor and virtue: American civil society had fashioned an egalitarian conception of national honor, while the officer corps had internalized a [End Page 395] sense of honor based on hierarchy and rank. Nowhere did these contradictory notions come into more obvious conflict than in the recruitment of free African Americans into New England army units. Smith argues that after the conclusion of the Revolutionary...

Il contributo delle scienze sociali all'igiene mentale (1951)

In this contribution, presented at the Fourth International Congress on Mental Health organized in Mexico City on December 11-19, 1951, and here translated in Italian for the first time, the issue of mental health conceived as passive adaptation to society is critically discussed. Human nature has unique and stable foundations that can be suffocated by the rules of a community that does not respect them; this process can produce either manifest psychological disorders or a latent, unconscious disturbance that manifests itself as a rigid conformism to the rules of society.

Akibat Hukum Perkawinan di Bawah Tangan terhadap Istri, Anak, dan Harta Kekayaan dalam Perspektif Hukum Islam dan Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 1974 Tentang Perkawinan

Marriage is a sacred part of life, because it must pay attention to norms and rules in society. But for various reasons, marriage is often done in a variety of models of marriage. Like an underhand marriage. An underhand marriage is a marriage that has fulfilled the harmony and conditions of the marriage but has not stated the marriage to the competent authority as stipulated in the legislation. The purpose of this study is to reveal the legal consequences of the marriage results under the hand of his wife, children and property from Islamic Law and Law Number 1 of 1974 concerning Marriage in the hope that awareness of every Indonesian citizen arises to register marriages so that children's rights can well guaranteed. The methodology used is normative juridical, the results of research are that there are still many Indonesian people who do not understand the general provisions regarding the recording requirements and also do not understand the legal consequences that will occur to those who do the marriage under the hand.

Penyusunan Design Kurikulum Berbasis Kkni Pada Program Studi Tadris Bahasa Inggris PTKIN (Studi Kasus Pada Iain Bengkulu dan STAIN Curup)

This study aims to determine the prospects and readiness of two College of Religious Islam Negeri (PTKIN) under the Ministry of Religious Affairs (IAIN Bengkulu and STAIN Curup) which undertake study Program of Tadris English toward discourse of imposition curriculum based KKNI effectively will be enacted in the academic year 2016 / 2017 as which as has been launched nationally through legislation President number 8 in 2012 and later translated into rule of education minester by number 73 in 2013. through the study program or department Tadris English being object of the achievements of learning (learning outcomes) plays as LPTK (educational institution for generating teacher) , namely container nursery candidates qualified English teacher, is worth competitiveness and dedicated. Besides, this research aims to become a means of discovery of solutions to problems that become obstacles from the imposition of KKNI based curriculum. Indonesian National Qualifications Framework (KKNI) is a national reference for improving the quality and competitiveness of Indonesia in the sector of human resources through the achievement of qualifications of human resources Indonesia produced by the educational system and national job training system, as well as learning outcomes assessment system of equality. Improving the quality and competitiveness of the nation will simultaneously strengthen the identity of Indonesia. The results of this study illustrates that both PTKIN which organizes education courses in English in principle ready to perberlakuan KKNI based curriculum in the academic year 2016/2017, but the effectiveness of this policy seyogya coupled with the readiness of all the devices needed especially the structure of matter refers to an element of competence topical; (A) Basis of personality; (B) The mastery of knowledge and skills; (C) Ability to work; (D) Attitudes and behaviors in the work; and (e) Understanding the rules of Bohemian society. PTKIN Of the two, only the TBI study program IAIN Bengkulu who had started implementing the curriculum KKNI and running well while STAIN Curup still in the process of finalizing the structure of the curriculum and the ripening preparation necessary tools.

NILAI TEOLOGI DALAM GURINDAM DUA BELAS RAJA ALI HAJI

Abstract: The sentence a good is the sentence of monotheism, all sayings that call upon virtue and prevent from evil and good deeds. The sentence good is like a shady tree bearing heavy fruit, its roots are blasted into the earth and its roots soar into the sky, that is the benefit of a sentence that contains truth. A good sentence can be used as a shelter for people who are overheated and can also provide fresh fruit for the well-being of life, giving guidance to look at the vast sky to realize the greatness of Allah. owner of the universe. Gurindam Dua Belas by Raja Ali Haji, contributes positively and is useful to humanity, especially Muslims in living their lives, so that the Gurindam Dua Belas is important to examine and understand its meaning in the form of theological values. Because it contains deep theological values ​​that are more educational and directed so that they can be implemented in everyday life. The discussion of theological values ​​(Values ​​Theology) in Gurindam Dua Belas Raja Ali Haji as an offer of study in this paper. The theological values ​​in Gurindam Dua Belas provide an understanding of the need for religion as a human nature and a foundation for the happiness of basic life in understanding theology, behavior, norms and rules of society. By understanding and practicing the religion of Islam and understanding the theological values ​​in the Gurindam Dua Belas human life will be directed to the truth so that life can avoid conflict and will feel the birth and inner calm towards worldly happiness and ukhrawi.Keyword: Value, theology, Gurindam.

An automated computational tool for offshore supply vessels’ structural preliminary design

This work presents the application of the rules of the Classification Society American Bureau of Shipping (ABS) for steel vessels in a development of an Excel computational tool that allows to speed up the preliminary structural design calculation process, from several days to minutes, with no precision loss, based on the main particulars and a few structural characteristics, automating everything that does not depend on decision-making. This tool is intended to be a first of a few to perform the required calculations for the preliminary structural design, in this case, applied to Offshore Support Vessels. Once the frame type, the selection of the commercial steel type, and manufacturer are prescribed by the user, all the rules are automatically calculated, all the thicknesses are computed and presented, and rounded up to the commercial values and which reinforcements need to be dimensioned are defined. The user then should dimension these structural elements by selecting the profile type, thickness and height of the web, and thickness and length of the flange, such as stiffeners and/or girders of the bottom, double bottom, sides, double sides, decks, and bulkheads; solid and open floor, side stringers, frames, bottom and deck girders, deck transverses, bulkhead girders, and webs. Besides verifying if the structural strength values are in accordance with the classification society rules in each and every step of the dimensioning process, the program also shows a sketch of the Midship Section that is redrawn at each decision change of the user. The program also verifies the global structural resistance; calculates the steel area, the hull girder section modulus, and moment of inertia; compares these values with the minimum rules requirements; and analyzes if the ship fulfills the longitudinal resistance. Soon after, based on the midship section, the sectional area and the transverse bulkheads positions, the program estimates the steel weight, and center of gravity of the ship. Finally, the user can generate a detailed Report that contains all the information produced by the program, as well as the calculation memory. An application example is presented.

Advancing Shūrā: A Social Agent for Democratization

ABSTRACTThis study is an analytical comparison between Islamic articulations of shūrā (consultation) and notions of representative democracy. It emphasizes various epistemic understandings of shūrā in light of qur’anic exegesis and historical precedents of consultative rule in Islam. In particular, it identifies shūrā as an agent for democratization in contrast to its more familiar manifestation as a top-down consultative system. This is examined together with the works of influential Muslim scholars from modernist, Islamist and pro-democratic backgrounds to elucidate what aspects of democracy they accept and/or reject. The article does not exhaustively analyze each scholar’s interpretation of democracy. Rather, it selects scholars from different historical epochs with distinctive theoretical positions on shūrā. Overall, the study finds shūrā remains largely under-utilized as a result of post-colonial discourses on Islam and authoritarian political systems in Muslim-majority countries. The article finally examines how shūrā can be better facilitated as a social agent to renew civil society and combat authoritarian rule.

James Buchanan on the Nature of Choice: Ontology, Artifactual man, and the Constitutional Moment in Political Economy

Historians of economic thought are paying greater attention to issues of social ontology (that is, to the assumptions that economists make about the nature of social reality). In this paper, we contribute to this burgeoning literature by exploring the hitherto neglected way in which James Buchanan invoked ontological considerations, concerning in particular the nature of human choice, both in criticizing neoclassical economics and also in setting out his own contributions to constitutional political economy. We focus on Buchanan’s account of man as an artifactual being who has the capacity to choose the kind of person he wishes to become, in particular by selecting the kind of preferences he wishes to have and the kinds of rules under which he wishes to live. We discuss how Buchanan’s thinking on this issue was shaped by his mentor Frank Knight and by the work of British economist G.L.S. Shackle. We then explain why Buchanan was at pains explicitly to describe his argument as ontological in nature. Finally, we contend that Buchanan’s approach would have benefited from further ontological elaboration, in two ways: (i) first, because his arguments would have been stronger had he said more about the attributes of the human agent that help to secure their engagement in thinking creatively about themselves and the rules of society (‘the constitutional moment’); and (ii) second because his account would benefit from a deeper discussion of the interplay between human agency and social structure, especially with regard to the question of which structures might constrain or facilitate creative choices of the kind by which he set such great store.

Understanding the Emergence of Authoritarian Capitalist States: Looking Backward to See Forward

This paper examines how contemporary analysts can use the analytical legacy of earlier Marxist writers on fascism and authoritarianism to understand the present. I argue that the emergence of dictatorial rule in a capitalist society once organized by parliamentary institutions can best be interpreted as a response to an intensifying crisis of representation within parliamentary democracy. These crises come as changing material conditions disrupt systems of patronage and support that had previously integrated or embedded populations into a deceptively stable capitalist growth process. This analysis draws on Marx’s original analysis in The Eighteenth Brumaire, Gramsci’s and Trotsky’s writings during the interwar period, and the early postwar analysis of Nicos Poulantzas. The article does not find the state monopoly capitalist tradition of this era to be particularly useful for understanding present (or past) periods of capitalist authoritarianism. JEL Classification: B1, B2, B3, B5

Identifikasi Pola Morfologi Perkampungan Adat Nagari Koto Hilalang Sumatera Barat Berdasarkan Kearifan Lokal

Nagari Koto Hilalang is one of the indigenous villages that located in Gunung Talang district, Solok Regency. This village has been known as one of tourism center in Solok regency referred to the citizen’s activity. The existency of the local wisdom affects the society’s activity due to the pattern of the area’s morphology. The presence of the local wisdom certainly form a morphological pattern and make it unique and different from the other regions. This research questioned the morphology of Nagari Koto Hilalang based on the local wisdom’s morphology. To answer the question of the research, this scientist used the qualitative and quantitative techniques. The analysis result obtained that the morphology pattern of Nagari Koto Hilalang is arranged based on the local wisdom of Minangkabau’s culture, such as taratak, dusun, koto, dan nagari. The rules of society that cause its morphology region belongs to form Organic Pattern where Nagari Koto Hilalang formed naturally/spontaneously because of the growing needs of society that is bound to the custom rule which has been hereditary from ancestors of the minangkabau people. In this study also provided recommendations of referrals for indigenous leaders, government, and community in sustaining indigenous villages (Nagari) morphology of Koto Hilalang.

Strategies for adaptation of children of foreign migrants at school

Due to the intensification of migration processes in the modern world and the Russian Federation’ participation in them the problem of adaptation and integration of ethnic migrants in the Russian society becomes more pressing.Nearly 36 million of school age children grow in the families of international migrants, and this number continues to grow. Education of such children is an important strategic priority and investment into the future of the whole world. In the Russian Federation the problem of the adaptation of children from migrants’ families also becomes more and more relevant, especially in the sphere of education. In order to attract migrant children to Russian historic and cultural heritage, their mastering of rules in Russian society and learning Russian language it is essential to use the resources of educational system. In this article several technologies of linguistic, social and cultural adaptation of migrant families’ children,basing on Russian and foreign experience. The author also analyzes the possibility to use best practices of the foreign countries and Russian regions in this field.

Optimisation of passenger ship structures in concept design stage

ABSTRACTThis paper presents an optimization method for concept design state of passenger ship with focus on utilisation of efficient Finite Element Modelling, evolutionary optimisation algorithm and indirect constraint relaxation. The response is analysed using 3D coarse mesh global finite element (FE) model, where stiffened panels are modelled using equivalent single layer (ESL) elements and the primary stiffeners are modelled with offset beam elements. The simplifications on stiffened panels and beams enable exploration of design space without changing the FE-mesh. The strength is defined based on classification society rules. Local stress peaks are allowed to exceed the rule-based strength limits, i.e. stress constraints are relaxed indirectly. Instead of increasing the allowed stress levels, the amount of material exceeding strength criteria is utilised. Optimization is based on Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm with objective to reduce steel weight. The results show that stress relaxation has significant effect on the obtained total mass.

The governmentality of corporate (un)sustainability: the case of the ILVA steel plant in Taranto (Italy)

The present research aims to investigate the role of states in governing the sustainability trajectories and decisions of companies and their local communities. Drawing on Dean’s (Governmentality: power and rule in modern society, SAGE, London, 2009) “analytics of government” as the theoretical framework, the paper focuses on detecting how the Italian Government “problematised” the sustainability-related risks associated with the ILVA steel plant in Taranto, whose levels of pollution have worried both the Italian authorities and the European Union Commission. The analysis also considers the “regimes of governance” under which the risks have been addressed and then explains the “utopian ideal” that the Italian Government tried to achieve by allowing the company to continue its activity, contrary to the Italian Judiciary’s provision to halt the hot working area of the steel plant in July 2012. Patterns related to Dean’s framework were identified through an iterative process of manual elaborative coding of the official documents ascribable to the main actors involved in governing the sustainability-related risks at ILVA. The findings show that the Italian Government took its decisions on ILVA in the name of relevant risks of unemployment, economic development and territorial competitiveness. The Italian Government adopted several practices of governance to make these risks more “visible” and to silence the environmental and health risks that, otherwise, would have emphasised the unsustainability of the business activities. The paper extends the growing body of research that investigates corporate (un)sustainability practices by showing how states may directly influence sustainability-related corporate risks in the name of a higher public interest.

Breaking of Chiquinha Gonzaga In The History Of Music: Inclusion Of The Female Creative Power

Müzik tarihinde XIX. yüzyıla kadar nadir rastladığımız kadın besteciler evlenene kadar babaları tarafından desteklenen müzik eğitimlerini evlilikle beraber bırakarak ailelerine odaklanmışlardır. Ancak istisnai olarak, ekonomik özgürlüğünü elde etmiş kadın sanatçı yaratıcılığını geliştirebilmiştir. Chiquinha Gonzaga (1847-1935), Brezilya müziğinin parametrelerini değiştirmeyi başararak, müzik tarihinde yer almış bu nadir kadınlardan biridir. Bu çalışmada, Gonzaga’nın eserleriyle Rio de Janeiro’nun muhafazakar toplumu ve erkek besteciler üzerindeki etkisi incelenmiş, bestecinin sanatsal yaratıcılığının muhafazakar toplum kurallarını hiçe saydığı ve kendini sistem tarafından kurban edilmeye izin vermediği sonucuna varılmıştır.
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Идея возмездия в античной философии как прообраз принципа причинности: аргументы нормативизма

The paper analyzes the arguments of normativism on historical and philosophical reconstruction of the idea of retribution in ancient philosophy as a prototype of the principle of causality. Based on the Kelsen’s ideas presented in the book Society and Nature, the features of mythological, religious and philosophical justification of the idea of retribution for sins and violations of positive rules in ancient society are revealed. The author comes to the conclusion that the idea of retribution, which is methodologically important for building a pure theory of law, is further transformed into the principle of imputation, which characteristic for the social studies and humanities, within Kelsen denies the principle of causality.

Personality facets and ethics positions as directives for self-driving vehicles

This article provides an exploration into how people of today would prefer the innovative self-driving vehicles (SDVs) of tomorrow to reconcile life and death decisions in accidents involving passengers and pedestrians. While SDVs are expected to occupy public roads and highways within several years, many stakeholders—drivers, passengers, pedestrians, cyclists, regulators, automakers, and insurers among them—have not achieved a full understanding of how SDVs should function in everyday traffic situations. Using logistic regression (n = 461), the author looks at how individuals' personality facets (HEXACO: honesty-humility; conscientiousness) and ethics positions (idealism; relativism) might relate to their directives for what SDVs should do/decide in the context of four established trolley problem vignettes. In all vignettes, any action/decision will result in zero-sum outcomes of survival and fatality for the parties involved (e.g., passenger, pedestrians). In essence, the results offer insights into how these underexplored human elements might help inform society's rules of the road and SDVs' moral algorithms in the future.

A new method for determining the design values of wave-induced hull girder loads acting on ships

ABSTRACTThis paper presents a new methodology to determine the design values of wave-induced hull girder loads acting on ships. The method is based on probabilistic approaches associated with selected scenarios that represent possible events in terms of the ship’s functionality, operation and environment. As illustrative examples, the method is used to determine the design values of wave-induced vertical bending moments for as-built ships (a VLCC class tanker, a 9,300 TEU containership and a 22,000 TEU containership) and a hypothetical 25,000 TEU containership. The probabilities of exceedance for wave loads acting on ships are discussed in association with the design load values determined from classification society rules. It is found that both the class rule method and the present method are in good agreement for the considered example ships. The present methodology can of course be applied to determine other components of design wave loads such as horizontal bending moments and torsional moments.

Estimation of Buckling Response of the Deck Panel in Axial Compression

Abstract In this work, buckling strength assessment of a deck of a double hull oil tanker is carried out using the non-linear finite element code ADVANCE ABAQUS. The comparisons are performed with the Det Norske Veritas (DNV-GL) PULS (Panel Ultimate Limit State) buckling code for the stiffened panels, DNV-GL Classification Notes (CN) No.30.1 and the DNV-GL Ship Rules. The case studied corresponds to axial compression. Two levels of imperfection tolerances are analyzed, in accordance with the specifications in the DNV-GL Instruction to Surveyors (IS) and the DNV-GL Classification Notes No. 30.1. Both “as built” and DNV-GL Rule “net” dimensions are analyzed. The strength values from ADVANCE ABAQUS and PULS are very close. DNV-GL CN 30.1 is in conservative side, but the strength differences between the “as built” and “net” dimension cases are consistent with the finite element analysis results. This paper gives a brief description of the background for the stiffened panel models used in PULS, and comparison against non-linear FE analysis, and DNV-GL Classification Society Rules. The finite element code ADVANCE ABAQUS is employed in a non-linear buckling analysis of a stiffened deck panel on a double skin tanker that is subjected to a Condition Assessment Program (CAP) hull survey. The aim of the analyses has been to validate and compare the buckling capacity estimates obtained from PULS, DNV-GL Classification Notes No.30.1 (CN 30.1) and the DNV-GL Ship Rules.