Rule Breaking Research Articles

P.4.b.015 Development of autistic symptoms under chronic social defeat stress in anxious male mice: effects of diazepam

Here we review the principles based on which aggression is rendered abnormal in humans and laboratory rodents, and comparatively overview the main methodological approaches based on which this behavior is studied in the two categories of subjects. It appears that the discriminating property of abnormal aggression is rule breaking, which renders aggression dysfunctional from the point of view of the perpetrator. We show that rodent models of abnormal aggression were created by the translation of human conditions into rodent equivalents, and discuss how findings obtained with such models may be “translated back” to human conditions when the mechanisms underlying aggression and its possibilities of treatment are investigated. We suggest that the complementary nature of human and rodent research approaches invite a more intense cross-talk between the two sides of aggression research than the one presently observed.

Psikostimulan İlaç Tedavisi Alan Dikkat Eksikliği Hiperaktivite Bozukluğu Olan Çocuklarda Kişilerarası Sorun Çözme Eğitiminin Katkıları

Objective: This study was performed to evaluate the effects of the ?I Can Solve the Problem? training program based on ?Interpersonal Cognitive Problem-Solving Strategy (ICPS)? in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) treated with a psychostimulan drug. Method: The sample consisted of 8 children with ADHD who ranged from 7 to 10 years. The study was semi-experimentally designed as pre and post test with one group. The Child Behavior Checklist for Ages 6-18 (Teacher Report Form: TRF/6-18) and the DSM-IV Based Disruptive Behavior Disorders Screening and Rating Scale (parent and teacher forms) were used in order to evaluate the efficacy of the program. The ICPS program was performed to 8 children with ADHD during 14 weeks. After that, the scales were given to all the subjects. Results: The problems of ?oppositional defiant?, ?attention?, ?hyperactivity? problems, ?anxious/depressed?, ?withdrawn/ depressed?, ?rule breaking behavior?, and ?aggressive behaviors? were significantly decreased after the ICPS Program. The sum score subscale significantly increased and improving of ?adaptive functioning profile? in TRF/6-18 were observed after the ICPS. The competence level of the children increased and the emotional and behavioral problems in children with ADHD decreased. Conclusion: We suggest that ICPS Program make an additional contribution into children with ADHD treated with a psychostimulan drug to deal with their assumed problems.

Study on factors in frequency and degree of risky behaviors in adolescents

Objective To explore the factors in frequency and degree of risk behavior in adolescents,as well find the way to cope with adolescent mental health. Methods 1369 middle students and college students were measured by Risky Behavior Questionnaire for Adolescents (RBQ-A) ,and analyzed the data. Results (1) There were statistically significant among the different age in difference of risky behaviors except aggressive and/or violent behaviors. Males scored higher than females in unsafe sexual practices, aggressive and/or violent behaviors, dangerous,destructive,and/or illegal behaviors,alcohol and/or drug use and smoking(P<0.05 orP<0.01). Students in city scored higher than rural students in dangerous,destructive,and/or illegal behaviors and alcohol and/or drug use(P<0.05 or P< 0.01). Families with high income scored higher than low income in unsafe sexual practices and rule breaking(P< 0.05 or P< 0.01). Families with low income scored higher than high income residences in dangerous,destructive,and/or illegal behaviors and alcohol and/or drug use(P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). (2) The significant differences were existed in unsafe sexual practices,aggressive and/or violent behaviors,dangerous, destructive,and/or illegal behaviors,alcohol and/or drug use and smoking between males and females (P<0.05 or P<0.01).The significant differences were existed in dangerous,destructive,and/or illegal behaviors and alcohol and/or drug use between groups of 16 years old and 14 ～ 15 years old (P < 0. 05 or P < 0. 01). The significant differences were existed in dangerous,destructive,and/or illegal behaviors between urban and rural students (P< 0.05 orP<0.01).The significant differences were existed in total scores in gender and urban and rural(P<0.05 or P<0.01). Conclusion The significant differences are existed in rate of risky behaviors in gender,age,urban and rural. But there is different degree existed in it. Key words: Risky behaviors; Adolescent; Psychological measurement

Dementia Care at the Intersection of Regulation and Reflexivity: A Critical Realist Perspective

To understand point-of-care decisions, and in particular rule breaking, by personal support workers (PSWs) regarding institutionalized elders with dementia within a context of legislative and organizational care mandates. Qualitative baseline data including focus groups and semi-structured interviews with PSWs (n = 26) and supervisors (n = 9) were collected during a 2-year, multi-method trial of a 12-week interprofessional arts-informed educational intervention in two Alzheimer support units and were analyzed using a critical realist approach. PSW care decisions were the outcome of a discordant interrelationship between PSWs' reflective deliberations, and legislative and organizational care mandates. PSWs responded to discordance through rule breaking in order to provide individualized care. Unbeknownst to PSWs, rule breaking was contingent upon supervisors' case-by-case complicity as they strove to balance fears of regulatory citations with private assessment of the soundness of PSW logic. Quality care emerges at the intersection of policies governing long-term care, PSW rule breaking, and the supportive but undisclosed role supervisors play in these violations. Understanding this complexity has important implications for initiatives to improve care practices and to challenge legislation and policies that impede dementia care.

Mediation of Sensation Seeking and Behavioral Inhibition on the Relationship Between Heart Rate and Antisocial Behavior

Why is low resting heart rate (HR) associated with antisocial behavior (ASB), i.e., aggression and rule breaking, in adolescence? Theory suggests that personality traits mediate this relationship but differently with age. In the present study this age-effect hypothesis is tested; we expected that the relationship between HR and aggression would be mediated in preadolescence by the personality trait behavioral inhibition, but not by sensation seeking. However, the relationship between HR and rule breaking in adolescence was predicted to be mediated by sensation seeking, but not by behavioral inhibition. Hypotheses were tested separately for boys and girls. HR in supine position was assessed in repondents to the TRacking Adolescents' Individual Lives Survey (TRAILS) (N = 1,752; 48.5% boys) at age 11 years. Rule breaking and aggression at age 16 were assessed with two subscales from the Youth Self Report (YSR) questionnaire. Personality (i.e., sensation seeking and behavioral inhibition) was measured at ages 11, 13.5, and 16 with the Early Adolescent Temperament Questionnaire-Revised (EATQ-R), Behavioral Inhibition System/ Behavioral Activation System (BIS/BAS) scales, or NEO Personality-Index Revised (NEO-PI-R). In boys, lower HR was associated with aggression and rule breaking in adolescence. The association between HR and rule breaking was mediated by sensation seeking in adolescence but not in preadolescence. Girls' HR was not associated with ASB, and no mediating effects were found. Our findings support the age-effect hypothesis in boys' rule breaking behavior. This shows that the association between HR and ASB depends on age, gender, and subtype of ASB.

Mediation of Sensation Seeking and Behavioral Inhibition on the Relationship Between Heart Rate and Antisocial Behavior: The TRAILS Study

Why is low resting heart rate (HR) associated with antisocial behavior (ASB), i.e., aggression and rule breaking, in adolescence? Theory suggests that personality traits mediate this relationship but differently with age. In the present study this age-effect hypothesis is tested; we expected that the relationship between HR and aggression would be mediated in preadolescence by the personality trait behavioral inhibition, but not by sensation seeking. However, the relationship between HR and rule breaking in adolescence was predicted to be mediated by sensation seeking, but not by behavioral inhibition. Hypotheses were tested separately for boys and girls.HR in supine position was assessed in repondents to the TRacking Adolescents' Individual Lives Survey (TRAILS) (N = 1,752; 48.5% boys) at age 11 years. Rule breaking and aggression at age 16 were assessed with two subscales from the Youth Self Report (YSR) questionnaire. Personality (i.e., sensation seeking and behavioral inhibition) was measured at ages 11, 13.5, and 16 with the Early Adolescent Temperament Questionnaire-Revised (EATQ-R), Behavioral Inhibition System/ Behavioral Activation System (BIS/BAS) scales, or NEO Personality-Index Revised (NEO-PI-R).In boys, lower HR was associated with aggression and rule breaking in adolescence. The association between HR and rule breaking was mediated by sensation seeking in adolescence but not in preadolescence. Girls' HR was not associated with ASB, and no mediating effects were found.Our findings support the age-effect hypothesis in boys' rule breaking behavior. This shows that the association between HR and ASB depends on age, gender, and subtype of ASB.

Engagement in a medium secure personality disorder service: A comparative study of psychological functioning and offending outcomes

Specialist treatment programmes for personality disordered offenders suffer from high rates of non-completion. This has important consequences for service providers and individual patients. Data from hospital records and the Offenders Index were compared for groups of treatment completers (n = 22) and non-completers (n = 59) discharged from a specialist treatment programme. Twenty-seven percent of patients completed treatment, 37% were expelled for rule breaking and 35% disengaged early from treatment. Psychometric assessments of anger expression and anxiety showed no differences between the groups, however, treatment completers showed lower levels of impulsivity and psychopathy than either of the non-completer groups. Rates of post-discharge offending for grave and standard list offences were 56.8 and 10.8%, respectively. Despite careful selection methods, a large proportion of personality-disordered patients admitted to specialist units failed to complete treatment. Psychometric assessments of anger expression, anxiety and impulsivity showed limited utility in differentiating treatment completers and non-completers. Sample size limitations in this naturalistic follow-up impacted on the interpretation of differences observed between the groups on the primary outcome measure of re-offending after discharge.

Developmental origins of disruptive behaviour problems: the ‘original sin’ hypothesis, epigenetics and their consequences for prevention

This paper reviews publications on developmental trajectories of disruptive behaviour (DB) problems (aggression, opposition-defiance, rule breaking, and stealing-vandalism) over the past decade. Prior to these studies two theoretical models had strongly influenced research on DB: social learning and disease onset. According to these developmental perspectives, children learn DB from their environment and onset of the disease is triggered by accumulated exposition to disruptive models in the environment, including the media. Most of the evidence came from studies of school age children and adolescents. Longitudinal studies tracing developmental trajectories of DB from early childhood onwards suggest an inversed developmental process. DB are universal during early childhood. With age, children learn socially acceptable behaviours from interactions with their environment. A 'disease' status is given to children who fail to learn the socially acceptable behaviours. The mechanisms that lead to deficits in using socially accepted behaviours are strongly intergenerational, based on complex genetic and environmental contributions, including epigenetic mechanisms. Prevention of these deficits requires early, intensive and long-term support to parents and child. Newly discovered epigenetic mechanisms suggest that intensive perinatal interventions will have impacts on numerous aspects of physical and mental health, including DB. This review also concludes that: a) subtypes of disruptive behaviours should not be aggregated because they have different developmental trajectories and require specific corrective interventions; b) the overt-covert and destructive-nondestructive dimensions appear the most useful to create DB subtypes; c) overt DB onset before covert DB because the latter require more brain maturation; d) DB subtype taxonomies are more useful for clinicians than developmental taxonomies because the latter are post mortem diagnoses and clinicians' retrospective information is unreliable; e) we need large-scale collaborative preventive experimental interventions starting during early pregnancy to advance knowledge on causes and prevention of DB problems.

Fenótipo comportamental de crianças e adolescentes com síndrome de Prader-Willi

OBJETIVO: Identificar, em um grupo de crianças e adolescentes com síndrome de Prader-Willi, as principais características do fenótipo comportamental. MÉTODOS: A amostra foi composta por 11 crianças e adolescentes com diagnóstico clínico e citogenético-molecular da síndrome de Prader-Willi. A técnica de coleta de dados foi o Inventário dos Comportamentos de Crianças e Adolescentes entre 6 e 18 anos (CBCL/6-18). A análise de correlação bivariada, com nível de significância p&lt;0,05, foi usada para testar a associação entre as variáveis analisadas. RESULTADOS: Os principais resultados mostraram um perfil comportamental considerado como clínico em várias das escalas do CBCL/6-18. Observou-se um padrão comportamental com alta frequência de respostas de agressão, quebra de regras e oposição. Identificaram-se correlações estatisticamente significativas entre problemas de atenção e sociais e problemas de pensamento e comportamento de quebrar as regras. CONCLUSÕES: Os pacientes investigados representam um grupo com risco psiquiátrico e alterações de comportamento que, em longo prazo, poderão evoluir para transtornos de 2009humor, do déficit de atenção e hiperatividade e transtorno desafiador e de oposição, dentre outros

Testing novel methods for assessing rule breaking in conservation

Many approaches to conserving and managing natural resources depend upon rules, but the existence of rules alone does not guarantee compliance. Information on rule breaking behaviour is needed for designing interventions to improve compliance. However, directly investigating rule breaking is difficult as perpetrators may not wish to identify themselves. Other disciplines have developed methods for answering sensitive questions but so far these have not been widely applied in conservation. Using rule breaking among fly fishers as a case study, we tested two methods specifically designed for collecting sensitive data (the randomised response technique (RRT) and the nominative technique), against a conventional self-complete questionnaire. RRT resulted in much higher estimates of the prevalence of rule breaking than the self-complete questionnaire, particularly for more sensitive questions. The nominative technique yielded extremely low estimates, possibly because respondents did not know enough about their friends’ rule breaking behaviour, or did not want to discuss it in a face-to-face interview. Despite requiring large sample sizes we suggest that RRT is a useful method for obtaining information about rule breaking and could be more widely used, for example in studies of poaching and illegal resource extraction.

Cognitive Style, Creativity Framing and Effects

This study investigates how individuals with different cognitive styles respond to choices involving framing effects. The results suggest that cognitive style as defined by Kirton (1976) is far more complex than previous studies indicate. Kirton characterises “Innovators” as rule breakers and “Adaptors” as conformists. The most important finding of this study is that in some decision contexts, Innovators and Adaptors exhibit similar preferences for rule breaking. In other situations, Adaptors actually prefer non‐conformity in comparison to Innovators. The study analysed responses from 146 university students and professional managers to 25 binary choices involving investment decisions, job choices and travel routes. The questions were constructed to reveal significant reversals of preference related to risk and attribute based framing effects. Additionally, some questions were constructed to reveal preferences for certain operational aspects of creativity. Overall, the results suggest that framing effects may provide an important tool for unlocking individual creativity in organisations, as long as cognitive style and context are carefully taken into account.

Social Capital and its “Downside”: The Impact on Sustainability of Induced Community-Based Organizations in Nepal

Summary This paper examines the role of social capital in the sustainability of induced community-based organizations (CBOs). Quantitative and qualitative data were collected from 14 villages and 129 CBOs in Southern Nepal. This paper argues that social capital can be both positive and negative, affecting collective action and the sustainability of CBOs. Major problems include rule breaking with impunity and elite capture of resources, especially during the transition phase from external to internal management. While external agencies play an important role in inducing and sustaining CBOs, they should also address the complex issue of social capital and its downside.

Effects of strong inter-hydrogen bond dynamical couplings in the polarized IR spectra of adipic acid crystals

This paper presents the results of the re-investigation of polarized IR spectra of adipic acid and of its d 2, d 8 and d 10 deuterium derivative crystals. The spectra were measured at 77 K by a transmission method using polarized light for two different crystalline faces. Theoretical analysis concerned linear dichroic effects and H/D isotopic effects observed in the spectra of the hydrogen and deuterium bonds in adipic acid crystals at the frequency ranges of the ν O–H and the ν O–D bands. The two-branch fine structure pattern of the ν O–H and ν O–D bands and the basic linear dichroic effects characterizing them were ascribed to the vibronic mechanism of vibrational dipole selection rule breaking for IR transitions in centrosymmetric hydrogen bond dimers. It was proved that for isotopically diluted crystalline samples of adipic acid, a non-random distribution of protons and deuterons occurs in the dimers (H/D isotopic “ self-organization” effect). This effect results from the dynamical co-operative interactions involving the dimeric hydrogen bonds.

The relevance of inmate race/ethnicity versus population composition for understanding prison rule violations

The importance of order maintenance in prisons has generated numerous studies of the correlates to inmate misconduct. Very few of these studies, however, have focused specifically on the correlations between inmates’ race/ethnicity and prison rule breaking. Race and ethnicity could be relevant to an understanding of prison rule breaking if inmates bring their ecologically structured beliefs regarding legal authority, crime and deviance into the institutional environment. Using data from two nationally representative samples of males incarcerated in state facilities, we examined the individual-level effects of an inmate’s race and ethnicity on his likelihood of engaging in various forms of misconduct during incarceration, as well as the contextual effects of the racial/ethnic composition of inmate and correctional staff populations on levels of rule breaking. Findings reveal that the effects of an inmate’s race and ethnicity differ by offense type, and the racial/ethnic composition of inmates and correctional staff have both main and conditioning effects on levels of misconduct. Implications of these results are discussed within a social control framework.

The Etiological Moderation of Aggressive and Nonaggressive Antisocial Behavior by Age

A recent study has suggested that aggressive (AGG) and non-aggressive, rule-breaking (RB) antisocial behavior evidence differential and subtype-specific patterns of genetic expression during development. Namely, although genetic influences on RB increase dramatically during early- to mid-adolescence, genetic influences on AGG appear to remain stable. As no other study has examined age-related change in AGG versus RB, more research is clearly needed before any firm conclusions can be drawn. The current study thus examined whether and how age impacted genetic and environmental influences on AGG and RB in a sample of 252 10- to 15-year-old twin pairs assessed as part of the Michigan State University Twin Registry (MSUTR). Results constructively replicated and extended prior findings, indicating that while the magnitude of genetic and environmental influences on AGG remained stable across adolescence, genetic influences on RB increased dramatically with age. Such findings provide additional support for etiological distinctions within the broader construct of antisocial behavior based on the presence or absence of aggression, and offer insights into the expression of genetic influences during development.

Safety Cultural Assessment among Management, Supervisory and Worker Groups in a Tar Refinery Plant.

This study investigated the relationship between people's attitudes towards the safety culture and comparing its perceptions among three levels of refinery Personnel: top management, supervisory staff and frontline workers by conducting safety culture survey. A questionnaire comprising general information and 59-safety attitude statement were distributed among 237 workers, 53 supervisors and 12 managers in Isfahan Tar Refinery in Iran. The 10 testable factors, including organizational and management commitment to safety and communication, Rule breaking, Training and competence, Pressure for production and safety, Communication, Personal involvement in health and safety, Accident/Incidents/Near misses, Organizational/management commitment to health and safety, Supervisors/Immediate bosses/Line managers, Health and safety procedures/Instructions/rules, Workforce view on state of safety culture, have high inter-correlations and the three groups of respondents hold quite different attitudes regarding safety culture. These findings can give invaluable indication to the managers to have better understanding of safety culture in this industry.

Experimental and theoretical study of the polarized infrared spectra of the hydrogen bond in 3‐thiophenic acid crystal

This article presents the results of experimental and theoretical studies of the v(O-H) and v(O-D) band shapes in the polarized infrared spectra of 3-thiophenic acid crystals measured at room temperature and at 77 K. The line shapes are studied theoretically within the framework of the anharmonic coupling theory, Davydov coupling, Fermi resonance, direct and indirect damping, as well as the selection rule breaking mechanism for forbidden transitions. The adiabatic approximation allowing to separate the high-frequency motion from the slow one of the H-bond bridge is performed for each separate H-bond bridge of the dimer and a strong nonadiabatic correction is introduced via the resonant exchange between the fast-mode excited states of the two moieties. The spectral density is obtained within the linear response theory by Fourier transform of the damped autocorrelation functions. The approach correctly fits the experimental line shape of the hydrogenated compound and predicts satisfactorily the evolution in the line shapes with temperature and the change in the line shape with isotopic substitution.

Exploring the impact of racial and ethnic differences in the emotional and behavioral responses of maltreated youth: Implications for culturally competent services

The purpose of this study was to explore the moderating influence of race/ethnicity on the relationship between child maltreatment and internalizing symptoms (e.g., affective and somatic problems) and externalizing behavior (e.g., rule breaking behavior and aggression) among African-American and Caucasian children aged 7 to 12 years old. Using a longitudinal comparison group design and a sample of 190 youth of which 36% had substantiated cases of child maltreatment, results of a structural equation modeling revealed that race/ethnicity did not have a conditioning influence on the link between internalizing and externalizing behavior among maltreated youth. However, African-American youth's internalizing symptoms and externalizing behavior was consistently significantly higher than their Caucasian counterparts. These findings provide evidence for racial/ethnic differences in the pathways between being child maltreatment and maladaptive thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. Thus, adapting evidence-based strategies that target cultural specific internalizing behaviors and externalizing behaviors among maltreated youth may significantly reduce the risk of short and long-term maladaptive behavior.

Violence, Crime, and Violent Crime

I propose a dual conceptualization of violent crime. Since violent crime is both violence and crime, theories of aggression and deviance are required to understand it. I argue that both harm-doing and rule breaking are instrumental behaviors and that a bounded rational choice approach can account for both behaviors. However, while some of the causes of harm-doing and deviance (and violent and nonviolent crime) are the same, some are different. Theories of crime and deviance cannot explain why one only observes individual and group differences in violent crime and theories of aggression and violence cannot explain why one observes differences in all types of crimes. Such theories are “barking up the wrong tree.”

When Rule Makers Become Rule Breakers: Employee Level Outcomes of Managerial Pro-Social Rule Breaking

We extend Morrison’s (2006) construct of pro-social rule breaking (PSRB) in two important ways. First, we explicate the processes through which PSRB may have unintended negative consequences. Second, we provide a conceptual model intended to guide future research into PSRB. The model discusses the mechanisms through which managerial PSRB may lead to negative employee outcomes. Specifically, we propose that when managers engage in PSRB, more complex processes (perceptions of organizational justice, attributions of management by employees, and psychological contract violations) mediate the unintended employee level outcomes of managerial PSRB.