Rule Breaking Research Articles

Ethical leadership and pro-social rule breaking: A dual process model

Ethical leadership and pro-social rule breaking: A dual process model

Reducing Organizational Rule Breaking Through Task Variety: How Task Design Supports Deliberative Thinking

In this paper we argue that task design affects rule breaking in the workplace. Specifically, we propose that task variety activates deliberative (Type 2) processes as opposed to automatic/intuitive (Type 1) processes, which, in turn, helps prevent individuals from breaking rules in order to serve their own hedonic self-interest. We use data from the home loan application processing operations of a Japanese bank to establish the phenomenon in the field. We document that increased task variety at a daily level is associated with lower levels of rule breaking in the form of violating corporate break time policies (Study 1). We further explore the relationship between task variety and rule breaking in three lab experiments, using different operationalizations of rule breaking (Studies 2, 3a, and 3b) and provide direct evidence for the mediating effect of deliberative thinking in this relationship (Studies 3a and 3b). We discuss implications for rule compliance in organizations, behavioral ethics, and work design.

Learning, Play, and Creativity: Asobi, Suzuki Harunobu, and the Creative Practice

How was creativity understood in the distinctive artistic practices of eighteenth-century Japan? Twentieth-century Western theorists have posited chance, connection making, risk taking, rule breaking, or “task appropriateness” as common characteristics of creativity. While accepting and embracing these qualities, this paper suggests the central role of play, or asobi , in the construction of and engagement with creative practices in the “floating-world” pictorial arts of Edo. Citing the oeuvre of Suzuki Harunobu as a representative example, this paper explores the incidence of asobi as a creative force in the development of mitate-e “allusion pictures;” fūryū “fashionable” or “up-to-date” elegance, or fūryū yatsushi “stylishly informal” sensibility; risk-taking inventive play with the nishiki-e “brocade picture” woodblock print medium; and the urbane and playfully provocative sensibility of iki “chic” refinement. Asobi provided the underpinning ethos of these conventional practices and established the common ground within which artist and viewer could engage in experiences of playfully creative aesthetic exchange. It lent license to risk-taking innovation and open-ended appreciations, and its interface of conventional means, tsū sophistication, lightly playful engagement, and poignant elegance together defined the creative experience and the “floating-world” sensibility of Edo.

Personal Identity Development in Hispanic Immigrant Adolescents: Links with Positive Psychosocial Functioning, Depressive Symptoms, and Externalizing Problems.

The present study was designed to examine trajectories of personal identity coherence and confusion among Hispanic recent-immigrant adolescents, as well as the effects of these trajectories on psychosocial and risk-taking outcomes. Personal identity is extremely important in anchoring young immigrants during a time of acute cultural change. A sample of 302 recently immigrated (5 years or less in the United States at baseline) Hispanic adolescents (Mage = 14.51 years at baseline; SD = 0.88 years, range 14-17) from Miami and Los Angeles (47 % girls) completed measures of personal identity coherence and confusion at the first five waves of a six-wave longitudinal study; and reported on positive psychosocial functioning, depressive symptoms, and externalizing problems at baseline and at Time 6. Results indicated that identity coherence increased linearly across time, but that there were no significant changes in confusion over time and no individual differences in confusion trajectories. Higher baseline levels of, and improvements in, coherence predicted higher levels of self-esteem, optimism, and prosocial behavior at the final study timepoint. Higher baseline levels of confusion predicted lower self-esteem, greater depressive symptoms, more aggressive behavior, and more rule breaking at the final study timepoint. These results are discussed in terms of the importance of personal identity for Hispanic immigrant adolescents, and in terms of implications for intervention.

Analyses of Rule Breaks and Errors During Planning in Computerized Tower Tasks: Insights From Neurological Patients.

Planning as a prototypical executive function is frequently compromised in clinical samples. Analyses of rule breaking during performance on tower tasks are highly informative for clinical inferences on planning deficits, but are as yet only available for manual task versions. Therefore, the present study investigated whether valid rule-break information can also be gained using a computerized Tower of London (TOL) version. For patients with stroke (N=60), Parkinson's disease (PD; N=51), and Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI; N=29), rule breaks (e.g., selecting a blocked ball) and online-planning errors (re-considering the next move) on the TOL-Freiburg (TOL-F) were compared to that of matched healthy controls, and diagnostic accuracy for these measures was assessed. Stroke and PD patients committed significantly more rule breaks and online-planning errors than matched controls, with this group difference being significantly greater for rule breaks. For MCI patients, only a trend for elevated numbers of rule breaks emerged. In all patients, rule breaks and errors increased as a function of problem complexity. Diagnostic accuracy was the highest for PD and lowest for MCI patients, with both rule breaks and errors demonstrating moderate sensitivity but higher specificity across all samples. Direct attempts to break the TOL-F's task rules are particularly informative of clinical impairments in planning ability. Similar to findings from studies employing manual versions, using a computerized tower task revealed consistent rule break and error patterns across patients. Thus, computerized tower tasks can yield useful clinical information on rule-breaking behavior during planning in clinical populations.

Rule breaking in social care: hierarchy, contentiousness and informal rules

Taking a longitudinal case study approach, this article examines the process of rule breaking in a newly formed UK domiciliary care provider. In this study, the founder acted in such a manner so as to partially decouple the organization from externally imposed institutional rules and regulations, allowing the emergence of informal rules between carer and client. These informal rules increasingly guided the behaviours of care workers over time, resulting in the breach of formal strictures. Building on the dimensions of hierarchy and contentiousness, rule breaking is conceptualized here as a phenomenon which occurs as a result of the tension between competing formal and informal rules, at multiple levels throughout the organizational hierarchy.

Tweeting and rule breaking at conferences

You’re at a conference and you see or hear something that will interest and inform people in the wider world. It’s the easiest thing to get your phone out and...

Attenuated neural reactivity to happy faces is associated with rule breaking and social problems in anxious youth.

Pediatric anxiety is associated with comorbid externalizing behaviors and social problems, and these associations may be related to altered emotion processing. The late positive potential (LPP), an event-related potential component, is a neural marker of emotion processing, and there is evidence that anxious youth exhibits enhanced LPPs to threatening signals. It is unknown, however, if differences in the LPP are related to externalizing behaviors and social problems co-occurring with anxiety and if these associations are driven by altered processing of threatening (angry or fearful faces) or rewarding (happy faces) socio-emotional signals. Thus, in the present study, we examined, in a sample of 39 anxious youth, the association between LPPs, following socio-emotional signals and externalizing behaviors and social problems. Results indicated an association between attenuated LPPs in response to happy faces and greater rule-breaking and social problems. These findings suggest that differences in positive socio-emotional signal processing are related to heterogeneity in pediatric anxiety and that LPPs are a sensitive index of such heterogeneity.

The Effects of Prison Visits From Family Members on Prisoners’ Well-Being, Prison Rule Breaking, and Recidivism

The effect of family visits on prisoner well-being and future behavior is an important consideration in the development of prison policy. This review systematically examines current research findings that explore the impact of prison visits from family members on three specific offender outcomes: prisoners’ well-being, rule breaking within the prison, and recidivism. The review focuses on visits by family and does not duplicate earlier reviews but rather extends them into current literature, through identification of empirical studies conducted post 1989, published since 1991. Ten studies met the stipulated inclusion criteria. All are case–control and cohort studies. The review of studies used a standardized quality assessment tool. Results show considerable variation in study quality, methods, and findings. However, studies consistently reported positive effects of prisoners receiving visits. Prison visits reduced depressive symptoms in women and adolescent prisoners. There was some evidence of reduction in rule-breaking behavior. One high-quality study suggested that visits reduced recidivism and increased survival in the community. Although there were positive outcomes associated with prison visits, it was not possible to draw strong conclusions for the outcomes of interest due to a lack of research, methodological discrepancies, and variability in outcome measures and results. The discussion considers the implications of the findings for policy, practice, and research.

An initial study of family accommodation in children and adolescents with chronic tic disorders.

This initial study examined the nature, incidence, and clinical correlates of family accommodation in youth with tic disorders, and validated a brief self-report measure of tic-related family accommodation, the Tic Family Accommodation Scale (TFAS). Seventy-five youth aged 6-18 who were diagnosed with a tic disorder and their parent completed a diagnostic clinical interview, and clinician and parent-report measures of tic severity, depressive symptoms, anxiety symptoms, behavioral problems, family accommodation and impairment. An exploratory factor analysis of the TFAS showed a two-factor structure, with good internal consistency for the Total score, Modification of Child Environment and Modification of Parent Environment subscales (α=0.88, 0.86, and 0.81, respectively). Family accommodation was not associated with tic severity. Family accommodation was associated with increased anxiety and depressive symptoms, higher externalizing, rule breaking, aggressive behaviors and social problems, and with greater tic-related functional impairment. Anxiety and externalizing problems (but not depressive symptoms) predicted family accommodation when controlling for tic severity. Family accommodation predicted high levels of functional impairment over and above the effect of tic severity, anxiety, depression and externalizing problems. Family accommodation is a common phenomenon for youth with tic disorders, with modifications typically encompassing changes to the child and/or parent environments. Accommodation was not associated with tic severity, but was related to higher levels of anxiety, depressive symptoms, externalizing symptoms, aggression, and rule breaking behaviors. Results suggest that other emotional symptoms are more likely to drive accommodation practices than the tic symptoms per se.

Longitudinal Associations Between Parental Monitoring Discrepancy and Delinquency: An Application of the Latent Congruency Model.

Studies have shown that discrepancies (relative concordance or discordance) between parent and adolescent ratings are predictive of problem behaviors; monitoring, in particular, has been consistently linked to them. The current study tested whether discrepancies in perceptions of maternal monitoring, rated by mothers and youth at age 12, foretold delinquency (rule breaking) at age 15, and whether parental closeness and conflict predicted higher discrepancies, and indirectly, higher delinquency. The final study sample used the NICHD longitudinal dataset with N=966 youth (50.1% female) and their mothers (80.1% European American, 12.9% African American, 7% other ethnicity). The analytic approach consisted of an extension and application of the Latent Congruency Model (LCM) to estimate monitoring discrepancies as well as age 15 delinquency scores. Findings showed that age 12 monitoring discrepancy was predictive of age 15 delinquency for both boys and girls based on youth reports, but not for maternal reports. Age 11 closeness predicted age 12 monitoring discrepancy, which served as a mediator for its effect on age 15 adolescent-reported delinquency. Thus, based on the rigorous LCM analytic approach which seeks to minimize the effects by competing explanations and to maximize precision in providing robust estimates, rates of perceived discordance in parenting behaviors during early adolescence matter in understanding variability in adolescent delinquency during middle adolescence.

The Spectrum of Safety-Related Rule Violations

In a production context, safety-related rule violations are often associated with rule breaking and unsafe behavior even if violations are not necessarily malevolent. Nevertheless, our past experiments indicated a range of strategies between violation and rule compliance. Based on this finding, different types of rule-related behavior for managing organizations’ goal conflict between safety and productivity are assumed. To deepen the understanding of rule violations, the behavior of 152 participants in a business simulation was analyzed. Participants operated a plant as a production worker for 36 simulated weeks. In each week, they could choose to comply with safety rules or to violate them in order to maximize their salary. A cluster analysis of the 5,472 decisions made on how to operate the plant included the severity of the violations, the number of times participants changed their rule-related strategy, and the extent of failure/success of these strategies. Five clusters of rule-related behavior were extracted: the compliant but ineffective “executor” (15%), the production-optimizing and behavioral variable “optimizer” (13%), the successful and compliant “well behaved” (36%), the notoriously violating “inconvincible” (29%), and the “experimenter” (7%), who does not succeed with various violating strategies.

Pro-Kontra Kewenangan Mahkamah Konstitusi dalam Menguji Undang-Undang yang Mengatur Eksistensinya

The Pro’s – Con’s of the Constitutional Court in the review of law in a regulated of the authority, since, it was a conflicting of procedural principles between “ius curia novit” with “nemo judex idoneus in propria causa”. Morever, the background by implication of Constitutional Court decisions, sometimes Constitutional Court making a “rule breaking”, for examples: nullify of some of law if had reduction of the authority, addition of constitutional authority to review of law before the 1945 Constitution amendment, additional authority to review of Government Regulation in lieu of law, and used non-constitution as a standard in the formal review, and others. On the other hand, the Constitutional Court also sometimes to choose a legal logic doesn’t precise and anti-accountability principle. The Conflicts of the procedural principles can be resolved by understanding philosophy of purposes of law (justice value, legal certainly, utility principle), so that, the Court will have been prioritizing to “ius curia novit” principle and it ignored “nemo judex idoneus in propria causa”principle, it is intended that the enforcement of the constitution (values) and the state of the Indonesian rule of law, as well as for the Court to aims decided of constitutional issues and to aim the protection of constitutional rights.

Developing business buccaneers: employer expectations of emergent leaders

This study investigates employer expectations of graduates to inform pedagogical practice within a context of industry–university collaboration. Employers’ views of graduates as future leaders are explored through interviews, focus groups and a survey, with a regional sample of 146 managers. Findings show employers have different understandings and diverse expectations of leadership traits and generic competencies. Employers anticipate future graduates will need greater adaptability and flexibility for volatile business contexts; with some highlighting rule breaking that implies a buccaneer approach rather than responsible leadership. The dissonance between an academic aim to educate socially responsible, global citizens and industry demands potentially undermines the coherence of partnership. Consequently, this study casts doubt on implicit assumptions that practice-informed, industry–university, collaboration will deliver better leaders. The main implications are that educators need to clearly communicate to employers how university learning transfers into actual work practice, and for graduates to better articulate their broad capabilities. The research offers fresh insight into on educators’ responsibility to nurture critical thinking in graduates with the learning agility to question and responsibly navigate organisational rules. The study also contributes to the industry–university partnership debate by revealing the academic complexity of developing future leaders given the multiple lenses of practice-informed views.

A Theoretical Review of Neutralization in Security Policy

Objectives: In these days, security violation could lead to vulnerabilities of organization. Many scholars tried to explain the violation and suggested ways to prevent user from violating information security policy. Methods/Statistical Analysis: While neutralization is used to explain the behavior of juvenile delinquency, neutralization is utilized to show the behavior of the violation in information security. Neutralization was used to explain the software piracy and the violation of information security. This study tries to investigate the extensive literature review explaining the violation behavior of information security policy and summarizes the important mainstreams giving the implications. This paper invests theoretical ground on neutralization. Findings: This study suggests the extensive adaptability of neutralization techniques applied in the information security policy. Individuals consider the violation of information security the minor rule breaking behavior. Neutralization has been utilized to explain the minor deviant behavior, so it also can be accepted to explain the various violation behaviors in the field of information security policy. Improvements/Applications: Neutralization can be useful in understanding the violation behavior of information security policy and used in designing security management systems in various organizations.

Prescriptive or Interpretive Regulation at the Frontlines of Care Work in the “Three Worlds” of Canada, Germany and Norway

This paper examines the tension between macro level regulation and the rule breaking and rule following that happens at the workplace level. Using a comparative study of Canada, Norway, and Germany, the paper documents how long-term residential care work is regulated and organized differently depending on country, regional, and organizational contexts. We ask where each jurisdiction's staffing regulations fall on a prescription-interpretation continuum; we define prescription as a regulatory tendency to identify what to do and when and how to do it, and interpretation as a tendency to delineate what to do but not when and how to do it. In examining frontline care workers' strategies for accomplishing everyday social, health, and dining care tasks we explore how a policy-level prescriptive or interpretive regulatory approach affects the potential for promising practices to emerge on the frontlines of care work. Overall, we note the following associations: prescriptive regulatory environments tend to be accompanied by a lower ratio of professional to non-professional staff, a higher concentration of for-profit providers, a lower ratio of staff to residents and a sharper division of labour. Interpretive regulatory environments tend to have higher numbers of professionals relative to non-professionals, more limited for-profit provision, a higher ratio of staff to residents, and a more relational division of labour that enables the work to be more fluid and responsive. The implication of a prescriptive environment, such as is found in Ontario, Canada, is that frontline care workers possess less autonomy to be creative in meeting residents' needs, a tendency towards more task-oriented care and less job autonomy. The paper reveals that what matters is the type of regulation as well as the regulatory tendency towards controlling frontline care workers decision-making and decision-latitude.

Behavioral Problems in Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis: A Controlled Study to Examine the Risk of Psychopathology in a Chronic Pediatric Disorder.

Children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) are prone to the problems that can delay their psychosocial development; however, the existing literature has not reached a consensus on the psychological problems related to JIA. A total of 51 children and adolescents with JIA and 75 healthy controls aged 6 to 18 years were examined using the Child Behavioral Checklist (CBCL). Our results represented that 70 percent of JIA group reached “borderline clinical” range or “clinical” range in internalizing problems, while this percentage in the control group was 18 percent. In addition, our results indicated that JIA group has gotten significantly higher scores (more than twofold) in externalizing behaviors compared to control group. Furthermore, children with JIA showed higher rate of anxiety/depression, withdrawal/depression, somatic complaints, rule breaking behaviors, and aggressive behaviors as well as thought and social problems compared to control group (p < 0.001). As a conclusion, children and adolescents with JIA compared to healthy controls may show higher rate of both internalizing and externalizing problems. Furthermore, our novel findings on externalizing, social, and thought problems in JIA warrant further investigation on affected children who may be at greater risk of future psychopathologies.

Evaluating emotional regulation in children with attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder and their mothers

Objective: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common childhood neurodevelopmental disorder. Due to prior studies, emotion dysregulation can cause externalizing behavior problems and social impairment. Parental factors are important for children’s emotional regulation. We aimed to evaluate emotional dysregulation in children with ADHD and their mothers comparing with controls. Methods: The study group consisted of 62 children (6-12 years old) diagnosed with ADHD. The control group (62 children) comprised patients of other clinics at hospital and was matched for gender and age to the ADHD patients. The Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School Aged Children-Present and Lifetime Version (K-SADS-PL) was used to diagnose ADHD and allowed comorbidities. We evaluated disorder severity at the time of assessment using the Clinic Global Impression Scale (CGI-S). All patients were treatment-naive. Emotional Regulation Checklist (ERC) and child behavior checklist (CBCL) were used to examine children emotional regulation and behavioral profiles. Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS) was used to indicate maternal emotional dysregulation status. Results: There was no significant difference between sociodemographic data of two groups. Children with ADHD had difficulties in anxiety, social functioning, thought problems, attention, aggression and rule breaking areas of CBCL. Mothers of children with ADHD had higher scores in all goals, impulsivity, strategies, and nonacceptance subscales of DERS. Emotional lability scores were statistically significant higher in ADHD group. Conclusion: ADHD generally continues into adolescence and adulthood and multiple functional impairments can be occurred due to ADHD. If the relationship between emotion regulation and ADHD is understood well, treatment of ADHD and emotion dysregulation will be provided easily. Further studies are needed for improving treatment of ADHD and emotion dysregulation.

Internal and External Difficulties of Primary School-Age Children With High and Above Average Intellectual Abilities

Most school-aged children are at risk to experience behavioural or emotional difficulties. Children Mental Health Research data reveal that 14% of 7-10-year-olds are diagnosed with mental health disorder. Traditionally, school focuses on children’s performance results. However, mental health is a significant factor that increases the number of dropouts and determines poor performance results or behavioural problems in different environments. Various researchers agree that these behavioural problems fall into two categories – internal and external ones. Internalizing behaviour problems include social withdrawal, demand for attention, feelings of worthlessness or inferiority, and dependency. Externalizing behaviour problems comprise difficulties with interpersonal relationships and rule breaking as well as cases of irritability and belligerence. Children with high or above average intellectual abilities are thought to be very adaptive and resistant to behavioural and emotional difficulties because of their higher abilities. However, there are researchers who oppose by saying that because of the higher abilities, gifted children are sensitive to interpersonal conflicts, feel more stress and have more behavioural problems. There is a lot of research carried out with gifted adolescents, however, the first behavioural symptoms can be noticed in primary school-age children and, thus, successfully be reduced. The aim of this article is to analyze internal and external difficulties of primary school-age girls and boys with high and above average intellectual abilities. 155 gifted primary school-age children, identified by Ravens’ Coloured Progressive Matrices, participated in this research. Their parents and teachers filled in Goodman’s Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. Statistic data analysis was carried out to compare internal and external difficulties of moderately and highly gifted children with those of the general population and between gifted girls and boys. The findings of this study are as follows: a smaller percentage of gifted children who demonstrate behavioural and emotional difficulties fall into the deflection category in comparison to the general population. All gifted boys demonstrate bigger external problems than girls. A deeper analysis shows that gifted boys collect more scores in Behavioural problem and hyperactivity scale in comparison to girls. However, analysis of internal difficulties revealed an unexpected tendency: although, in the general population, girls experience more internal problems than boys, in our sample no difference between boys and girls was observed. This research also confirmed that there are certain differences between teachers’ and parents’ ratings. It proves that it is of key importance to use information from different sources when identifying and evaluating gifted children. Thus, we can minimize the possibility of overlooking any difficulties and not providing the necessary help to satisfy the needs of such children. Keywords: primary school age, high and above average intellectual abilities, boys and girls, internal and external difficulties. How to cite: Girdzijauskienė, S., & Kardelytė, K. (2015). Aukstų ir aukstesnių nei vidutinių intelektinių gebėjimų pradinio mokyklinio amžiaus vaikų internalių ir eksternalių sunkumų ypatumai [Internal and external difficulties of primary school-age children with high and above average intellectual abilities]. Ugdymo psichologija, 26 , 57–74.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15823/up.2015.05

Atypical sympathetic arousal in children with autism spectrum disorder and its association with anxiety symptomatology.

BackgroundAutism spectrum disorder (ASD) has been associated with autonomic atypicalities, although the nature of these differences remains largely unknown. Moreover, existing literature suggests large variability in autonomic function in ASD, motivating the need to examine the existence of subgroups that exhibit more homogeneous autonomic features.MethodsElectrodermal activity (EDA), a non-invasive physiological indicator of autonomic activity, was measured in typically developing children (n = 33) and those with ASD (n = 38) as participants performed tasks that elicit anxiety, attention, response inhibition, and social cognition processes. The ASD group was divided into low- (n = 18) and high-anxiety (n = 20) participants, and the groups were compared to mean EDA level and electrodermal reactions frequency (EDR).ResultsThe ASD group had a significantly blunted mean EDA response to the anxiety tasks (p < 0.004). The EDR response to all tasks, except response inhibition, was also blunted in the ASD group (p < 0.04). For this group, EDR frequency during the anxiety and social cognition tasks was negatively correlated with behavioral scores in the domains that were probed by each task (p < 0.002). The high-anxiety ASD group showed significantly decreased mean EDA compared to both the low-anxiety ASD group (p = 0.02) and the typically developing control group (p = 0.04). The high-anxiety ASD group also had significantly more severe symptoms than the low-anxiety ASD group on domains related to anxiety, attention, rule breaking, aggression, obsessions and compulsions, and depression.ConclusionsOur results suggest atypical autonomic function in children with ASD, specifically with respect to sympathetic activity. Moreover, anxiety symptomatology defined subgroups with distinct physiological and behavioral profiles. Overall, the results add to the body of literature supporting autonomic dysfunction in ASD and highlight the role of anxiety and autonomic features in explaining the variability in the autism spectrum.