Rule Breaking Research Articles

Behavioural Problems Associated with Child Sexual Abuse in Adolescents: A Retrospective Study

Backgroud/aim: Child Sexual Abuse (CSA) is a public health problem with negative effects on the mental health and development of children and adolescents. The aim of this study was to identify the psychiatric outcomes of child sexual abuse and the trauma-related behavioural and emotional problems in adolescents. Method: 136 CSA victims and 136 age and gender-matched control group participated in the study between 1 December 2010 and 31 December 2013. Diagnostic evaluation of the CSA victims was applied with the criteria of the DSM-IV-TR by child and adolescent psychiatrists and behavioral and emotional problems were assessed by the Youth Self Report. Results: CSA victims are 86.0% were female and %30.1 expereinced multiple sexual abuse events. %72.1 of CSA victims has psychiatric diagnosis on Axis 1. Compared to age-matched controls Internalizing problems (p<0.001), Anxiety/depression (p<0.001), Withdrawn (p<0.001), and Rule breaking behaviour (p=0.002) scores are higher in the CSA group. Conclusion: Specific problems following a traumatic event may be important in respect of treatment and a formulation to understand the psychopathology. There is a need for longitudinal childhood studies to investigate the mediators of the psychopathology and to understand the emotional and behavioural problems of CSA victims.

PRISON OFFICER LEGITIMACY, THEIR EXERCISE OF POWER, AND INMATE RULE BREAKING*

AbstractPrison officers are directly responsible for transmitting penal culture and prison policy to the confined, yet few studies of officers’ impact on inmate behavior have been conducted. We examined the effect of inmates’ perceptions of officer legitimacy on rule breaking within prisons, as well as the effects of officers’ reliance on different power bases on rates of rule breaking across prisons. The findings from bi‐level analyses of data from inmates and officers from 33 prisons revealed that inmates who held stronger views regarding officer legitimacy committed fewer nonviolent infractions but that perceived legitimacy did not affect the number of violent offenses inmates committed. We also examined a subsample of inmates encountered by officers for a rule violation and found no relationship between perceived legitimacy and subsequent rule breaking, although stronger perceptions of procedural justice related to the incident did directly and indirectly (through perceived legitimacy) coincide with lower odds of nonviolent misconduct. At the prison level, we found that prisons in which officers exercised their authority more lawfully and fairly (positional power) or by relying more on their skills and expertise (expert power) had lower rates of violent or nonviolent rule violations. Prisons in which officers relied more on coercion had higher levels of nonviolent infractions.

From Rule Breaking to Organizational Learning: Decoupling and Recoupling Local Actions and Rules

This paper examines the organizational processes and responses to rule breaking and explores the reasons why some rule breaking events lead to learning and change, while others do not. Through a st...

Compliance with Food Safety Laws in Germany: Food Businesses in Berlin

In this article we explore how variables associated both with material temptations (economic incentives that foster rule breaking) and nonmaterial behavioral determinants (protective factors that shield people from rule breaking) are linked to compliance with food laws. The object of the study is to examine food businesses in the ready‐to‐eat industry in three districts of the German capital, Berlin. We collected data on compliance behavior and its potential drivers via an anonymous postal survey in 2014. Accounting for the data structure, we used a generalized ordered logit regression to model the relationship between the presumed behavioral drivers and compliance. One crucial finding is that a feeling of embarrassment if relevant others were to learn about noncompliance is positively related to compliance. The same holds for the internalized approval of food laws and their enforcement (acceptance of rules).

Neuropsychological Assessment of Older Adults With Virtual Reality: Association of Age, Schooling, and General Cognitive Status.

The development of neuropsychological assessment methods using virtual reality (VR) is a valid and promising option for the detection of cognitive impairment in the older people, focusing on activities composed of tasks of multiple demands. This study verified the association of age, schooling, and general cognitive status on the performance of neurologically healthy older adults in ECO-VR, a VR task of multiple demands for neuropsychological assessment. A total of 111 older adults answered a sociodemographic questionnaire, the Mini Mental State Examination, the Vocabulary subtest of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Adults (third edition), and the ECO-VR. Correlation analyses, multiple linear regression, and comparisons between groups (effects by age and schooling groups) were used to evaluate the results. The ECO-VR total score was significantly associated with age, years of education, MMSE, and Vocabulary subtest. The linear regression models identified that age was the main predictor for total score and rule breaking of ECO-VR. According to the univariate analysis, it was identified the main effect of age group and schooling group in the total ECO-VR score, but there was no interaction effect. The results are discussed in order to understand the role of sociodemographic characteristics in the performance of older adults in a VR task of multiple demands. It was also verified the possibility use of VR for neuropsychological assessment of older adults.

Toxic Corporate Culture: Assessing Organizational Processes of Deviancy

There is widespread recognition that organizational culture matters in corporations involved in systemic crime and wrongdoing. However, we know far less about how to assess and alter toxic elements within a corporate culture. The present paper draws on management science, anthropology, sociology of law, criminology, and social psychology to explain what organizational culture is and how it can sustain illegal and harmful corporate behavior. Through analyzing the corporate cultures at BP, Volkswagen, and Wells Fargo, this paper demonstrates that organizational toxicity does not just exist when corporate norms are directly opposed to legal norms, but also when: (a) it condones, neutralizes, or enables rule breaking; (b) it disables and obstructs compliance; and (c) actual practices contrast expressed compliant values. The paper concludes that detoxing corporate culture requires more than changing leadership or incentive structures. In particular, it requires addressing the structures, values, and practices that enable violations and obstruct compliance within an organization, as well as moving away from a singular focus on liability management (i.e., assigning blame and punishment) to an approach that prioritizes promoting transparency, honesty, and a responsibility to initiate and sustain actual cultural change.

Personality profiles and adolescents' maladjustment: A longitudinal study

During adolescence, some personality characteristics may represent vulnerabilities to adolescents' adjustment. Adopting a person-centered approach, the aims of this study were (a) to examine the relations of early adolescents' personality profiles to internalizing (i.e., anxious/depressed, withdrawal, and somatic complaints) and externalizing (i.e., aggressive and rule breaking behavior) problems three years later, and (b) to explore the moderating role of gender in these relations. Six hundred fifteen Italian preadolescents (mean age = 12.5) completed the Big Five Questionnaire for Children at age 12 and the Youth Self-Report at age 12 and three years later. Four personality types were identified using Latent Profile Analysis: Resilient, Moderate, Undercontrolled and Vulnerable. In multiple-group path analysis, after controlling for the stability of the outcomes, for both genders, Resilient reported low levels of externalizing problems three years later, whereas Vulnerable youths reported high levels of internalizing problems. Finally, Undercontrolled reported high levels of subsequent externalizing problems. The present study corroborated the unique and specific prediction by personality profiles of different types of subsequent maladjustment.

Coupling of Molecular Emitters and Plasmonic Cavities beyond the Point-Dipole Approximation.

As the size of a molecular emitter becomes comparable to the dimensions of a nearby optical resonator, the standard approach that considers the emitter to be a point-like dipole breaks down. By adoption of a quantum description of the electronic transitions of organic molecular emitters, coupled to a plasmonic electromagnetic field, we are able to accurately calculate the position-dependent coupling strength between a plasmon and an emitter. The spatial distribution of excitonic and photonic quantum states is found to be a key aspect in determining the dynamics of molecular emission in ultrasmall cavities both in the weak and strong coupling regimes. Moreover, we show that the extreme localization of plasmonic fields leads to the selection rule breaking of molecular excitations.

Longitudinal associations of maternal depression and adolescents' depression and behaviors: Moderation by maltreatment and sex.

This study explored the longitudinal relationships among maternal depressive symptoms, children's depressive symptoms, aggression, and rule breaking and tested the moderating effects of maltreatment and child sex. A sample of 175 biological mother-child dyads (86 maltreated and 89 comparison) were seen at three time points, beginning at an average child age of 10.87 years. Results from cross-lagged models showed maternal depressive symptoms were related to higher levels of children's depressive symptoms but not children's aggression or rule breaking. Rule breaking predicted maternal depressive symptoms only in the comparison group. Child sex moderated some relationships. Boys' depression predicted maternal depressive symptoms, whereas maternal depressive symptoms predicted aggression among girls. There was no evidence in this sample that child maltreatment increased the effects of maternal depressive symptoms on child outcomes. These results suggest that attention in clinical practice to the importance of addressing maternal depression as well as addressing children's functioning should continue into adolescence. (PsycINFO Database Record

Striving To Restrain Employee Turnover Intention Through Ethical Leadership And Pro-Social Rule Breaking

The increased turnover intention of employees has always been a dilemma for organizations. This is not only affecting the working standards of institutions but is also depriving them of thequalified and talented workforce. Turnover intention can be represented as the movement of a person from an institution across its membership boundary. Talented, highly qualified and satisfied academicians are required for the prosperity of any higher education institution. If the academicians are not motivated and satisfied with the job, the working standards in the educational institutions will fall and due objectives won’t be accomplished. Ethical leadership assumes a fundamental part of decreasing turnover intentions among employees. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of ethical leadership on employee turnover intentions through the lens of pro-social rule breaking in private sector higher education institutions of Pakistan. Correlation and regression were employed in order to test the model where survey responses were gathered from 240 academicians employed in four private sector universities of Pakistan. Results showed that there exists a negative relationship between ethical leadership and employee turnover intention and pro-social rule breaking. Furthermore, pro-social rule breaking has a positive relationship with employee turnover intention. The results of regression analysis showed that pro-social rule breaking acts as a partial mediator between ethical leadership and employee turnover intentions. Expanding on current theoretical knowledge, this study makes a significant contribution to leadership literature suggesting that firms should implement ethical leadership practices that support in reducing employee turnover intentions.

Infant Iron Deficiency and Iron Supplementation Predict Adolescent Internalizing, Externalizing, and Social Problems

To evaluate associations between iron supplementation and iron deficiency in infancy and internalizing, externalizing, and social problems in adolescence. The study is a follow-up of infants as adolescents from working-class communities around Santiago, Chile who participated in a preventive trial of iron supplementation at 6 months of age. Inclusionary criteria included birth weight ≥3.0 kg, healthy singleton term birth, vaginal delivery, and a stable caregiver. Iron status was assessed at 12 and 18 months of age. At 11-17 years of age, internalizing, externalizing, and social problems were reported by 1018 adolescents with the Youth Self Report and by parents with the Child Behavior Checklist. Adolescents who received iron supplementation in infancy had greater self-reported attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder but lower parent-reported conduct disorder symptoms than those who did not (Ps < .05). Iron deficiency with or without anemia at 12 or 18 months of age predicted greater adolescent behavior problems compared with iron sufficiency: more adolescent-reported anxiety and social problems, and parent-reported social, post-traumatic stress disorder, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, oppositional defiant, conduct, aggression, and rule breaking problems (Ps < .05). The threshold was iron deficiency with or without anemia for each of these outcomes. Iron deficiency with or without anemia in infancy was associated with increased internalizing, externalizing, and social problems in adolescence.

Do Image Spillovers Deter Rule Breaking?

We test whether individuals internalize the effects that their behavior may have on the social image of their group. In our experiment, we recruit pairs of real-life friends and study whether rule breaking in the form of misreporting decreases when misreporting may have negative spillovers on the image of the friend. We find that participants hurt their friends' social image by misreporting because external observers update their beliefs: they rightfully expect that a participant whose friend misreported is likely to misreport himself. However, participants misreport as often when their behavior can hurt the friend's image as when it cannot, even though hurting their friends' image reduces their own monetary gains. Our interpretation is that they underestimate the impact of their behavior on external observers' beliefs about their friends. Our results cast doubts on the capacity of groups to sustain a good image absent the possibility of punishment, which is bad news. The good news is that external observers may use image spillovers to update their beliefs and interact with members of social groups more efficiently.

Development of Framework Linking Organizational Virtuousness and Pro-Social Rule Breaking: From the Perspective of Social Information Processing

Based on the theory of social information processing, this research develops a conceptual model linking organizational virtuousness perception and pro-social rule breaking. In this model, organizational virtuousness perception of employees positively affects the pro-social rule breaking via psychological empowerment; Proactive personality positively moderates the indirect effect of organizational virtuousness perception on pro-social rule breaking though psychological empowerment. The proposed conceptual framework reveals the functional mechanism of organizational virtuousness perception on pro-social rule breaking from cognitive perspective and discusses individual character’s moderating role, which helps identify research gap and advance further knowledge development in organizational virtuousness.

Solvation of 2-(hydroxymethyl)-2,5,7,8-tetramethyl-chroman-6-ol revealed by circular dichroism: a case of chromane helicity rule breaking.

The primary goal of this work is to clarify why 2-(hydroxymethyl)-2,5,7,8-tetramethyl-chroman-6-ol {(S)-TMChM} deviates from the chromane helicity rule under solvent change. The rule, applicable to determining the absolute configuration of molecules containing the chromane chromophore, binds the sign of the 1Lb Cotton effect (CE) with the helicity of the dihydropyran ring. In case of TMChM, however, this CE exhibits extreme solvent dependence: it is negative in non-coordinating solvents and positive in coordinating ones, irrespective of the helicity of the heterocyclic ring. TD-DFT calculations using PCM and hybrid solvation models were performed to explain origin of this phenomenon. It turned out that the 1Lb CE sign directly depends on the position of the phenolic OH group at carbon atom C6 (OHC6). In the absence of interactions with solvents (as in CCl4 or nC6H14) or when a solvent plays proton donor role (as in CHCl3), the OHC6 lies in the phenyl plane and the 1Lb CE sign follows the P/M helicity rule. In contrast, in proton acceptor solvents, like DMSO, CH3OH or CH3CN, the OHC6 group is deflected from the phenyl plane, and the 1Lb CE sign of individual (S)-TMChM conformers depends on the sector in which the OHC6 is located. Thus, in solution, the 1Lb CE sign is an average over different orientations of the OHC6 group and can be positive (as in DMSO and CH3OH) or negative (as in CH3CN) which means that it does not follow the chromane helicity rule. The impact of OHC6 on the 1Lb CE sign and thus the conclusions for the stereochemistry of chromans are demonstrated here for the first time. Additionally, a comparison of experimental and simulated ECD spectra, supported by VCD data, allowed to determine the geometry of intermolecular clusters formed in different solvents.

Parental training and externalizing behaviors of children with severe hearing loss.

Background: Externalizing behavior in deaf children causes many psychological problems for their parents. Aggression and rule breaking behaviors in children with severe hearing loss may cause psychological problems in parents and in managing children's behavior. Consequently, the present study aimed at investigating the effect of parental behavioral training of mothers on reducing the externalized behaviors (aggression and rule breaking behavior) of their 9- to 10- year old children with severe hearing loss. Methods: This was an experimental study with pretest, posttest, and a control group. The research population included all students with severe hearing loss and their mothers. Thus, 30 mothers whose children had the most severe hearing loss were selected as our main sample among 80 mothers who had completed the Child Behavior Checklist. Then, they were placed into the experimental (n=15) and control groups (n=15) after being matched based on age, educational level, and socioeconomic status. The research tool was Child Behavior Checklist-Persian Version. The parental behavior training was provided for the experimental group in nine 90- minute sessions. Results: The results of the present study indicated the effectiveness of experimental treatment on decreasing the aggressive behaviors of children of mothers in the experimental group compared to mothers of the control group (p=0.001). Moreover, the results revealed a decrease in rule breaking behaviors (p= 0.007) in children of mothers of the experimental group compared to mothers of the control group. Conclusion: Parents’ behavioral training is important in decreasing the aggressive and offensive behaviors in children with severe hearing loss who are at risk of behavioral problems. Furthermore, some research has highlighted the necessity of such trainings for parents of these children. Thus, the present study, emphasizing the importance of childhood problems, found that mothers’ behavioral training could prevent behavioral problems of school-aged children with hearing loss and reduce the recurrence of such problems.

Influence mechanism of managerial pro-social rule breaking on employee behavior from the perspective of opposition between favor and reason: A cross-levels and longitudinal study

Influence mechanism of managerial pro-social rule breaking on employee behavior from the perspective of opposition between favor and reason: A cross-levels and longitudinal study

More or less likely to offend? Young adults with a history of identified developmental language disorders.

BackgroundThere is now substantial literature demonstrating that a disproportionate number of young people who come into contact with youth justice services evidence unidentified language difficulties. These young people, therefore, have received little or no professional input in this area. Conversely, there is a dearth of research pertaining to criminality outcomes among those individuals with identified developmental language disorders (DLD) who have received such interventions.AimsTo examine police‐initiated contact and substance use outcomes of young adults with a history of identified DLD versus age‐matched peers (AMP). Additionally, self‐reported rule breaking behaviours and aggression are considered. We hypothesize that early identification/intervention reduces engagement with risky behaviour such as substance and alcohol use as well as offending‐related behaviours.Methods & ProceduresAdversarial police‐initiated contacts were examined in 84 young adults with a history of DLD and 88 AMP. Rule‐breaking and aggression were evaluated using the Achenbach Adult Self‐Report for ages 18–59 years.Outcomes & ResultsAdults with a history of DLD who received targeted intervention during their school years reported less contact with their local police service compared with AMPs at age 24. Comparable proportions of both groups reported current alcohol consumption, but group differences were found relating to alcohol use. No group differences in rule‐breaking behaviours were found, but the DLD group was found to have a statistically significant higher raw score on the aggressive behaviour scale.Conclusions & ImplicationsThere is a need for early identification of children with DLD. Early intervention aimed at ameliorating such difficulties could possibly have distal outcomes in relation to offending.

Psychological outcome after severe traumatic brain injury in adolescents and young adults: The chronic phase

ABSTRACTObjectives. Young individuals surviving severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) frequently experience a wide range of cognitive, emotional and behavioural consequences. This cross-sectional follow-up study investigated psychological outcome of young survivors in the chronic phase, and whether psychological outcome was associated with improvement of functional abilities during sub-acute admission.Methods. Patients, who acquired a severe TBI during adolescence or early adulthood (n = 36) and received early intensive rehabilitation, were contacted for follow-up assessment concerning psychological outcome and completed the Adult Self Report 18–59 (ASR18-59). Demographic data, functional outcomes and severity measures were obtained from the local database.Results. The participants had a mean age of 24.1 years (SD = 4.1) at follow-up, and the mean time since injury was 72.1 months (SD = 44.2). Results showed significantly higher scores compared with the normative reference population in relation to the subscales withdrawal/isolation (p = 0.013), attention problems (p = 0.008) and intrusive behaviour (p = 0.046). Pearson correlation analyses showed that young survivors experiencing more functional improvement during inpatient rehabilitation had fewer psychological problems during the chronic phase in the subscales: withdrawal/isolation, rule breaking, intrusive behaviour and total problems.Conclusion. Young patients reported psychological problems in several areas during the chronic phase of injury, which may hinder complete reintegration and participation in society. Larger functional improvement during sub-acute rehabilitation seemed to be associated with less psychological problems in the chronic phase.

Theoretical model of infrared spectra of hydrogen bonds in molecular crystals of 2-thiopheneacetic acid: Fermi resonance and Davdov coupling effects.

A general quantum theoretical approach of the υX-H IR lineshape of cyclic dimers of moderately H-bonded species in the crystalline phase is proposed. In this model, the adiabatic approximation is performed for each separate H-bond bridge species of the dimer, a strong non-adiabatic correction is introduced into the model via the resonant exchange between the fast mode excited states of the two moieties, the intrinsic anharmonicity of the low-frequency mode through a Morse potential, direct and indirect damping, and a selection rule breaking mechanism for forbidden transitions in IR. The present model reduces satisfactorily to many models in the literature dealing with more special situation. It has been applied to the cyclic dimers of 2-thiopheneacetic acid (2-TAA) and his deuterated derivative in the crystalline phase. It correctly fit the experimental line shape of the hydrogenated compound and predicts satisfactorily the evolution in the line shapes with isotopic substitution. Numerical calculations show that mixing of all these effects allows one to reproduce satisfactorily the main features of the experimental IR line shapes of hydrogenated and deuterated 2-TAA crystals and is expected to confirm the importance of the Fermi resonances and Davydov coupling in reproducing the experimental spectra

Critical successful factors for innovation in vietnamese firms

Purpose: Innovation is considered as a core element of sustainable competitive advantage in the rapidly changing environment. However, in Vietnam, researches on innovation are very rare, which are mostly general reports without underlying analyses of innovation in firms, especially determinants for innovation. Therefore, this paper focuses on analyzing critical successful factors for innovation in Vietnamese firms. Design/methodology/approach: This study used primary data through questionnaire survey from November 2015 to February 2016. Respondents were senior managers of firms located mostly at Hanoi (Northern), Hochiminh (Southern) and Danang city (Central). The questionnaire included multi-items designed to measure factors. Each item was measured by 5 point Likert scale: 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). Questionnaires were administerd to 500 firms belonging to list of Vietnam Chamber of Commerce and Industry (VCCI) in these three cities with rate of 40% (Hochiminh city), 40% (Hanoi city) and Danang (20%). However, there were 360 returned questionnaires and valid to next analyses. Analysis methodologies of reliability, factor analysis and regression are utilized in this paper. Findings: We developed and tested a model of determinants for Innovation in Vietnamese firms. The major contribution of this study is testing six determinants for innovation in Vietnamese companies. The results showed that awareness of innovation, innovation strategy and policy, organization for innovation, HR for innovation and building capabilities have positive impact on innovation. Originality/value: This study makes a contribution for both academics and practitioners. For academics, this study provided one more empirical evidence of the determinants for innovation. Regarding practical implications, this study suggests that Vietnamese companies have to strengthen capabilities for employees through training, encourage generation of new ideas, rule breaking, and innovative behaviors by organizational members. Together, having high awareness of innovation, building rational innovation strategy and policy is essential factors that firms should possess and develop to enhance innovation performance. Although there is no confirmation for impact of finance on innovation level, firms should understand that increasing innovation investment can bring favorable condition to create innovation especially in SMEs.