Rubus Chingii Research Articles

한국 및 중국 재배종 미숙과 복분자의 엘라그산 함량의 비교

The goal of this study was to investigate the extracts of ellagic acid in Korean and Chinese black raspberries according to harvest time and extraction solvent. This study was also performed to establish a simple and reliable high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet (HPLC/UV) analytical method for the determination of ellagic acid for quality control and to establish baseline data of extracts of Rubus occidentalis (uRo) and Rubus chingii (uRc) fruits as healthy functional food ingredients. uRo and uRc were each extracted with 0%, 5%, 30%, and 70% ethanol. Among the extracts of these two varieties, the 5% ethanol extracts of uRo and uRc showed the highest contents of ellagic acid, 16.56 and 17.27 mg/g, respectively. The specificity was satisfied with retention time and photo-diode array (PDA) spectrum by analysis of ellagic acid using HPLC and comparison with a standard compound. Ellagic acid was validated for its limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantitation (LOQ), precision, and accuracy. It showed a high linearity in the calibration curve, with a coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.9999, and the LOD and LOQ values were 0.25 and 0.77 μg/mL, respectively. The results showed that R. occidentalis and R. chingii can be used simultaneously as healthy functional ingredients and natural medicines.

Studies on the anti-aging activity of a glycoprotein isolated from Fupenzi (Rubus chingii Hu.) and its regulation on klotho gene expression in mice kidney

In this study, a novel glycoprotein with molecular weight of 22.0 kDa was isolated and purified from Fupenzi (a kind of unripe fruits of Rubus chingii Hu.) by means of anion-exchange (DEAE-52) and gel column chromatography (Sephadex G-100). The glycoprotein consists of a carbohydrate component (81.42 ± 0.96%) and protein component (14.56 ± 1.21%). The anti-aging capability was measured in d‑galactose induced aging mice model, and the experimental data showed that the glycoprotein could significantly inhibit the formation of malondialdehyde (MDA) and raise the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) in mice kidney and serum. The reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (Q-PCR) and western blots showed that the glycoprotein significantly increase the expression of anti-aging gene klotho in mice kidney. The results suggested that the anti-aging mechanism of FPZ might be achieved by improving the klotho gene expression and repairing the renal function. This study will provide a scientific basis for the view of traditional Chinese medicine that tonifying kidney is the basic way of anti-aging. In addition, the glycoprotein could be exploited as a potent dietary supplement to attenuate aging and prevent age-related diseases in humans.

Modern Research and Application of Raspberry

Chinese scholars use a variety of spectral data, chromatographic separation techniques and chemical methods to determine the structure of raspberries, separation and identification of raspberry chemical composition and bioactive substances, and to prove its pharmacological function. Experiments show that raspberry contains high activity of chemical substances, with anti-aging, anti-inflammatory and other pharmacological effects. Raspberry mainly contains terpenoids, organic acids, flavonoids, trace elements, alkaloids, amino acids and other chemical composition, in which the terpene composition is the characteristic chemical composition of Rubus plants. Raspberry with anti-aging, Warming kidney yang, anti-inflammatory, anti-thrombosis and other effects. Because of its biological activity is very high, in addition to the effectiveness of nourishing liver and kidney, as a food and medicine homologous herbs, and now also began to lose weight, beauty, food industry processing and other fields, with broad prospects for development and utilization. Raspberry is the dried fruit of the Rosaceae Rubus chingii Hu in the East China raspberry [1]. Raspberry with Yishen solid fine urine, Liver eyesight effect, mainly for spermatorrhea fine sperm, enuresis urinary frequency, impotence, premature ejaculation, dark eyes dim. In addition, raspberry is also used for diet and health care, mainly for anti-mutagenesis, anti-aging and enhance immunity. In order to further explore the direction and focus of raspberry modern research, it is in-depth analysis of its chemical composition, pharmacological effects, clinical and therapeutic applications.

In Vitro Study on Anti-Hepatitis C Virus Activity of Spatholobus suberectus Dunn.

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infects 200 million people worldwide, and 75% of HCV cases progress into chronic infections, which consequently cause cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. HCV infection is treated with currently considered standard drugs, including direct anti-viral agents (DAAs), alone or in combination with peginterferon-α plus ribavirin. However, sustained viral responses vary in different cohorts, and high costs limit the broad use of DAAs. In this study, the ethanol and water extracts of 12 herbs from Lingnan in China were examined in terms of their inhibitory effect on HCV replication. Among the examined extracts, Spatholobus suberectus ethanol extracts suppressed HCV replication. By comparison, Extracts from Fructus lycii, Radix astragali (root), Rubus chingii Hu (fruit), Flos chrysanthemi Indici (flower), Cassia obtusifolia (seed), Lonicera japonica Thunb (flower), Forsythia suspense Thunb (fruit), Poria cocos (sclerotia), Carthamus tinctorius L. (flower), Crataegus pinnatifida Bge. (fruit), and Leonurus japonicas Houtt. (leaf) extracts failed to show a similar activity. Active S. suberectus fractions containing tannins as the major component also inhibited the in vitro translation of HCV RNA. The combination treatments of single compounds, such as epigallocatechin gallate and epicatechin gallate, were not as potent as crude S. suberectus fractions; therefore, crude S. suberectus extract may be a potential alternative treatment against HCV either alone or in combination with other agents.

WITHDRAWN: Simultaneous determination of astragalin, isoquercitrin, kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside and tiliroside in rat plasma by LC–MS/MS and its application to a pharmacokinetic study after oral administration of Rubus chingii Hu extract

WITHDRAWN: Simultaneous determination of astragalin, isoquercitrin, kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside and tiliroside in rat plasma by LC–MS/MS and its application to a pharmacokinetic study after oral administration of Rubus chingii Hu extract

Simultaneous Determination of Eight Constituents in Fruits of Rubus chingii by UPLC

ObjectiveTo develop a simple, efficient, and reliable method for routine quantitative analysis of main constituents presented in the fruits of Rubus chingii, which is widely used in Chinese materia medica (CMM), known as Fupenzi (FPZ) in Chinese. MethodsAn ultra performance liquid chromatography-photo diode array (UPLC-PDA) system was employed for simultaneous quantification of eight compounds, i. e. adenosine, gallic acid, brevifolin carboxylic acid, ethyl gallate, ellagic acid, kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside, kaempferol-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, and tiliroside. The chromatographic analysis was performed on a C18 column using a gradient elution of acetonitrile −0.1% formic acid aqueous solution within a runtime of 25 min. ResultsAll calibration curves were linear (R2 > 0.9997) over the tested ranges. The intra- and inter-day precisions as determined from sample solutions were both less than 2.45% and 2.78%, respectively. The average recoveries for the eight constituents ranged from 94.77% to 101.35% with RSD ≤ 4.41%. The newly-developed method was applied to the quality assessment of various R. chingii samples, including both ripe and unripe fruits of R. chingii from different habitats. ConclusionThe relative levels of the investigated compounds vary remarkably in the fruits of R. chingii collected from different habitats. As only two of the eight compounds, adenosine and ellagic acid, are determined in the ripe fruits of R. chingii, the results may explain the reason why only the unripe fruits can be used in CMM.

Report of the Nomenclature Committee for Vascular Plants: 67

AbstractThe following eight generic names are recommended for conservation: Adelostigma with a conserved type, Bidens with feminine gender, Griselinia G. Forst. against Griselinia Scop., Gynochthodes against Stigmanthus, Halostachys with a conserved type, Sorbus with a conserved type, Sporobolus against Spartina, Crypsis, Ponceletia and Heliochloa, and Stilpnophyllum Hook. f. against Stilpnophyllum (Endl.) Drury. The generic name Aconogonon is not recommended for conservation with that spelling because the orthography is believed to be correctable. The following two generic names are recommended for rejection: Hylococcus and Lassonia. The infrageneric name Polygonum subg. Dioctus is recommended for rejection. The following seventeen species names are recommended for conservation: Bambusa vulgaris with a conserved type, Bignonia magnifica with a conserved type, Dendrobium officinale against D. stricklandianum, D. tosaense and D. pere-fauriei, Erythrina falcata against E. martii, Filago arvensis with a conserved type and against F. montana, Ligustrum sempervirens (Franch.) Lingelsh. against L. sempervirens Lindl., Lycopsis pulla with a conserved type, Momordica lanata with a conserved type and against Citrullus battich, Omphalodes verna against Cynoglossum omphaloides, Orchis italica with a conserved type, Pentaptera arjuna against Terminalia elliptica and T. cuneata, Persicaria maculosa against P. vernum, Senecio doria with a conserved type, Senecio macrophyllus against S. orientalis, Serapias helleborine with a conserved type, Ulmus laciniata Mayr ex Schwapp. against U. laciniata Göpp., and Viola blanda Willd. against V. blanda Salisb. The following nine species names are not recommended for conservation: Anodendron paniculatum against Echites parviflorus and E. manubriatus, Carex laticeps against C. sampsonii, Cliffortia filicaulis with a conserved type, Crataegus laciniata with a conserved type, Micromeria hyssopifolia against Thymus ericifolius, Micromeria varia with a conserved type, Onychium contiguum with a conserved type, Terminalia coriacea (Roxb.) Wight & Arn. against T. coriacea Spreng., and Viburnum betulifolium Batalin against V. betulifolium Ward. The following nine species names are recommended for rejection: Areca glandiformis, Arnica coronopifolia, Bauhinia ruficarpa, Cereus panoploeatus, Dolichos altissimus, Hylococcus sericeus, Panicum polygamum, Plantago recurvata, and Rhytidea bicolor. The species name Euphorbia illirica is not recommended for rejection. It is recommended that two publications of Wallich's List of Indian Woods and two publications of selections from that list, any quarto or folio version of Forster & Forster's Characteres Generum Plantarum dated 1775, and any folio version of that work dated 1776, be added to the "Opera utique oppressa". It is recommended that Bertia and Bertya, Codia and Coddia, Ficus chapaensis and F. chaparensis, Ficus jacobii and F. jacobsii, Hopea and Hopia, Hoppea and Hopea, Otidea and Otidia, Rubus chingii and R. chingianus, Rubus tsangiorum and R. tsangii, and Sacoglottis and Sarcoglottis be treated as not being homonyms.

Flavonoid glycosides from Rubus chingii Hu fruits display anti-inflammatory activity through suppressing MAPKs activation in macrophages

Rubus chingii Hu has been used as a functional food for a long time. This work was aimed to identify the anti-inflammatory ingredients from R. chingii by an activity-guided isolation. The ethanol extracts of R. chingii were partitioned into petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, butanol and water fractions, and the ethyl acetate fraction exhibited excellent anti-inflammatory activity. Five flavonoid glycosides were isolated from the ethyl acetate fraction based on anti-inflammatory assay-guided purification, which were identified as quercitrin, hyperoside, tiliroside, astragalin and kaempferol 3-rutinoside. The inhibitory effects of extract fractions and compounds on NO production in LPS-stimulated macrophage RAW 264.7 cells were evaluated. The five flavonoid glycosides displayed different degrees of anti-inflammatory activity, among which tiliroside showed stronger activity than others. Further analysis showed that the anti-inflammatory activity of tiliroside might be exerted through inhibiting the activation of ERK and JNK to decrease NO and pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, iNOS and IL-6) production.

Anti-Osteoporotic Components of Rubus chingii

Phytochemical studies of Rubus chingii Hu afforded a new chromone (1), identified as rubusin B, along with six known compounds, kaempferol (2), rubusin A (3), quercetin (4), β-sitosterol (5), oleanolic acid (6), and liballinol (7). All the chemical structures were identified using 1D and 2D NMR data and MS data. It was found that compounds 1–4 displayed anti-osteoporotic activities to different degrees, quercetin and kaempferol significantly increased alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and can stimulate osteoblastic activity, and rubusin A and B strongly inhibit osteoclastic cell and bone resorption even at a concentration of 0.01 ppm.

Isolation and Characterization of Antimicrobial Compounds in Plant Extracts against Multidrug-Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii

The number of fully active antibiotic options that treat nosocomial infections due to multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (A. baumannii) is extremely limited. Magnolia officinalis, Mahonia bealei, Rabdosia rubescens, Rosa rugosa, Rubus chingii, Scutellaria baicalensis, and Terminalia chebula plant extracts were previously shown to have growth inhibitory activity against a multidrug-resistant clinical strain of A. baumannii. In this study, the compounds responsible for their antimicrobial activity were identified by fractionating each plant extract using high performance liquid chromatography, and determining the antimicrobial activity of each fraction against A. baumannii. The chemical structures of the fractions inhibiting >40% of the bacterial growth were elucidated by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The six most active compounds were identified as: ellagic acid in Rosa rugosa; norwogonin in Scutellaria baicalensis; and chebulagic acid, chebulinic acid, corilagin, and terchebulin in Terminalia chebula. The most potent compound was identified as norwogonin with a minimum inhibitory concentration of 128 µg/mL, and minimum bactericidal concentration of 256 µg/mL against clinically relevant strains of A. baumannii. Combination studies of norwogonin with ten anti-Gram negative bacterial agents demonstrated that norwogonin did not enhance the antimicrobial activity of the synthetic antibiotics chosen for this study. In conclusion, of all identified antimicrobial compounds, norwogonin was the most potent against multidrug-resistant A. baumannii strains. Further studies are warranted to ascertain the prophylactic and therapeutic potential of norwogonin for infections due to multidrug-resistant A. baumannii.

微孔板结合化学发光法快速测定覆盆子中总糖蛋白的抗氧化活性

微孔板结合化学发光法快速测定覆盆子中总糖蛋白的抗氧化活性

Preparation of Magnetic Chitosan Hyamine Microspheres and Separation of Phenolic Acids from Rubus Chingii Hu

About the separation methods of the traditional Chinese medicine components, there are common difficulties like time-consuming and compositions exist cross. Highly efficient way of separation is urgently needed in chinese medicines. The experiment adopted a better and specific 2-hydroxy-3-carboxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-propyl chitosan magnetic microspheres and separated the active anti-aging ingredients from Rubus chingii Hu. In this experiment, Fe3O4 nanoparticles were prepared by coprecipitation method. Microwave synthesis method changed the property of the surface of chitosan, we prepared 2-hydroxy-3-carboxy-N, N, N-trimethyl-propyl chitosan. And we prepared 2-hydroxy-3-carboxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-propyl chitosan magnetic microspheres by microwave synthesis. Discussed the anti-aging ingredients separating condition of 2-hydroxy-3-carboxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-propyl chitosan magnetic microspheres by UV spectrophotometry results. Ultraviolet spectrum showed that characteristic peaks of falconoid components and anthraquinones components. Chemical identification experiments show that separated samples only contain falconoid components and anthraquinones components. Using this material to separate active ingredients of Rubus chingii Hu will greatly shorten the time than traditional separation method, the components will be more purer. The results show that using this material to separate anti-aging ingredients of Rubus chingii Hu is efficient, concentrated, stable and reliable.

Development of a molecular marker to discriminate Korean Rubus species medicinal plants based on the nuclear ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer and chloroplast trnL-F intergenic region sequences

Rubi Fructus (Bokbunja in Korean) is a traditional oriental medicine often prescribed as the immature fruit of Rubus coreanus in the Korean pharmacopoeia or Rubus chingii in the Chinese pharmacopoeia. However, Rubus crataegifolius is presently the most popular form in the market. Correctly identifying these fruits is difficult due to morphological similarities in their dried immature forms. Therefore, nucleotide sequences of nuclear ribosomal DNA (nrDNA), internal transcribed spacer, chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) trnL-F, and psbA-trnH intergenic spacer were analyzed to develop objective methods for discrimination among R. coreanus, R. crataegifolius, and R. chingii. Based on trnL-F intergenic sequences, three sequence characterized amplified region (SCAR) markers (CorF/CorR, HwaF2/HwaR2, SanF/SanR) were developed to distinguish the three species. Furthermore, phylogenetic analysis of the trnL-F intergenic sequences showed that R. crataegifolius is widely distributed in the Korean Rubi Fructus market as Korean product and imported goods from China. Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) that can be used to discriminate Korean Bokbunja medicine from those imported from China was developed, established the SNP marker, and conducted real-time PCR with a designed inflorescence probe. The developed SCAR marker and SNP probe were useful for distinguishing and authenticating the Korean and Chinese species that constitute Rubi Fructus medicines.

Antithrombotic activity of fractions and components obtained from raspberry leaves (Rubus chingii)

The 70% ethanol fraction from an aqueous extract of raspberry leaves was shown to be the most antithrombotic fraction in in vitro and in vivo tests. The total flavonoids and phenolics in this fraction were 0.286g/g and 0.518g/g by colorimetry. Six compounds, including salicylic acid, kaempferol, quercetin, tiliroside, quercetin 3-O-β-d-glucopyranoside and kaempferol 3-O-β-d-glucopyranoside, were isolated from the active fraction. Among them, kaempferol, quercetin and tiliroside obviously delayed plasma recalcification time (PRT) in blood.

Study on chemical constituents of methylene chloride extract of <I>Rubus chingii</I>

Study on chemical constituents of methylene chloride extract of <I>Rubus chingii</I>

Analysis of Bioactive Triterpenes from Rubus chingii by Cyclodextrin-Modified Capillary Electrophoresis

A capillary electrophoretic (CE) method with β-cyclodextrin (CD) as modifier has been developed to enable separation, for the first time, of bioactive pentacyclic triterpene acids from the fruits of Rubus chingii. The effects of conditions such as the concentration of the running buffer, amounts of added β-cyclodextrin and organic modifier, applied voltage, and column temperature were systematically investigated to optimize the separation conditions. Baseline separation was achieved for the seven triterpenes by use of background electrolyte consisting of 200 mmol L−1 disodium tetraborate, 15 mmol L−1 β-cyclodextrin, and 12.5% (v/v) methanol. Binding constants between β-cyclodextrin and the triterpenes in the capillary electrophoresis buffer were calculated from the order of migration to elucidate the separation mechanism. The amounts of the triterpenes in the fruits of R. chingii were also determined by use of the method after a relatively simple extraction procedure.

An aqueous extract of Rubus chingii fruits protects primary rat hepatocytes against tert-butyl hydroperoxide induced oxidative stress

Different in vitro free radical generating systems were used to assess the antioxidative activity of aqueous extracts of the five herbal components of Wu-zi-yan-zong-wan, a traditional Chinese medicinal formula with a long history of use for tonic effects. Fructus Rubi [ Rubus chingii (Rosaceae) fruits] was found to be the most potent. It was further investigated using the primary rat hepatocyte system. tert-Butyl hydroperoxide ( t-BHP) was used to induce oxidative stress. Being a short chain analog of lipid hydroperoxide, t-BHP is metabolized into free radical intermediates by the cytochrome P450 system in hepatocytes, which in turn, initiate lipid peroxidation, glutathione depletion and cell damage. Pre-treatment of hepatocytes with Fructus Rubi extract (50 μg/ml to 200 μg/ml) for 24 h significantly reversed t-BHP-induced cell viability loss, lactate dehydrogenase leakage and the associated glutathione depletion and lipid peroxidation. The amount of reactive oxygen species formed was also decreased as visualized by the fluorescence probe 2′,7′-dichlorofluorescin diacetate. These results suggested that Fructus Rubi was useful in protecting against t-BHP-induced oxidative damage and may also be capable of attenuating cytotoxicity of other oxidants.

Effects of herbal preparation Equiguard™ on hormone-responsive and hormone-refractory prostate carcinoma cells: Mechanistic studies

The Equiguard is a dietary supplement comprised of standardized extracts from nine herbs, respectively, Herba epimedium brevicornum Maxim (stem and leaves), Radix morindae officinalis (root), Fructus rosa laevigatae michx (fruit), Rubus chingii Hu (fruit), Schisandra chinensis (Turz.) Baill (fruit), Ligustrum lucidum Ait (fruit), Cuscuta chinensis Lam (seed), Psoralea corylifolia L. (fruit), and Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch.) Bge (root). This proprietary product, formulated according to Chinese traditional medicinal concepts, is aimed at restoring harmony in the <primordial (original) ying-yang> of the kidney, an organ which Chinese medicinal principles consider to be vital for invigorating as well as maintaining balance of the entire urological system. As the prostate is an integral component of the urological system, we performed in vitro studies to test the effects of ethanol extracts of Equiguard to modulate prostate growth and gene expression. These studies used prostate cancer cells mimicking the androgen-dependent (AD) and androgen-independent (AI) states of prostate carcinogenesis. Results show that Equiguard significantly reduced cancer cell growth, induced apoptosis, suppressed expression of the androgen receptor (AR) and lowered intracellular and secreted prostate specific antigen (PSA), and almost completely abolished colony forming abilities of prostate cancer cells. These data support the interpretation that this herbal formulation contains ingredients that collectively may be efficacious in preventing or treating AD and AI prostate carcinoma. The anti-prostatic activities of Equiguard may stem from its complex composition capable of targeting multiple signal transduction/metabolic pathways, to effectively correct, counteract or circumvent the impaired or dysfunctional mechanisms accompanying different stages of prostate carcinogenesis.

Ent-labdane-type diterpene glucosides from leaves of Rubus chingii

Previously, a sweet steviol bisglucoside named rubusoside was isolated from leaves of a Chinese Rubus spp. which was tentatively assigned as R. chingii. From leaves of Japanese Rubus chingii (Japanese name Gosho-Ichigo) which are not sweet, five ent-labdane-type diterpene glucosides named goshonosidies F1-5 were isolated instead of rubusoside and their structures were elucidated. The name ‘ R. suavissimus’ has been proposed for the Chinese plant.