Rubber Apron Research Articles

Socio-demographic, agricultural, and personal protective factors in relation to health literacy among farmers from all regions of Thailand.

Farmers are vulnerable to adverse health effects from pesticide exposure due to their health literacy (HL). Therefore, this study aims to investigate HL among farmers in four main regions of Thailand, investigating socio-demographics, agricultural, and personal protective factors to their HL. This cross-sectional design study was conducted on 4,035 farmers from January to July 2023. The European Health Literacy Survey Questionnaire-47 items were used to measure HL. Thai farmers had a mean HL score of 34.7 ± 8.7, and the farmers in the North region of Thailand had the highest frequency of limited HL (75.8%). Socio-demographic factors that were associated with HL included gender, region of living, marital status, education level, co-morbidity, and number of family members. Agricultural factors associated with HL included planting status, working hours on farm, spraying pesticides, harvesting crops, pesticide use of >1 type, access information from government officers, access information from posters/brochures, information from online multimedia, and access information from neighbors. Personal protective factors that were associated with HL included wearing a hat, goggles, a rubber apron, and a long-sleeved shirt. Our study recommends that strategies and interventions to enhance the HL of farmers should be focused on the target populations, which include men, widows, or divorced, those with low levels of education, those who have co-morbidities, and those who applied pesticides of more than 1 type and improper personal protective equipment (PPE) use. The primary emphasis needs to be on the North region of Thailand, making that the target area to improve health equity in Thailand. These efforts would enhance the HL of farmers and sustainably improve pesticide safety behavior. Additionally, there is an urgent need for supportive measures aimed at altering on-farm practices and promoting education on alternative pest management strategies, particularly non-chemical crop protection, to ensure sustainable agriculture.

Brucelose- a propósito de um Caso Clínico

Introduction Brucellosis is a zoonosis caused by a gram-negative coccobacillus bacterium of the genus Brucella, which can be transmitted by direct contact with animals or their secretions. Is an acute or subacute systemic disease that generally starts two to four weeks after inoculation. Its symptoms are nonspecific, but typically are presented with fever, night sweats, arthralgias or asthenia. Although being endemic in underdeveloped countries, is still an underdiagnosed and underreported disease. Case Report This is a 28 year old veterinarian assistant male, with close and frequent contact with cattle, sheep and goats. He is unaware of having ever been submitted to an aptitude test for work and, as personal protective equipment, uses gloves and a rubber apron only. He was observed in the hospital emergency department, due to recurrent testicular pain and constitutional symptoms. Serology test showed a borderline IgG for brucellosis. Therefore, the case was notified in the National System of Epidemiological Vigilance. The patient was treated with doxycycline and rifampicin, and the testicle was surgically removed. The surgical piece accused Brucella spp, which confirmed the diagnosis of brucellosis with orchiepididymitis. Discussion Considering that the symptoms of brucellosis are unspecific, a detailed clinical history, including occupational exposure/background, is fundamental for the diagnosis. The incidence of cases associated with occupational exposure is relevant, being veterinarians and large animal veterinary assistants among the professional groups with higher risk. Low adherence to personal protective equipment and lack of knowledge may be factors that perpetuate the infection. It is essential to facilitate access to Occupational Health services to ensure the health surveillance of these workers. Conclusion Brucellosis is one of the most neglected zoonosis worldwide, however, it’s one of the three most common in Portugal. This case report urges the healthcare professionals to acknowledge these less known work-related diseases, in particular zoonosis, that are often underdiagnosed. The professional risk assessment and the implementation of protective measures are fundamental in reducing occupational risk, being the assessment of working conditions by a qualified safety technician required. Thus, Occupational Health teams play a leading role in preventing professional illnesses, promoting health, implementing preventive measures and reducing morbidity and mortality. KEYWORDS: Occupational Health, Work Medicine, Work Security, Brucellosis, Veterinary.

Finite element modeling and experimental investigation between the novel drafting and double-apron drafting systems

The ring spinning frame featuring the double-apron drafting device is the most widely used method due to its various advantages. The finite element method and experiments were conducted to study the double-apron drafting unit and the novel drafting system. The novel drafting system is characterized by a curved drafting zone and curtate floating zone due to the elimination of the double-apron drafting unit’s double rubber aprons and the innovation of the pins. The finite element results of the double-apron drafting unit and novel drafting system demonstrate that the external friction field in the drafting zone of the double-apron drafting unit is composed of straight-line segments from the pin nip to the middle roller nip. In contrast, the force in the novel drafting system is akin to undulations and exhibits stronger and smoother distribution. In experiments, the double-apron drafting unit and novel drafting system were installed on the ring spinning and compact spinning frames, namely the double-apron drafting unit-ring spinning, double-apron drafting unit-compact spinning, novel drafting system-ring spinning and novel drafting system-compact spinning, to study the slippage rates and yarn properties. It can be seen that the slippage rates of rubber aprons in the double-apron drafting unit-ring spinning vary from 5.84% to 6.89%, while the slippage rates of the lattice apron in the novel drafting system-ring spinning range from 0.39% to 0.66%. In addition, the yarn properties produced by the novel drafting system-ring spinning and novel drafting system-compact spinning, including yarn evenness, imperfections and strength, outstrip those produced by the double-apron drafting unit-ring spinning and double-apron drafting unit-compact spinning.

An Assessment of the Lead rubber aprons in Radiodiagnostic centres in South-South Nigeria

Background of Study: Radiation protection is of core importance in radiodiagnostic centres, to keep both patients care givers and staff of the centres from stochastic and non- stochastic effects of radiation. The effectiveness and protectiveness of aprons are of valuable importance, it is therefore necessary to assess these aprons to ensure efficacy. Such quality checks have not been reported in the South – South region of Nigeria. Aim: To assess in terms of their quality and therefore protective features, the lead aprons in used radiology clinics in the South-South region of Nigeria. Method: Twenty two protective lead aprons from 18 radiological clinics in South-South Nigeria were directly exposed to X-rays with average factors of 70 ± 5kVp, 16 mAs and 100 cm Source to apron distance, with 43 x 35 cm cassettes places underneath to cover the upper (thoracic half) and the lower (abdominal half) respectively. Exposed films were processed in each centre following regular processing protocols to obtain radiographs with images of the state of the aprons. The images were analyzed on the basis of each apron’s lead equivalence (content), age, brand and the type of defects observed. Defects were characterized into cracks, tears, splits and rips. Physical examination for cleanliness, wear and tear was also carried out. Results: Results showed that 68% of all the aprons under study were defective, having cracks (44%), tears (33%), splits (15%) and/or rips (8%). About 73 % of the defective aprons had more than one (1) type of defect. Up to 87% of the defective aprons had no inherent lead equivalence and manufacturer identification indicated on them. It was observed that about 73% of these defects occurred in aprons of aged between 1-10 years with the area affected in the range of 1.00 – 1000.00 mm2 . Conclusion: Over two-thirds (⅔) of lead aprons found in diagnostic radiology centres in South – South Nigeria, have shown sufficient evidence of defects to suggest that they may not be useful for radiation protection of the users.

Investigation of radiation protection and safety measures in Rwandan public hospitals: Readiness for the implementation of the new regulations

BackgroundAn essential concept that all radiographers are required to implement is the use of techniques and the provision of protective devices to minimize radiation to patients and staff. Methods to achieve this could include good communication, immobilization, beam limitation, justification for radiation exposure, shielding, appropriate distances and optimum radiographic exposures factors. PurposeThe aim of this study was to assess the availability and utilization of radiation protection and safety measures by medical imaging technologists (MITs) in Rwandan hospitals. MethodsA quantitative, non-experimental descriptive design was used and data collected by means of a self-designed questionnaire. One hundred and sixteen MITs (n = 116) representing 96.67% of the total population participated in the study. ResultsThe study found radiation safety measures were not adequately implemented in government hospitals. Only 58.62% of MITs had radiation-measuring devices, with 29% receiving dose readings inconsistently. Lead rubber aprons were available at 99.13% of the hospitals; however, 59% of the participants had never checked the integrity of the aprons. Lead rubber aprons and lead equivalent barriers were most prevalent in the facilities. ConclusionThe study found there was a lack of adequate radiation safety equipment. Exposure charts and immobilization devices were not adequately implemented in the hospitals. The level of education and experience of the MITs did not appear to influence the radiation safety practice significantly. There is a need for concerted efforts between the Rwanda Utilities Regulatory Authority (RURA), Ministry of Health, University of Rwanda and hospital management to improve the radiation safety culture, especially in view of the law governing radiation protection that was recently promulgated.

Notes on the fifty operations

At the beginning of his report, the author describes in detail the environment in which he operates. The instruments immediately before the operation are boiled in water for 5 minutes, toothed instruments (tweezers, etc.) are calcined on an alcohol lamp; during the operation, they lie in boiled water. For seams, silk is used, boiled in a 5% carbolic solution and stored in a mixture of equal parts of a 1% (? Ref.) Solution of mercuric chloride and absolute alcohol; is used to apply a catgut disinfected previously lying in the course of 12 hours 0.1% mercuric chloride solution and then kept for several days in a mixture of 1 part ol juniperi and 2 parts alcohol. Sponges are rarely used - they are replaced by tampons from aseptic gauze, which are put into 1/2 solution of mercuric chloride at the time of the operation. The operator and his four assistants put on decontaminated rubber aprons; the sleeves are rolled up above the elbows; hands are washed with green soap and a brush, then with absolute alcohol and mercuric chloride solution. The patient is given a general bath on the eve of the operation and a laxative is given; then, when it is already chloroformed, the hair on mons Veneris is shaved off, the abdominal wall is thoroughly washed with green soap with a brush, sulfuric ether and 1 solution of mercuric chloride. After that, during the operation itself, the author does not use any disinfectant liquids; the abdominal cavity, if necessary, is washed with boiled water. After the operation, the edges of the abdominal wound are washed with mercuric chloride and pulverized with idoform; then sutures are applied, 3-4 deep, covering the entire thickness of the abdominal walls, and many superficial.

COVID-19 Preparedness Within the Surgical, Obstetric, and Anesthetic Ecosystem in Sub-Saharan Africa.

COVID-19 Preparedness Within the Surgical, Obstetric, and Anesthetic Ecosystem in Sub-Saharan Africa.

Performance of two combine harvester header in soybean crops

The combine harvest for soybean crops market are currently available two types of combine with header or platform, one of conventional with revolving reel with metal or plastic teeth to cause the cut crop to fall into the auger header and the other called "draper" headers that use a fabric or rubber apron instead of a cross auger, there are few test about performance of this combine header for soybean in Mato Grosso State. The aim of this work was to evaluate the soybean harvesting quantitative losses and performance using two types combine header in four travel speed. The experiment was conducted during soybean crops season 2014/15, the farm Tamboril in the municipality of Pontes e Lacerda, State of Mato Grosso. The was used the experimental design of randomized blocks, evaluating four forward harvesting speeds (4 km h-1, 5 km h-1, 6 km h-1 and 7 km h-1), the natural crops losses were analyzed, loss caused by the combine harvester (combine header, internal mechanisms and total losses) and was also estimated the field performance of each combine. Data were submitted to analysis of variance by F test and compared of the average by Tukey test at 5% probability. The results show the draper header presents a smaller amount of total loss and in most crop yield when compared with the conventional cross auger.

Increased acid-resistance of lab-coats by hydrophobic finishing

PurposeUsual lab coats are designed to protect the wearer from the splats of chemicals, oil, dirt, etc. Simple lab coats are damaged by concentrated acids, thus quickly showing typical small holes along the front when worn in a laboratory where acids are used. For intense handling of acids and other chemicals, special protective lab coats with rubber or vinyl apron or chemical-resistant overalls are used. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the possibility to protect lab coats from acid damages by finishing them with commercially available hydrophobization chemicals.Design/methodology/approachTwo commercial hydrophobic sprays were applied on cotton, polyamide and polyester lab coat materials. Contact and roll-off angles were compared with the untreated textile fabrics before typical laboratory acids were applied on the fabrics. Finally, antibacterial properties of the finished textiles were examined.FindingsSpray 1 resulted in significantly increased hydrophobicity, while spray 2 did not have any influence on the results. With spray 1, the originally hydrophobic fabrics became more hydrophobic, and even the originally strongly hydrophilic fabrics showed large contact angles of 130–140°. Roll-off angles were significantly reduced from 40 to 50° (for the hydrophobic fabrics) or even 90° (in case of hydrophilic fabrics) to approximately 15–25°. Correspondingly, spray 1 showed an increase of the acid resistance of the finished textile fabrics of up to 30 min for the originally hydrophobic fabrics and up to 20 min for the originally hydrophilic ones, with only one polyester fabric showing no acid resistance at all, while spray 2 led to increased antibacterial properties.Practical implicationsWhile spray 1 can support laboratory safety by increasing the time until acids penetrate through a lab coat, spray 2 can support sterile work in a biological laboratory.Originality/valueTo the best of the authors’ knowledge, increasing the acid resistance as well as the antibacterial properties of lab coats with easily accessible sprays has not been reported before in the scientific literature.

Are Antimony-Bismuth Aprons as Efficient as Lead Rubber Aprons in Providing Shielding against Scattered Radiation?

AimThe aim of this study is to compare the absorption ability of two lead-free aprons with a lead apron. MethodThe absorption ability of three aprons was measured and compared; Opaque Fusion 0.35 mm (OpaqFu) bilayer apron containing bismuth and antimony, No Lead 0.35 mm (NoLead) one-layer apron containing antimony, and a lead apron. The measurements were repeated with and without each of the aprons present in both primary and scattered beams. The selected tube voltages were between 60 and 113 kVp with constant mAs, a fixed field size, and fixed source-to-object distance. ResultsNo significant difference in absorption ability of the two lead-free aprons compared with that of the lead apron was observed when the dose was measured in the primary beam. When measurements were performed in the scatter radiation field, the absorption ability of the OpaqFu apron was 1.3 times higher than that of NoLead apron and nearly equal to the absorption ability of the lead apron. An increase in the difference between the OpaqFu and NoLead aprons was observed for the tube energies higher than 100 kVp in favour of OpaqFu apron. ConclusionIt is safe to use the lead-free aprons that were tested in this study in a clinical environment for the tube energy range of 60 kVp–113 kVp.

P15. Update on the occupational exposure database at Groote Schuur Hospital

Introduction The aim of this study is to look at the occupational exposure histories of all radiation workers at Groote Schuur Hospital since November 2011, when active tracking of the monthly exposure records began. Method and materials Every month over 300 individuals are monitored for radiation exposure at Groote Schuur Hospital. The TLD exposure records of more than 700 current or past radiation workers at the hospital since November 2011 have resulted in a database of over 21,000 unique entries. The radiation histories were divided into the various areas in the hospital and higher-risk areas were identified. Active tracking of the exposure records also allows for identifying individuals who consistently pick up non-zero exposures and may point to working practices that do not conform to the ALARA principle. Results In 93% of cases a zero dose was recorded, which enables low-risk groups to be identified. Three higher-risk areas were identified, which accounted for 84% of alleged overexposures: the catheterization labs, the vascular labs and the GIT units, all of which have fluoroscopic screening units. Doses above 4 mSv/month are queried by the regulator, but any dose less than that is automatically allocated. If a TLD badge is worn outside a rubber apron and the recorded dose is less than 10 mSv, the regulator allocates a 0 mSv dose, while a 2 mSv dose is allocated for readings above 10 mSv. Conclusion Active tracking of exposure histories has allowed the identification of higher-risk areas in the hospital. It also points to areas in the hospital in need of increased radiation protection awareness and training.

Measurement of X-ray scattering during radiography of small animals

The radiation protection in the veterinary medicine is to be followed especially for persons occupationally exposed to ionizing radiation as well as for further persons who must help with the holding of an animal during radiography. Dose measurements were carried out in a veterinary clinic. Thereby, the doses were determined which occur at different points on the body of persons restraining the animal, with and without the protection of lead rubber apron. The result shows that a crouching position is counterproductive, because on the unprotected head including the eyes and thyroid gland up to the threefold dose compared to an upright position is reached. This instruction - besides to turn away the head or to close even the eyes - may require often that the radiograph must be repeated for a diagnostic image quality. Therewith, the conception of the radiation protection is in no way followed. The condition for an optimum protection against unnecessary radiation for the staff as well as necessary further persons is a suitable education by practically oriented teachers.

Analysis on risk factor in a facility and product for processing of salted Chinese cabbage

The objective of this study was to analyze the microbial risk factor of the material, employee, and machinery/instrument related to the quality of salted Chinese cabbage, but also the hygienic safety and standardization of this Chinese cabbage. The total bacteria of Chinese cabbage at cutting and salting were increased to 4.47–6.48 log CFU/g and decreased at the cleaning and dehydration process. The total bacteria in the rubber gloves and aprons of the worker were in 3–6 log CFU/g. The contamination on the machinery/instrument in the primary cleaning was in 3.88–6.07 log CFU/g and it was the highest level of the total processes. Especially, the contamination, on the conveyor belt was the highest. As a result of pH and salinity of the Chinese cabbage and salt solution, the salinity of Chinese cabbage was reduced from 2.63–2.88% in salting to 1.16–1.37% after dehydration, a decrease of 52–58%. The pH 5.87 and salinity 2.54% for the upper salt solution in a tank showed more than 2 times the difference, with pH 6.07 and 7.37% salinity for the lower salt solution in a tank.

“Do lead rubber aprons pose an infection risk?”

This study was carried out in order to establish whether infection control measures were being undertaken sufficiently on lead rubber aprons within a diagnostic imaging department in the east of England. This study involved the swabbing of a sample of 15 lead rubber aprons used within different areas of the department. Swabs were taken from the area on the underside of the shoulders and from the front of the apron. Each apron was firstly swabbed to determine the current level of microorganism contamination (determination of baseline data) and then again after recommended cleaning with detergent and water (the production of a standard). Comparisons were then made between the number of microorganisms' present (colony forming units/cm 2) pre and post-cleaning at each location. Additionally, post-cleaning data was compared for each location. All aprons were found to be contaminated with microorganisms, those identified were Coagulase-negative staphylococci, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus, Diphtheroids and some fungal spores. No Methicillin resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) were identified. Recommended cleaning with detergent and water was found to significantly reduce the amount of microorganisms present (the detergent used was Hospec general purpose neutral liquid detergent). Comparisons of the sample sites found that the front of the apron had lower levels of microorganism contamination post-cleaning than the site at the underside of the shoulders. The results suggest that the lead rubber aprons were not being cleaned sufficiently which has infection control implications for the department. In order for cross contamination to be kept to a minimum an effective infection control policy needs to be employed and this should be to carry out regular cleaning with detergent and water which has been shown can significantly reduce contamination.

Dog People

29 ERIN FLANAGAN DOG PEOPLE M argie settles on the bench, her ankle hooked at the wheel of the stroller, rocking it back and forth. The only thing that stops the baby from crying is movement , so this morning Margie spent fifteen minutes loading everything she might need into the stroller basket—diapers, wipes, an extra onesie, a bottle, blankets, hand sanitizer, a magazine she’ll never read, her keys—all for a ten-minute walk to the park four blocks from their house, their first official outing that doesn’t involve a doctor’s visit. Katherine is three weeks old, but it’s hard to think of her as Katherine and not the baby. Who at three weeks old has enough personality to fit a name? Margie only hopes that when the baby grows up the name will suit her. If not, there’s always Katie or Kate or Kit Kat. She’d like to have a sparkplug named Kit Kat, but chances are she’ll be a Katherine (Margie realizes she herself is most likely a Margaret ). At home, at night, Katherine screams for hours on end, but here in the park she is quiet. The baby, even at three weeks, seems to follow Margie with her eyes, like one of the black cat clocks with the swinging tail and large plastic eyes that survey the room back and forth. A man in a black rubber apron and work boots comes over and sits next to Margie on the bench and lights a cigarette. It’s mid-September and the weather has just started to turn from mild summer to the beginning of fall, a slight breeze blowing through the hair on Margie’s perpetually sweaty neck. “I’m sorry,” she says and stands to leave but then sits back down. Why should she be the one to leave if he’s smoking? The smell is neither pleasant nor unpleasant, but she knows it’s bad for the baby. She hates confrontation and would rather get up herself than ask him to leave. But the baby is quiet, and Margie’s own body, so tired. She settles back on the bench. She hasn’t slept through the night since her seventh month of pregnancy. She assumed once she didn’t have this baby kicking around in- colorado review 30 side her, along with the worry of how the delivery would go, she’d finally be able to sleep. How short-sighted that was. How ridiculously wrong. The apron the man is wearing is covered in small white hairs, and Margie instantly thinks of pubic hairs, which causes her crotch to itch. There is so much about giving birth she hadn’t anticipated. Of course, in hindsight, how could she not realize they would shave part of her pubic area, that she might shit on the bed when she was pushing for hours on end. The man gestures to his apron. “It’s a poodle,” he says. “Excuse me?” Margie says. To the left is an aluminum slide and four swings, a teeter-totter that looks like a dinosaur. She has never been to this park before, even though it is only four blocks from her house. She imagines the hours and summers they’ll log here in years to come—how much fun it will be to teach Kit Kat to swing—but now there is nothing they can do. She pushes the stroller with her ankle, then pulls it back. “The hair. It’s from a poodle. I work at Trudy’s.” He gestures across the street with the hand holding the cigarette, and she sees Trudy’s Salon and Boarding, a building she’s never noticed before, the letters of the sign in a garish neon pink. She looks at her baby, embarrassed suddenly by the baldness of Katherine’s head. “Sounds like a fun job.” The man shrugs. Margie guesses him to be in his mid-thirties , with a scruffy beard of three to four days, a smudge of dirt or grease on his damp pants. He is what she would call unconventionally attractive, if anyone would think to ask her, a category she knows...

腹部血管造影検査におけるX線防護衣の遮へい評価

Medical personnel involved in abdominal angiography are exposed not only to direct radiation but also scattered radiation from inspection tables, patients, image intensifiers, and the beam-limiting system (collimator), among others. Japanese standard JISZ4831 prescribes protective coats of at least 0.25 mm lead equivalent, which is the uniform thickness of lead equivalent. The most commonly used protective coats are 0.25 mm Pb, 0.35 mm Pb, or 0.5 mm Pb in thickness. The weight of a typical protective coat is about 3 kg. While some coats weigh up to 6 kg, wearing such heavy coats becomes physically burdensome as inspection time increases. The trade-off between physical burden and protection was considered by analyzing the X-ray intensity distribution and attenuation rate of scattered radiation in each position assumed by the medical staff. In the case of inspections performed at an x-ray tube voltage of 80 kV, it may be possible to reduce the weight of the lead rubber apron by about 33%. Namely, the lead thickness can be reduced uniformly by 0.20 mm Pb at 70 cm and 0.05 mm Pb at 100 cm, when the shielding capability of a 0.25 mm thick Pb layer is accepted as the standard at 40 cm above the gonad position. The same range of permeated X-ray dose for the gonad position may be reduced as well. In the case of 110 kV, when the lead thicknesses are 0.30 mm Pb at 40 cm and 70 cm, and 0.10 mm Pb at 100 cm, it is possible to reduce the weight of the lead rubber apron by about 28%.

Letter: Personnel monitoring in diagnostic radiology.

Some observations made by one of us (K. J. P.) of the doses received by four radiologists during investigations such as arteriography, angiography and neuroradiography indicated that the average ratio of the dose recorded on a monitoring film worn on the collar to that on a film worn on the trunk under a lead rubber apron was approximately 10:1.

Correspondence

Radiologists have always been conscious that their legs are vulnerable to radiation and that the protection afforded by a normal lead rubber apron attached to the screening stand is inadequate. The reason for this is that there is no screening of scattered radiation from the patient. If a dental film is worn in the turn-up of the trousers, it is not long before an appreciable dose can be recorded.

Simple modification to closed circuit TV installation to allow remote control screening.

Although film badge monitoring has shown that the amount of radiation received by radiologists during normal working is acceptably low, all would agree that if it can be further reduced this would be desirable. The use of closed-circuit television has further reduced the radiation dose, and during the past year or so equipment has been produced, or is being developed, to allow remote control screening by television to be practised. With this apparatus the radiologist can dispense with lead rubber gloves and apron and carry out his screen examination behind a protective screen at some distance from the patient. This equipment, however, is expensive and is not as yet widely available. One of the radiographic rooms in The London Hospital is equipped with a Watson's Autonome 5 coupled to a Cinelix image intensifier. This combination proved very satisfactory for barium meal work (and also for such procedures as myelography, micturating cystography and other examinations requiring screening). The writer wished to explore the possibilities of remote control screening, and the manufacturers were asked if the controls normally sited at the side of the explorator could be duplicated on a second control panel placed within the radiographer's protective cubicle. This proved a simple modification and was carried out by running a cable from the junction box of the Autonome 5 to a point within the cubicle adjacent to the lead glass window.

A survey of dental x-ray units in use in the United States Navy

A survey was made of all 485 dental x-ray units in use throughout the United States Navy to check the total filtration (inherent and added), symmetry and diameter of the useful x-ray beam, and the leakage from the portal end of the tube head. It was found that all but 39 units were operated at below 70 kvp. Filtration readings ranged from 0.6 mm of Al to 3 plus. Beam-diameter readings ranged from 1.2 to 7.5 in. The criteria used to determine an x-ray unit's need for corrective procedures were based on filtration with 2 mm Al up to 70 kvp and 2.5 mm above 70 kvp, and maximum beam diameter of 3.0 in. 277 units met the criteria established for filtration and 325 had a beam of 3.0 in. or less. A comparison was made between these units and 9950 units surveyed by the State Services Branch, Division of Radiological Health, United States Public Health Service. The use of high-speed film, electronic timers, and protective screens and lead-impregnated plastic and rubber aprons was recommended.