Royal Servants Research Articles

Pola Asuh al-Ummu Madrasat al-Ula dalam Membentuk Karakter Anak Kiai

This study aims to describe the upbringing of al-Ummu Madrasat al-Ula in shaping the character of the Kiai's sons and daughters in Pesantren. This study uses a type of qualitative research with a case study approach. Data collection techniques using direct observation, in-depth interviews, and documentation. The informants of this study were the Kiai family (dhurriyyah), royal servants, the chairman of pesantren, and the chief editor of the Pesantren Press. This study found that the implementation of parenting al-Ummu Madrasat al-Ula in shaping the character of Kiai's sons and daughters used a combination of authoritarian, democratic, and permissive parenting styles. The blend of parenting styles has implications for forming the positive character of the Kiai's children, such as asking permission, apologizing, asking for help, being sociable, respectful to elders, obedient to parents, and generous likes to share with his friends.

Dědici, dědiníci, svobodníci – právněhistorický pohled

The paper focuses on the historical development of the free (as opposed to subject) farmers in Bohemia from the High Middle Ages to the Early Modern Period. As the terminology was changing from inheritor (heres, dědic) to freeholder (dědiník) to yeoman (svobodník), their legal status was varying as well. While the number and significance of inheritors declined to the complete end in the mid-14th century, freeholders rose to full recognition as a class a hundred years later. Comparing the primary medieval legal sources, we conclude that freeholders descend largely from impoverished squires, though some may have their origin also among royal servants or villagers disenthralled from serfdom. By the early 17th century, their Czech name “dědiníci” (freeholders) was replaced with “svobodníci” (yeomen).

The Rise of New Boroughs and the Decline of Electoral Localism: The Evolving Composition of the House of Commons, 1386–1558*

AbstractThe period between the ‘Wonderful Parliament’ of 1386 and the parliament ended by Queen Mary's death in 1558 saw major changes in the composition of the Commons. From the mid 15th century, there was a new and accelerating expansion in the number of seats. Yet, although these new seats extended representation geographically, the Commons, conceived as a group of individual MPs, did not thereby become more geographically representative. The expansion of numbers was matched by an erosion of the historic link between representation and locality so extensive as to change the character of the Commons. From the late 14th century, local merchants and tradesmen progressively gave place, as representatives of the smaller boroughs, to men whose horizons extended beyond the local and, in many cases, whose principal locality, as lawyers or government officials, was Westminster. This significantly improved the corporate standing of the Commons but, on the assumption that the connections of MPs outside the House determined their conduct within it, diminished their independence from the crown. As the principle of local representation came to be increasingly flouted, it became easier for royal servants to find seats, even without any contentious electoral engineering on the part of royal government, and they did so in increasing numbers.

The Court, Civic Politics and Architecture in Windsor, 1685–88

In 1685, as part of his wider restructuring of many English boroughs, James II altered the composition of the corporation of Windsor. For a brief period the town was governed by a group of men who simultaneously held court positions. But these were not outsiders. The regular presence of the court meant that uniquely at Windsor the King was able to pack a borough corporation with royal servants who had genuine local connections. One visible legacy of their short time in office is the town’s Guildhall. This unusual case illustrates the potential influence of the royal household in local politics in early-modern England but also some of the limits on that influence.

The Origin of the Institution of the State Representative in the Territory of Moldova

After obtaining independence, the process of building a new system of public administration had started in the Republic of Moldova. A special role in this process was given to the institutionalization of the territorial state administration. Since the adoption of the normative framework in November 1998, which created the prefect institution, and until now, in the desire to reform the local public administration and to consolidate the deconcentrated administration, several models of state representation in the territory were attempted. We consider it important to mention that our country, in its historical evolution, has established certain traditions regarding the representation of the state in the territory, which could be taken over and adapted to the construction of the present system of public administration. For these reasons, we intend to analyze the exponents of local administration in Moldova and its functional components.
 The administration of the Romanian feudal states had a pronounced centralizing character, determined by the need to strengthen the unity and state integrity. All the feudal institutions in the Romanian states were inextricably linked to the ruler, the person and his functions. The Ruler not only held all the functions of the state but also exercised them directly or through delegates, thus assuring the unit of leadership and participating, together with the representatives of the dominant class, directly, in the creation and organization of the judiciary, military, tax structures. The principle of delegation of power involved the transfer of competence and responsibility from the center to certain local agents of state power acting in the name and authority of the Ruler.
 The superior position was held by the pârcălab, one of the oldest and most important dignitaries in the Romanian countries. Pârcălabul represented the ruler and ensured the implementation of the king's decisions within the country, which is why he enjoys great authority in the country, being at the top of the administrative hierarchy of the local governors. Because of this, the pârcălab and the staroste were named by the ruler of the great boyars.
 Therefore, the institution of the state representative in the territory has rich historical traditions and dates back to the Moldovan state. The pârcălab had important legal, military, fiscal functions, and alongside with other royal servants, was the mechanism of land administration. During its evolution, this institution has undergone changes, but the essence remains stable, to represent central power locally.
 Keywords: Moldova, administration reform, ruler, representative in the territory

The Wealth of England: The Medieval Wool Trade and Its Political Importance 1100–1600 by Susan Rose

Reviewed by: The Wealth of England: The Medieval Wool Trade and Its Political Importance 1100–1600 by Susan Rose Sybil M. Jack Rose, Susan, The Wealth of England: The Medieval Wool Trade and Its Political Importance 1100–1600, Oxbow Books, 2017; hardback; pp. 304; b/w and colour illustrations; R.R.P. £40.00; ISBN 9781785707360. Susan Rose has recently published a number of nicely illustrated books, initially on the wine trade and the history of Calais, intended to bring together various aspects of English trade and the sea during the Middle Ages and early modern period. This is a further work in what is effectively a series. Her coverage in all these books can be described as comprehensive and thematic. In The Wealth of England, Rose relies heavily on surviving monastic material to cover the management of sheep farming, including the types of sheep involved, and the size and location of the flocks. She goes on to the role of the Crown and the ways in which it exploited the dependence of other countries on English wool as well as taxes on the product. She concludes with a survey of the behaviour of merchants and clothiers at different periods and the reasons why, towards the end, the English wool trade was in decline. Rose does not, however, attempt to assess the relative importance of the trade of one of the smaller more peripheral countries of Europe compared to that of the wealthier, more sophisticated states, nor does she attempt to set the trade in wool [End Page 233] into the overall English trade in all goods. This is a pity, as to appreciate fully the total wealth of any country it would be necessary to consider how each item of both outgoing and incoming product contributed to the well-being of the land. And yet, to judge the individual importance of one source of state finance, the whole structure of the taxation department including customs and excise would need to be evaluated. This would be a massive research undertaking and Rose understandably confines herself to the one or two contemporary attempts made by royal servants to calculate crown resources. Rose leaves unresolved the reasons why English wool was so highly regarded, avoiding commitment in the long-running debate about the early existence of distinctive sheep breeds despite the increasing evidence that material from archaeology and parchment are making available. In order to link the production of wool to its final use she seeks to draw together aspects of the subject that have elsewhere been treated separately by researchers. Her strength lies in the recounting of specific examples that illuminate the way in which the business was carried on. In some cases these descriptions, such as that of the experiences of the Johnsons in the 1540s, could have usefully been extended, as they reveal all too well the pitfalls of the dealer’s life. Rose confines herself fairly narrowly to trade, treating the manufacturing of cloth in England as a side issue, so that the percentage of the wool produced that was employed locally at any given period remains unclear. The possible level of owling in the period is not discussed. Unfortunately, she does not repeat in the present book material she used in her history of Calais about the structure and role of the merchants of the Staple, which would improve the current reader’s understanding of the political and military role of the institutions involved in managing the English wool trade. She focuses on the long-term official bodies such as the staplers, who claimed a monopoly over the trade, largely ignoring other major players such as the Italian traders who came to Southampton with private royal grants. This means that the role of the local ports in the trading patterns is not examined. The overall result, while she develops some interesting details, is somewhat unbalanced. For instance, she refers in various places to the problems of exchange without fully clarifying what these were and how the system worked. As she fully acknowledges, she has drawn much of her material from the work of T. H. Lloyd, but she restricts herself narrowly to the trade in wool and...

The Fall of Kaku Aka: Social and Political Change in the Mid-Nineteenth-Century Western Gold Coast

Abstract This article deals with the radical reshaping of a system of power and a hierarchy of personal and group dependency in an area of the western Gold Coast in the mid-nineteenth century. The article focuses on the events surrounding the 1848 British expedition against King Kaku Aka of Appolonia (Nzema), which resulted in the end of the exceptionally strong monarchy and its replacement with a looser form of oligarchy. Kaku Aka’s defeat was mainly caused by the defection of his body of direct royal servants and dependents, who constituted the core of the kingdom. The abrupt end of Appolonia’s monarchy coincided with the final crisis of a system of power created in the eighteenth century, and the political seal to a wave of social change sweeping the area-and the western Gold Coast more generally-in the mid-nineteenth century. Sources convey a strong impression of growing mobility within the social landscape and substantial changes in the condition of the bonded sections of the population. The case of Appolonia provides also an excellent example of the ruling elite’s tentative responses to these growing challenges.

Recovering Charles I's art collection: some implications of the 1660 Act of Indemnity and Oblivion

After 1660 Charles II attempted to recover those royal goods which had been sold off by parliament following his father's execution. The assumption has been that this was straightforward confiscation. The 1660 Act of Indemnity, however, contained a deliberate loophole protecting the rights of royal servants granted goods in lieu of arrears. A review of the legal cases arising from that act confirms that this was understood and accepted at the time. Yet many of those exempted goods are known to have re-entered the Royal Collection, raising the possibility that a significant number of them were returned voluntarily.

William Dunbar and the courtmen: poetry as a source for the court of James IV

The poems of William Dunbar, it is argued here, are an indispensable source for the court of James IV. Dunbar's ‘Schir, ye haue mony seruitouris’ illustrates this point. The poem, with its long and varied list of craftsmen and other servants of James IV, has been taken for a shorthand description of the vibrant Renaissance court James is believed to have presided over. Rather than simply reflecting a Renaissance court it focuses on royal servants, including Dunbar, who were more peripheral to the court than formal members of the royal household who served the king daily. Through this poem, however, Dunbar sought to sow the idea that the court should be full of specialist servants like him, a view that modern readers have often accepted uncritically. This poem demonstrates that a more nuanced view of the court can be gained by using both archival and literary sources.

The Parliamentary Representation of Stamford from Edward IV to Henry VII

In the late fifteenth century, Stamford - a town on the estates of the dukes of York and therefore in the hands of successive queens of England - began to send representatives to parliament only from 1467, following the charter of incorporation in 1462. This study of the persons selected to represent the town shows that for the first years (1467 to 1483), the town chose royal servants with strong local interests, especially the holders of a royal estate within the town who were present in every parliament from 1467. This estate was granted by the king to the borough by a second charter in 1481. Thereafter, the MPs were all closely associated with what appears to have been the development of a ‘party’ within the town, members of the gild of St Katherine which had links with the household of Lady Margaret Beaufort, the king’s mother, at Collyweston nearby. The leading light was her councillor, Christopher Browne esquire, merchant and courtier of Henry VII, who moved out of town and became one of Rutland’s gentry. Among his group of lawyers, estate agents and rural gentry was David Cecil, grandfather of William lord Burghley. Few local merchants were chosen as MPs during this period. Biographies of the MPs are provided.

The King and the Cosmos: The King's Body as Text in Johannes Ofeegh's "Berättelser om k. Gustaf I:s sista stunder och död" (1561)

The King and the Cosmos:The King's Body as Text in Johannes Ofeegh's "Berättelser om k. Gustaf I:s sista stunder och död" (1561) Joseph M. González In 1557, Gustav Vasa, King of the Swedes, Goths, and Wends, had ruled his kingdom for nearly forty eventful years. He was feeling old and sickly, and he worried endlessly about the security of his realm, his dynasty, and his legacy. His anxiety was compounded by the ill tidings that seemed to arrive at his court with ever-increasing frequency from every corner of his kingdom. In 1556, a comet burned through the heavens (Ofeegh 1905, 127),1 and the deaths of a number of the king's closest friends and prominent contemporaries soon followed (Ofeegh 1905, 127). Not long afterwards, a series of disasters struck the most important of the royal residences: barns burned, castle walls collapsed, and royal servants and livestock lost their lives (Ofeegh 1905, 127). Suddenly, catastrophes and dark omens seemed to multiply endlessly throughout the realm. Strange voices cried out from the earth or whispered in the skies (Ofeegh 1905, 128-31). Ghostly flames burned ominously in the air above Stockholm. News arrived from Finland that the herring were dying in such numbers that it was impossible for ships to reach land. From the north messengers brought word that thousands of reindeer, rabbits, and foxes were dying without any apparent cause. Not even the kingdom's bears were spared. All of nature seemed to be touched by the bony hand of death (Ofeegh 1905, 130). The king's chaplain, Johannes Ofeegh, recorded that the king received news of these tidings and dire portents with resignation. To each ensuing disaster the old king had the same reply: "Det gäller mig till etc" [This is about me] (Ofeegh 1905, 122). [End Page 21] It was as though the realm of Sweden were growing sick and the king with it. Day by day the king's body seemed to grow weaker, and he was tormented by all manner of physical disorders. Finally, early in the morning of September 28, 1560, as he lay in the Castle of the Three Crowns, attended by his queen, Katerina Stenbock, members of the royal council, and his chaplain Johannes Ofeegh, the king died (Ofeegh 1905, 153). Gustav Vasa, Father of His Country Gustav Eriksson Vasa was born in 1496 (Svalenius 1963, 14)2 to one of Sweden's most powerful noble clans.3 At the time of Vasa's birth, Sweden was a member of the centuries-old Kalmar Union and technically a possession of the king of Denmark, but in reality the Union king's power in Sweden was negligible. Real power was exercised by a coalition of the most powerful Swedish nobility, which included members of Gustav Vasa's family (Lindkvist and Ågren 1985). When Christian II succeeded to the Danish throne in 1513 he resolved to change this state of affairs and to place the Swedish kingdom solidly under his control. He invaded Sweden at the head of an army; by the fall of 1520 he had decisively defeated the Swedish resistance and began negotiations for the surrender of Stockholm, the last fortress in Swedish hands. Christian II, like many of his contemporaries, was a prince of the type that later generations would label Machiavellian. In the initial negotiations with his rebellious subjects, the king presented himself as merciful and mild, and when terms for peace were concluded, they included a grant of general amnesty to the defenders of the city as well as the members of the church and nobility who had resisted his rule. With the surrender complete and peace secured, Christian entered Stockholm in triumph on November 4, 1560 and proceeded to the cathedral, where he was duly anointed and crowned by hereditary right king of Sweden (H. Hildebrand 1898, 6-7; Paladan-Müller 1874, 285-97). As was traditional, the newly crowned king of Sweden immediately celebrated his coronation feast in the castle of the Three Crowns. The coronation festivities provided an excellent opportunity for Christian to complete the reconciliation between himself [End Page 22] and his new subjects and, at...

Nama dan Gelar di Keraton Yogyakarta

One of the identities of the Yogyakarta palace community is their names and titles. The naming and entitlement system are influenced by kinship relation, rank in the palace, marital status of the partner of the nobility bearers, previous nobility status, and the working institution. The name and title are given to sultan's family and the (royal servants). There are two types of dalem. The internal (abdi punakawan) are employees who work inside the palace and the external (abdi kaprajan) are those who apply for being abdi dalem but they actually work in local governmental offices or other work places. outside the palace. Names can be classified into childhood name and adulthood name, while titles are classified into inherited title and bestowal title. The name and title can be changed. The change of name is usually followed by the change of the title as well. This change can be influenced by age, marital status, and rank.

Shame, Masculinity, and the Death of Thomas Becket

On the day before Christmas, 1170, Robert de Broc, member of a family of royal servants that had taken up King Henry II's fierce opposition to Thomas Becket, seized a horse bringing goods to the archbishop and cut off its tail. The next day, Archbishop Thomas noted this incident after his Christmas sermon when renewing his excommunication of Robert and several others, and he discussed it again four days later in his initial meeting with the men who would shortly murder him. The excision of the horse's tail appears in five of the biographies of the martyr and subsequently in the national chronicles of Roger of Howden and Ralph of Diceto. Why did a minor act of cruelty inflicted on a horse seem so noteworthy to contemporaries? The sources recording it resound with the rich Latin vocabulary of shame: “dedecus, contemptus, ignominia, dehonestatio, opprobrium.” Robert's highly symbolic act, part of a pattern of harassment by the Brocs, was designed not just to threaten Becket but also to humiliate him.

Contribuição para o conhecimento de Garcia de Orta

By the end of the Middle Age, namely in Portugal, the interest about the observation and record of nature arose. The Portuguese expansion odyssey in the 15th and 16th centuries allowed, from the early beginning, to understand that the natural world was different from that found in old c1assical literature from the Greek-roman culture, where the knowledge about Asia was very incipient and distorted. The discovery of the maritime pathway for India, in 1498, the subsequent establishment of a government in Goa, the creation of several trading posts in strategic points of the Indian ocean and the establishment of some local alliances allowed Portugal to control the access to the spices and pharmaceutical drugs, very solicited in the European markets. To this Indian State, clerics, soldiers, royal servants, physicians, chemists and many others started to arrive. In this context, Garcia de Orta, with academic background based on the c1assics, went to India as a doctor of the appointed captain-in-chief of the Indian sea, where he stayed for the rest of his life. The direct contact with drugs and Asian special medicines allowed him to check and correct, as a pioneer, the existing concepts about those merchandises, some of them used, since a very long time, by western medicine, and to show some new products. He left his knowledges recorded in the book Coloquios dos simples, e drogas e cousas medicinais da india, e ...This work constitutes the first European scientific contribute for the knowledge of oriental medicinal plants. After having been known in Europe, in Latin, the book had an enormous repercussion, until nowadays, being important to medicine, pharmacognosy and botany.

PRYWATNE ARCHIWA POLITYCZNE W POLSCE XVI WIEKU

"Private political archives" are understood by me as all acts collected intently by a private person. These acts are connected with the person's participation in political life and gathered in order to be used in public activity as the source of argumentation and information about factors and mechanisms of political processes. Private political archives of the first half of the XVI century were mainly created by royal servants, often with reference to their job duties. These duties could inspire to collect political acts for private purposes. During the reign of Sigismund Augustus, archives of gentry activists were developed to small extent and they mainly focused on parliamentary life. Private political archives were created outside the executionist movement, namely in the community gathered around the royal court. After 1572, Crown and Lithuanian magnates greatly influenced the creation of political archives. Archives of lesser gentry, scarce and poor, did not disappear completely. However, they became difficult for identification. Therefore, developmental process concerned exclusively documentary "treasure troves" created by magnates. They had the financial means and possibilities to create truly valuable political archives. The same as in the previous period the dynamisms of executionist movement was reflected in political archival documentation, now the creation of patronage system and clientele, or traditionally understood magnate oligarchy, (depending on the point of view) corresponded best to archives development. The heritage of previous generations was the treasure trove of patterns and solutions. However, this trove was used selectively, on one hand giving up patterns and rights that were uncomfortable, and, on the other, giving the value of precedence to unexpected acts that gained more importance or even new content in changed political conditions. The application of interpretation principle raised interest in old acts and patterns of behaviour described in acts. Consequently, they became an inseparable part of Polish political culture of the XVI century, and their collection became indispensable for any politician trying to play a more significant role in public life. It is easy to see some kind of regularity - the bigger role to be played, the bigger scope of archival materials to be used and collected. However, it was characteristic for political archives that their main part was not used until some external necessity and the user's will raised in order to exploit one specific text corresponding to one specific situation.

III The Central Middle Ages (900–1200)

III The Central Middle Ages (900–1200)

Officiers 'moyens' and absolute monarchy in France, from the seventeenth to the eighteenth centuries: a provincial case study in social and political disillusion

The links between royal servants at the intermediate level and the absolute monarchy, notably in the pays d’elections, remain neglected in work which regards relations between the provincial elites and the royal State as prime examples of social collaboration. By studying the case of the magistrature seconde (second-rank magistrature) in the Limousin and Perigord, this article demonstrates the advantages of applying this historiographical approach to the increasing disillusion of officiers ‘moyens’ de justice (those in non-ennobling offices) towards the central power during the early modern period. The intensive venal policy adopted in the latter half of the reign of Louis XIV weakened both the economics of the office ‘moyen’ (‘middling’ office) and the confidence that judges in the presidial courts placed in the monarchy. In the mid-eighteenth century, the magistrature in these secondary jurisdictions experienced a profound and widespread crisis. The campaign mobilized in the presidial seats in the1750s and 1760s emphasized the need for a redefinition of their collaboration with the monarchy, with a major demand for the gradual ennoblement of those holding offices ‘moyens’ de justice.

Alien knights in a hostile land: the experience of curial knights in thirteenth-century England and the assimilation of their families

Thirteenth-century England witnessed an increasing sense of national identity and there were also waves of xenophobia. English kings recruited soldiers from across the Channel and this article examines the experience of sixteen alien families from Normandy, Touraine, Poitou, Franche Comte, Savoy and Germany, to see how they weathered these storms and did, or did not, become assimilated into English society. While these families began as royal servants, some of their descendants gave up the royal safety net and, by obtaining hereditable lands, making local alliances, taking local office and adopting local allegiances, became members of the English nobility and gentry.

French pretensions to Valois Burgundy: history and polemic in the fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries

This article considers how the conflict from 1477 onwards between Louis XI and Mary of Burgundy,and their successors, over the succession of Charles the Bold changed perceptions of the historical relationship between Burgundian territories subject to the king of France, and the kingdom of France. It compares the attitudes reflected in diplomatic, polemical and historical texts produced from the early fifteenth and the beginning of the sixteenth century, whose authors were royal officers or servants: Jean de Montreuil, Jean Juvenal des Ursins, Noel de Fribois (before 1477) and Guillaume Cousinot, 'ung petit sommaire ... touchant ... le pays de Flandres' (Paris, BNF fr. 10131), Louis Le Blanc, the Rosier des Guerres and Nicole Gilles.

Entre oficinas. La vida de la oficina de Reales Servidumbres contada por ella misma (1749-1808)

Among the improvements carried out by Ensenada in the middle of the eighteenth century, was the new arrangement for the running of Royal Households. The different offices of treasurer and paymaster in the palace were combined in a single office with the designation of Treasurership of Royal Servants, under the management of the General Treasurership. The «Libro de la oficina de Reales Servidumbres», written by Francisco de Santiago Martinez, offers testimony about the circumstances which officials experienced for half a century, recording both prosperous and adverse elements of that little corporation. The vexations of household servants, aroused by bitter rivalries between the various officers and by the strained relationship of their masters, can be reconstructed within this markedly corporate context.