554 SEER, 84, 3, JULY 2006 the conquest of Finland was essentiallypeaceful and certainly not a result of crusades. Right or wrong, Lind's is a stimulatingdiscussion of the relatively sparsesource materialsfor the annexation of Finland into the Swedish realm. Department ofHistogy WILLIAM L. URAN Monmouth College, IL Biskup,M., Dyb'as,B. and Tandecki,J. (eds).Protokoly Seimiku Generalnego Prus Krolewskich. Tom2: LipiecI528-Pazdziemik I530. Towarzystwo Naukowe w Toruniu, 95. WissenschaftlicheGesellschaftzu Thorn, Torun, 2005. xvii + 285 pp. Notes. Bibliography.Indexes. Price unknown. THIS is the second volume of the continuation of the acts of the estates of Royal Prussiaby the same editors as volume one. As in the previousvolume, the acts (protocols),mostly in German and sometimes in Latin, are printed in full. Most of them come from Danzig (Gdansk)archives.The meetings of the estates included the deputies of the three big cities, Gdansk, Elbing (Elblag) and Torun',the bishops, including the bishop of Warmia (Ermland),the royal wojwoden of the cities and provinces and members of the royal council. The small towns were not regularlyrepresented,although occasionallythe estates decided to consultthem. On at least one occasion the deputiesof the big cities referredback to their principalsand the other members complained that this took up too much time. There were nine meetingsbetweenJuly 1528 and October I530.They were all mainly concerned with money and the coinage. This is not surprisingas Prussia was a land frequented by West-European merchants who exported mainly its agriculturalproducts. It was actually recognized that a far greater number of gold coins in circulation came from the Netherlands than from Poland. The intellectualstandardof discussionwas high and, at least according to the writtenprotocols, carriedon in a peaceful spiritof cooperation.As in previous meetings, Nicolaus Copernicustook part, as the representativeof one of the cathedralchaptersand as an expert on coinage. In the meeting of October 1530 in Elbing, a general theory of money was propounded, and apparently accepted by all, that coins with a gold content under their nominal value would disappear the opposite of Gresham'slaw which, however, had not yet been formulated. For the rest, the discussionswere about the common concerns of European parliaments:the reservation of public offices to natives of the country, the growthand corruptionof artisanalworkin the countryside,the intrusion,as it was seen, ofJews in the trade of the countrywhere they, supposedly,had not been before. As in previousmeetings, the deputiesof ducal Prussia,notably of Konigsberg, took an active part. The language, as previously,was German, with occasional Latin. This was fully accepted by the Polish monarchy, as by all monarchies of composite states in Early Modern Europe. London H. G. KOENIGSBERGER ...