Routing Protocol For Ad Hoc Networks Research Articles

An enhanced hybrid ant colony optimization routing protocol for vehicular ad-hoc networks

Vehicle ad-hoc networks (VANETs) are a subclass of mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). The VANETs communication framework is used to provide communication between moving vehicles in highway and urban road scenarios. Dynamic properties of VANETs, such as high dynamic topology, frequent route failure, high mobility of nodes, and bandwidth constraints, reduce the efficiency of routing. The long length route between source and destination affects the efficiency of the protocol in the form of high overhead, frequent disconnections, high packet loss rate, low packet delivery rate, and low throughput. In this paper, we propose an Enhanced Hybrid Ant Colony Optimization Routing Protocol (EHACORP) to improve the efficiency of the routing process using the shortest path. The shortest path in the proposed protocol has low communication costs and the least number of hops between source and destination vehicles. The EHACORP has two phases. In phase 1, the EHACORP relies on a distance calculation method to compute the distance between vehicles. In phase 2, the source-based ant colony optimization is used to guide the ants to build a shorter path with the least number of hops to transmit data. The shortest path improves the efficiency of protocol in all aspects. The simulation results show that the EHACORP has improved packet delivery rate, throughput, end-to-end delay, routing overhead, and packet loss rate compared to Fuzzy based ant colony optimization (F-ANT), Ad hoc on-demand distance vector (AODV), ant colony optimization routing algorithm (ARA), and AntNet routing protocols.

Stable coalitions for urban-VANET: A hedonic game approach

This paper tackles the problem of improving the coalitions' stability for Quality of Service Optimized Link State Routing (QoS-OLSR) protocol in urban Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANETs). VANETs have introduced communication among vehicles for the Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) allowing several safety and user-oriented applications to be implemented in an ad-hoc manner. The routing protocols in VANET play a significant role in the delivery of data packets for such applications. However, the rapid changes in the topology of urban-VANET affect the relative stability among moving vehicles and consequently cause a high drop in the network performance. Several works considered urban metrics and game theory models for stable relay selection and cluster formation where the stability of a relay is measured compared to all the neighbor vehicles rather than selection based on relative stability between a vehicle and its relay. In addition, some works proposed matching theory that focuses on the individual preferences of players, to introduce stability. Alternatively, the Hedonic game considers preferences and enhances stability through joining coalitions to improve the overall utility of all participating members in each coalition. Therefore, in this paper, we propose a two-phase Hedonic game model that improves the coalitions' stability for QoS-OLSR in urban-VANET by considering the urban characteristics such as traffic lights, intersections, and lanes' directions. Players play the game in an ad-hoc manner by exchanging a set of messages and join coalitions that include relatively more stable members. Hence, the relative stability among coalition members is the utility of the coalition. A coalition utility depends on the urban characteristics which affect several metrics such as the time to leave the street and the probability of the direction to leave the nearest intersection. Simulations, that are conducted using SUMO and NS3, show high network performance in terms of packet delivery ratio, throughput, and end-to-end delay compared to benchmark protocols.

A geographic routing protocol based on trunk line in VANETs

A Trunk Line Based Geographic Routing(TLBGR) protocol in Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANETs) is proposed in this paper to solve the problem of data acquisition in the traditional trunk coordinated control system. Because of the characteristics of short communication time and high packet loss among vehicles, the vehicles entering the trunk lines can not transmit their information to the trunk coordinated control system stably. To resolve this problem, the proposed protocol uses the trunk lines’ traffic flow and the surrounding road network to provide a real-time data transmission routing scheme. It takes into account the data congestion problem caused by the large traffic flow of the main roads, which leads to the corresponding increase of the information flow of the section and the package loss, and the link partition problem caused by the insufficient traffic flow, which makes the vehicles have to carry and relay information thus increasing the transmission delay. The proposed TLBGR protocol can be divided into two stages: the next-intersection selection, and the next-hop selection in the chosen path between the current and next intersections. Simulation results show that, compared with other IoT routing protocols including Greedy Perimeter Stateless Routing (GPSR), Ad-hoc On Demand Vector (AODV), and Q-AODV, the TLBGR protocol has better performance in aspects of end-to-end delay, delivery rate, and routing cost under the scenario of urban traffic trunk lines. The TLBGR protocol can effectively avoid data congestion and local optimum problems, increase the delivery rate of data packets, and is therefore suitable for the routing requirements in this application scenario.

PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF GEOGRAPHICAL ROUTING PROTOCOL IN MOBILE AD HOC NETWORK

Wireless technology has brought a very advanced change in the field of the internet. It has given rise to many new applications. In recent years, a lot of work has been done in the field of Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANET) which makes it so popular in the area of research work. MANET is an infrastructure-less, dynamic network that consists of a collection of wireless mobile nodes, and the communication between these nodes has been carried out without any centralized authority. There are several network performance metrics, Packet Loss and End-to-End Delay which can be taken into account, for getting a general idea about the performance of the Geographical Routing Protocol in Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks. The proposed research will evaluate the parameters which affect the communication in the Geographical Routing Protocol in Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks.

Mobile ad-hoc network routing protocols of time-critical events for search and rescue missions

The most important experiences we discovered from several disasters are that cellular networks were vulnerable, and the loss of the communication system may have a catastrophic consequence. Mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs) play a significant role in the construction of campus, resident, battlefield and search/rescue region. MANET is an appropriate network for supporting a communication where is no permanent infrastructure. MANET is an effective network that uses to establishing urgent communication between rescue members in critical situations like, disaster or natural calamities. The sending and receiving data in MANET is depending on the routing protocols to adapt the dynamic topology and maintain the routing information. Consequently, This paper evaluates the performance of three routing protocols in MANET: ad-hoc on-demand distance vector (AODV), destination sequenced distance vector (DSDV), and ad-hoc on-demand multipath distance vector (AOMDV). These protocols are inherent from different types of routing protocols: single-path, multi-path, reactive and proactive mechanisms. The NS2 simulator is utilized to evaluate the quality of these protocols. Several metrics are used to assess the performance of these protocols such: packet delivery ratio (PDR), packet loss ratios (PLR), throughput (TP), and end-to-end delay (E2E delay). The outcomes reveal the AOMDV is the most suitable protocol for time-critical events of search and rescue missions.

Mobile Ad Hoc Network Routing Protocols for Intelligent Transportation Systems

Nowadays, the use of wireless technology has invaded the market of telecommunications networks. There are two main families of wireless networks: networks with infrastructure and networks without infrastructure or AdHoc. In the networks with infrastructure, communications are made via a fixed base station; however, communications in an AdHoc network occur in the absence of any fixed communication infrastructure. There are three types of AdHoc networks: mobile AdHoc networks, mesh networks, and sensor networks. This research applied the mobile AdHoc network to the intelligent transportation systems that improve the traditional transport system with reducing the risk of human errors and with the effective management of traffic congestion. The authors focus in the work especially on the routing protocols inside the MANETs to come out with four routing protocols (AODV, OLSR, DSR, and TORA), and this paper compared their performances in case of using HTTP application, FTP application, email application, voice application, and the rate of the routing control traffic.

Investigation of Different Level of Mobility and the Routing Protocols in Mobile Ad-HOC Networks: A Review

Investigation of Different Level of Mobility and the Routing Protocols in Mobile Ad-HOC Networks: A Review

Performance Evaluation of Different Mobile Ad-hoc Network Routing Protocols in Difficult Situations

Performance evaluation of Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET) routing protocols is essential for selecting the appropriate protocol for the network. Many routing protocols and different simulation tools were proposed to address this task. This paper will introduce an overview of MANETs routing protocols as well as evaluate MANET performance by using three reactive protocols—Dynamic Source Routing (DSR), Ad-Hoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODV), and Dynamic MANET On-Demand (DYMO)—in three different scenarios. These scenarios are designed carefully to mimic real situations by using OMNET++. The first scenario evaluates the performance when the number of nodes increases. In the second scenario, the performance of the network will be evaluated in the presence of obstacles. In the third scenario, a group of nodes will be suddenly shut down during the communication. The network evaluation is carried out in terms of packets received, end-to-end delay, transmission count or routing overhead, throughput, and packet ratio.

VAR²: Novel Vehicular Ad-Hoc Reliable Routing Approach for Compatible and Trustworthy Paradigm

Communications and routing protocols for vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs) are affected by dynamic vehicular constraints like high mobility, efficient delivery, reliable path, and trustworthiness. We propose a novel “VAR <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> ” scheme that enables autonomous trust and selects routes with the longest connectivity time to efficiently deliver messages. In multi-hop and multi-path VANETs, the proposed scheme ensures reliability by selecting compatible and trustworthy routes with minimum additional communications. Our Python simulations on sparse and dense SUMO traffic traces show that the proposed VAR <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> routes have 100~400s connectivity with only 3~4 hops and achieve 6~15% PDR, which are comparatively more efficient results than that of existing schemes.

Fire Controlling Under Uncertainty in Urban Region Using Smart Vehicular Ad hoc Network

Every year thousands of urban and industrial fires occur, which leads to the destruction of infrastructure, buildings, and loss of lives. One of the reasons behind this is the delayed transmission of information to the fire station and the nearer hospitals for ambulance service as the transmission of information is dependent on observer at the location where the fire is caught and cellular network. This paper proposed an automated routing protocol for the urban vehicular ad-hoc network to send the information from the location where the fire is caught to the nearest fire stations and hospitals with optimum service time. This transmission of information involves Road Side Unit (RSU) at the junction and the vehicles present in the transmission path. Selection of route to transmit faulty vehicle information from the RSU to the required faulty vehicle is based on a parameter called path value. The computation of path value is done by the attributes such as expected End To End (E2E) delay, the shortest distance to destination, the density of vehicle between the junctions, and attenuation. From the current junction, the selection of the next junction is based on minimum path value. The proposed routing protocol considers the performance parameters such as E2E delay, total service time (TST), number of network fragments or network gaps, number of hops, and attenuation for the propagation path for the evaluation of the proposed methodology. The proposed routing algorithm is implemented through OmNet++ and SUMO. Results obtained for the proposed routing protocol is compared with three existing VANET protocols (GSR, A-STAR, and ARP) in terms of End To End delay, number of hops, number of vehicular gaps, and Total Service Time (TST).

LE-OLSR protocol performance evaluation in various energy conditionsof mobile Ad-hoc and sensor wireless networks

&lt;p&gt;A mobile Ad hoc and sensor wireless network commonly includes various mobile devices and sensors with limited resources. In such network, energy constraint and link stability are the most critical parameters to take into consideration when deploying routing mechanisms, to assure reliable communication between nodes.These requirements are due to the network scalability and the absence of a fixed infrastructure, which may cause a rapid depletion of the nodes batteries and leads onto network link breakages. LE-OLSR (Lifetime Enhancement - Optimized Link State Protocol) is a variant of the existing OLSR. This latter is widely used as routing protocol for mobile ad-hoc and wireless sensor networks. LE-OLSR implements a new load balancing algorithm; it takes into account energy constraints of a node when selecting routers, responsible for forwarding data packets over the entire network. The aim of our work is to study and simulate the LE-OLSR protocol behavior in realistic mobile environments, including scenarios with various residual energy constraints schemes. The performed simulations had shown that LE-OLSR performances decrease compared to the case of ideal mobile network. Nevertheless, LE-OLSR had shown persistence and fair results in the realistic environment.The obtained results show that LE-OLSR protocol is an adequate and a prime solution for dense mobile ad hoc networks.&lt;/p&gt;

Improved Road Segment-Based Geographical Routing Protocol for Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks

The real-time traffic information dissemination among on-road vehicles has been envisioned via realizing vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) as smart service-oriented roadside wireless sensor networks. The network enables various types of real-time traffic applications related to safety and infotainment for drivers and passengers. The information dissemination-centric routing protocols for vehicular networks have to dynamically adopt under the constrained network environment while considering the higher mobility of vehicular nodes and unpredictable physical topologies in the network. The issue needs to be addressed through smart and network-aware routing protocols. Geographical routing protocols have witnessed significant attention for information dissemination under these types of dynamic vehicular network environment. To this end, this paper presents an improved road segment-based geographical routing (ISR) protocol focusing on better head node selection for information dissemination. It divides the forwarding area into a number of road segments and selects a head node on each segment by focusing on traffic-aware information including the location, direction, and link quality-centric score for every vehicle on each road segment. Algorithms were developed for the complete process of head node selection and information dissemination among vehicles on the road segments. The simulation results attested the performance benefits of the proposed routing framework as compared to the state-of-the-art protocols considering dynamic vehicular traffic environment-related metrics.

A Preliminary Study of Routing Protocols in a Tactical Data Link Ad Hoc Network in Colombian Maritime Scenario

Tactical Data Link (TDL) systems are a kind of Mobile Ad Hoc NETwork (MANET) used in diverse maritime operational environments such as natural disasters, surveillance, maritime search, and rescue. A TDL network is usually composed of nodes or units representing surface ships, submarines, and aircrafts able to participate in maritime operations. A routing protocol is required to establish communication between nodes, which guarantees the route from the source node to the destination node. A TDL has been developed in the Colombian Caribbean Sea (CTDL). However, no efficient routing protocol has been implemented. This works to perform a preliminary study to implement an appropriate routing protocol for the CTDL. Local environment constraints, in addition to the chosen protocols' performance analysis, will provide preliminary alternatives for a routing protocol with acceptable efficiency. This article provides a background of ad-hoc networks routing protocols, a description of the Colombian Caribbean maritime operational environment, a comparative analysis of routing protocols, and a discussion of conclusions and future developments regarding CTDL.

Competitive analysis of single and multi-path routing protocols in mobile Ad-Hoc network

&lt;p&gt;A Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET) refers to a dynamic and wireless network, which can be designed without an existing infrastructure as every node serves as a router. A MANET is a self-configuring system of mobile nodes that are connected wirelessly. Every node serves as a sink, as well as a router to send packets. The movement of the nodes is not restricted as they can move in any direction, and they have the ability to get organized into a network. Due to their free and independent movement, they do not have a fixed position; they often change positions. In this study, the Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) and Ad-hoc On Multipath Demand Distance Vector (AOMDV) protocols are compared using Network Simulator NS2.35. DSR is a reactive gateway discovery algorithm whereby the connection of a MANET mobile device is established only on demand. Basically, AOMDV was specially tailored for ad-hoc networks that are highly dynamic to respond to link failures and breakages in the network. It ensures that the paths for destinations are sustained, and it defines the new routing information using destination serial numbers to ensure loop freedom always while avoiding problems. More so, it is a protocol that is based on a timer that can discover ways through which the mobile nodes respond to link breakages and change in topology. A comparison of protocols has been carried out individually and jointly with the aim of evaluating their performance. The performance is measured in terms of End-to-End Delay, Packet Delivery Ratio, Packet Loss Ratio, and Routing Overhead Ratio. The performance of the routing protocols was done using two scenarios; when there is a change in the simulation time and when there is a change in the number of nodes.&lt;/p&gt;

Trust Based Multipath QoS Routing Protocol for Mission-Critical Data Transmission in Tactical Ad-Hoc Networks.

In tactical ad-hoc networks, the importance of various tactical sensors and mission-critical data is increasing owing to their role in determining a tactical situation and ensuring the viability of soldiers. In particular, the reliability of mission-critical data has to be ensured for accurate situation determination and decision making. However, managing the network and trustworthiness in an environment where malicious nodes exist and a large amount of mission-critical data occur is a challenging issue. To solve these issues, a routing protocol is needed that can effectively detect malicious nodes and ensure the reliability and quality of service (QoS) of mission-critical data. In this paper, we propose a trust-based multipath QoS routing protocol (called MC_TQR) for tactical ad-hoc networks that can detect malicious nodes and satisfy the requirements of mission-critical data. The proposed scheme is verified using an OPNET simulator, and the results confirm the improved network performance when compared with existing schemes.

Multicast Routing Protocols in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

A Mobile Ad-hoc network (MANET) is a network which forms a kind of self organized network without any pre-established infrastructure over radio links. Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs) are more effective in node –to- node communication. In current era of technology where most of the things are based on networks, MANETs are more suitable for wireless communication and data transfer medium due to the advent of 3G, 4G &amp; 5G technologies. The primary objective of such an ad-hoc network routing protocol is to create appropriate and efficient route between a pair of nodes so that messages can be transmitted in a timely fashion. The dynamic design of this network makes routing protocols a prominent part in creating efficient routes between pairs of nodes The design of routes should be achieved with minimal overhead and bandwidth usage In last two decades many multicast routing protocols are designed and implemented. This paper focuses on some of the MANETs protocols and their characteristics along with their advantages and disadvantages.

Performance Evaluation of Routing Protocols in Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks (VANETs): A Comparative Study

VANET is a novel way for fast-moving autos to connect. VANET provided traffic engineering, management, emergency information to avoid accidents, and other user applications. VANETs are similar to Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs), but they have fast speeds, mobility, adequate storage and processing power, unexpected node density, difficult communication environments with limited connection lifespans, etc. Hence, VANET protocol testing needs realism. Vehicular Ad hoc Network (VANET) is a new communication paradigm that allows road network V2V and V2I communication (V2I). It supports traffic engineering, emergency information transfer, and other user applications. Vehicular networks distribute data about road traffic conditions to keep vehicles safe and efficient. VANET Applications' characteristics—different network density, fast vehicle movement—make data dissemination difficult. Performance requirements determine these protocols' vehicle area network applicability. Vehicles talking with each other and roadside units constitute Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks (VANETs), a specific type of MANET (RSUs). VANETs allow safety, traffic management, and infotainment. Due to vehicle mobility and frequent network topology changes, VANETs have routing difficulties. This paper compares VANET routing protocols. . Simulations reveal that mobility pattern, network density, and traffic load affect protocol performance.

A Review on Mobility and the Routing Protocols in Mobile Ad-HOC Networks

A Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET) is a decentralized kind of wireless network. It does not rely on a pre-existing infrastructure, so that is known as Ad-hoc Network. In other words, routers in wired networks or access points in managed (infrastructure) wireless networks. With each & every node participates in routing by forwarding data for other nodes, so the determination of which nodes forward data is made dynamically on the basis of network connectivity and the routing algorithm in use. A mobile Ad-hoc Network is a self-configuring, dynamic network in which nodes are free to move.

Improved Routing Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks (VANETs) Based on Mobility and Bandwidth Available Criteria Using Fuzzy Logic

Vehicular ad-hoc networks as a subset of mobile ad-hoc networks have recently received considerable attention. In such networks, demands which are based on disseminating information from a source to vehicles in the road are increased. In these networks, the relatively high speed of vehicles leads to rapid change topology and routing and media access to practices presented in traditional network aren't responsible for this project. In this regard, one intelligent routing protocol for ad-hoc networks is proposed that is able to select Stability routes based on fuzzy logic for routing and increase network utilization rate, an important measure to evaluate the performance routing protocol. In the proposed method, each node acts as an autonomous agent and Routes based on selection of important criteria such as the rate of vehicle mobility and the available bandwidth. The proposed protocol performance was compared with AODV known protocol that the result of the simulator OPNET version 10.5 is indicative of better performance of the proposed protocol.

1 Published By: Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering &amp; Sciences Publication Retrieval Number: F8522038620/2020©BEIESP DOI: 10.35940/ijrte.F8522.038620 Journal Website: www.ijrte.org Energy Bio-Inspired For Manet

Mobile Ad-Hoc Network (MANET) is a collection of wireless mobile hosts forming a temporary network without the aid of any stand-alone infrastructure or centralized administration. Due to the mobility of the nodes in the network, these nodes are self-organizing and self-configuring. Not only they act as hosts, but also, they function as routers. In MANETs, routing protocols are necessary to find specific paths between the source and the destination. The primary goal of any ad-hoc network routing protocol is to meet the challenges of the dynamically changing topology. Therefore, an efficient route between any two nodes with minimum routing overhead and bandwidth consumption should be established. The design of these routing protocols is challenging due to the mobility and the dynamic nature of the mobile ad-hoc networks. MANET routing protocols are categorized into two types: proactive and reactive. In this paper, the MANET characteristics and challenges are highlighted. Moreover, a comparison is conducted between three protocols: namely, DSDV, DSR and AODV in terms of both properties and performance.