Routing Devices Research Articles

Fabric‐Based Stretchable and Breathable Backscattered Monitoring System

AbstractThe demand for wearable monitoring devices in contemporary medicine has significantly increased, especially in dynamic environments where traditional bulky equipment is impractical. Conventional flexible wearable devices or systems suffer from limited air and moisture permeability, lack of stretchability, and high power consumption, which restrict their long‐term usage and comfort. Herein, a stretchable and breathable backscattered monitoring system (SBBMS) is introduced, integrated with a fabric substrate. To address the challenges associated with fabric substrate system fabrication and encapsulation, a printing‐cutting‐transfer technology is proposed. This method enables the creation of unique, low‐cost, high‐precision, and robust circuit routing and electronic devices on fabric, maintaining high compatibility with commercial surface mounting technology while minimizing sacrifices in breathability. Additionally, a backscatter communication mechanism is designed and implemented to achieve wireless data transmission, which significantly reduces power consumption. Combined with energy management technology and hydrogel batteries, the SBBMS receives safe, multi‐source, and eco‐friendly energy support. Furthermore, through meticulous design, all modules—including the antenna, circuit, and battery—are made stretchable, providing the system with excellent strain‐resistive performance. The approach paves the way for the development of breathable, high‐performance, and highly integrated fabric‐based wearable systems, catering to specific user groups such as athletes, soldiers, and pilots.

Design evaluation and performance analysis of silver nanoparticle ink-based printed heaters

Abstract Printed electronics provides a low-cost, sustainable and simple fabrication
route device fabrication. Silver nanoparticle (Ag NP) ink is commonly used to print
conductive lines, and optimizing the printed pattern design is critical for performance
improvement. This study compares three printed heater designs: serpentine, spiral,
and a combination spiral-serpentine pattern. The heaters are printed using direct
ink writing technique with commercial Ag NP ink on a quartz substrate, optimizing
key parameters such as the number of printed layers and ink volume per layer to
achieve good electrical conductivity. The conductivity values range from 3.42 × 107
Ω−1m−1 to 3.47 × 107 Ω−1m−1 for different printing passes, compared to the bulk
silver conductivity of 6.3 × 107 Ω−1m−1. Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is used to
encapsulate the heater patterns, and their performance is tested at temperatures up
to 200 ◦C. This study also identifies potential applications for these heater designs,
such as wearable electronics and flexible heating elements for metal oxide-based gas
sensors. Future research will concentrate on optimizing material performance for
dynamic and flexible environments, improving long-term durability, and overcoming
technical barriers to large-scale production.

Understanding the Role of Organic Hole Transport Layers on Pinhole Blocking and Performance Improvement in Sb2Se3 Solar Cells

AbstractSb2Se3 is an emerging semiconductor which has shown promise for low‐cost photovoltaic applications. After successive record‐efficiencies using a range of device structures, spiro‐OMeTAD has emerged as the default hole transport material (HTM), however, the function of HTM layers remains poorly understood. Here, thin‐film Sb2Se3 solar cells are fabricated with which three organic HTM layers ‐ namely P3HT, PCDTBT, and spiro‐OMeTAD are investigated. By comparing these against one another, and to a reference device, their role in the device stack are clarified. These organic HTM layers are found to serve a dual purpose, increasing both the average and peak efficiency by simultaneously blocking pinholes and improving the band alignment at the back contact, with marginal differences in performance between the different HTMs. This produced a champion device of 7.44% using P3HT, resulting from an improvement in all performance parameters. A more complex processing route, run‐to‐run variability, and lower overall device performance compared to the other organics challenge the assumption that spiro‐OMeTAD is the optimal HTM for Sb2Se3 devices. A Schottky barrier at the Au‐Sb2Se3 contact despite the deep work function of gold implies Fermi level pinning due to a defective interface, which each of the organic HTMs are equally capable of alleviating.

Application of the Multi-Threading Method and Python Script for the Automate of Network

In recent times, there has been a noticeable surge in the inclination towards the implementation of network automation solutions. This trend is driven by the objective of optimizing network availability within the context of hybrid data center networks, which are becoming increasingly prevalent. Reliability, performance, scalability, and minimal resource overhead are crucial solution design characteristics that significantly impact the decision- making process regarding adoption. Recent research has shown that 90% of network outages happen because of human factors and 69% of respondents manage their network with manual method. That high human error of up to 90%, occurs when configuring network devices using manual method. These problems had a negative impact on the functioning of the organization and were harmful to the user. In this research, we investigate solutions to reduce network outage that caused human error using network automation using the Python programming language and multi-threading method. This network automation will reduce configuration time, eliminate human error, and significantly increase efficiency. The aim of this research is to investigate the efficacy of network automation using Python and multi-threading to reduce network outages.The method used in this research is a parallel or multi-tread execution process method using GNS3 as network simulator. Based on experimental results, the multi- thread automation approach is significantly faster than both the serial automation method (67 seconds) and the manual method (248 seconds), this method requiring only 41 seconds to configure all Cisco router devices. If you're looking for speed, look no farther than the multi- thread automation approach, which is 6 times quicker than the manual method and 3.7 times quicker than the serial automation approach. The findings of this study have substantial and immediate implications for the ability of network engineers to speed up the configuration of networks and lower the rate of human error in doing so.

Mechanically-flexible wafer-scale integrated-photonics fabrication platform

The field of integrated photonics has advanced rapidly due to wafer-scale fabrication, with integrated-photonics platforms and fabrication processes being demonstrated at both infrared and visible wavelengths. However, these demonstrations have primarily focused on fabrication processes on silicon substrates that result in rigid photonic wafers and chips, which limit the potential application spaces. There are many application areas that would benefit from mechanically-flexible integrated-photonics wafers, such as wearable healthcare monitors and pliable displays. Although there have been demonstrations of mechanically-flexible photonics fabrication, they have been limited to fabrication processes on the individual device or chip scale, which limits scalability. In this paper, we propose, develop, and experimentally characterize the first 300-mm wafer-scale platform and fabrication process that results in mechanically-flexible photonic wafers and chips. First, we develop and describe the 300-mm wafer-scale CMOS-compatible flexible platform and fabrication process. Next, we experimentally demonstrate key optical functionality at visible wavelengths, including chip coupling, waveguide routing, and passive devices. Then, we perform a bend-durability study to characterize the mechanical flexibility of the photonic chips, demonstrating bending a single chip 2000 times down to a bend diameter of 0.5 inch with no degradation in the optical performance. Finally, we experimentally characterize polarization-rotation effects induced by bending the flexible photonic chips. This work will enable the field of integrated photonics to advance into new application areas that require flexible photonic chips.

Identification of hazardous organic compounds in e-waste plastic using non-target and suspect screening approaches

End-of-life electric and electronic devices stand as one of the fastest growing wastes in the world and, therefore, a rapidly escalating global concern. A relevant fraction of these wastes corresponds to polymeric materials containing a plethora of chemical additives. Some of those additives fall within the category of hazardous organic compounds (HOCs). Despite the significant advances in the capabilities of analytical methods, the comprehensive characterization of WEEE plastic remains as a challenge. This research strives to identify the primary additives within WEEE polymers by implementing a non-target and suspect screening approach. Gas chromatography coupled to time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC-QTOF-MS), using electron ionization (EI), was applied for the detection and identification of more than 300 substances in this matrix. A preliminary comparison was carried out with nominal resolution EI-MS spectra contained in the NIST17 library. BPA, flame retardants, UV-filters, PAHs, and preservatives were among the compounds detected. Fifty-one out of 300 compounds were confirmed by comparison with authentic standards. The study establishes a comprehensive database containing m/z ratios and accurate mass spectra of characteristic compounds, encompassing HOCs. Semi-quantification of the predominant additives was conducted across 48 WEEE samples collected from handling and dismantling facilities in Galicia. ABS plastic demonstrated the highest median concentrations, ranging from 0.154 to 4456 μg g−1, being brominated flame retardants and UV filters, the families presenting the highest concentrations. Internet router devices revealed the highest concentrations, containing a myriad of HOCs, such as tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), tribromophenol (TBrP), triphenylphosphate (TPhP), tinuvin P and bisphenol A (BPA), most of which are restricted in Europe.

Robust multi-band acoustic router by hybridizing distinct topological phases

The acoustic router, capable of guiding sound waves along specific paths, holds a significant value in both science and engineering. Compared to traditional methods of implementing acoustic routing, the recently developed concept of topological acoustics, with its nontrivial topological phases, offers the potential to achieve a robust acoustic routing device. However, current investigations primarily focus on individual topological phases within a single bandgap, thereby limiting the exploration of diverse topological phases in multiple bandgaps and their hybridizations. In this study, we utilize topological acoustics to construct a robust dual-band acoustic router, which is challenging to achieve with traditional acoustics. By calculating Chern and valley topological phases in different bands, we reveal the competitive relations between different topological phases in a specific bandgap. Furthermore, by modifying the boundary meta-atoms, we have increased the operational frequency bands and proposed a triple-band acoustic router.

Research Progress on Router Devices for the OAM Optical Communication

Vortex beams carrying orbital angular momentum (OAM) provide a new degree of freedom for light waves in addition to the traditional degrees of freedom, such as intensity, phase, frequency, time, and polarization. Due to the theoretically unlimited orthogonal states, the physical dimension of OAM is capable of addressing the problem of low information capacity. With the advancement of the OAM optical communication technology, OAM router devices (OAM-RDs) have played a key role in significantly improving the flexibility and practicability of communication systems. In this review, major breakthroughs in the OAM-RDs are summarized, and the latest technological standing is examined. Additionally, a detailed account of the recent works published on techniques related to the OAM-RDs has been categorized into five areas: channel multicasting, channel switching, channel filtering, channel hopping, and channel adding/extracting. Meanwhile, the principles, research methods, advantages, and disadvantages are discussed and summarized in depth while analyzing the future development trends and prospects of the OAM-RDs.

Optimalisasi Dua Layanan Jaringan Internet Menggunakan Teknik Load Balancing dengan Metode Peer Connection Classifier (PCC) (Studi Kasus: Jaringan Internet Desa Banyuanyar Boyolali)

Load Balancing is a technique for distributing data traffic so that the workload is distributed evenly on 2 or more networks to maximize resource usage and improve performance. There are two ISPs for internet access services to the Banyuanyar Village Office, Boyolali, both of which have different bandwidths, namely from PT. Telkom has 100Mbps bandwidth and Kominfo has 50Mbps bandwidth. So here there will be dense network traffic if the internet network is not optimized.. In this case, it can be optimized using load balancing techniques on both ISPs by using the Peer Connection Classifier technique to group traffic and divide the load on both internet connection lines so as not to overload. So it can be concluded that by adding a proxy router device, configuring load balancing, and applying a hierarchical network-based network topology, it will optimize two internet network services at Banyuanyar Village Hall, Boyolali.

Machine learning-assisted inverse design of wide-bandgap acoustic topological devices

The topological simulation of acoustic waves has induced unconventional propagation characteristics, thereby offering extensive application potential in the field of acoustics. In this paper, we propose a machine learning-assisted method for the inverse design of acoustic wave topological edge states and demonstrate its practical applicability. Leveraging the predictions from a trained artificial neural network algorithm, the design of wide-bandwidth topological insulators is achieved, with simulation results indicating an approximately 2.8-fold enlargement of the single-cell topological bandgap. Further investigation into their wide-bandwidth topological transport properties is conducted. Additionally, two distinct functional acoustic routing devices are devised. Superior performance of the wide-bandwidth acoustic topological devices has been verified through simulation experiments. This approach provides an efficient and viable avenue for the design and optimization of acoustic devices, with the potential to enhance the management and control efficiency of acoustic signal propagation.

GUI: A Geolocation Method for Unreachable IP

Abstract IP geolocation technology based on network measurement can provide IP geographic location capability without user assistance. In the case that the IP target device or intermediate route device does not respond to the detection message, the existing geolocation methods have reduced the accuracy of city-level geolocation, not to mention that the target cannot be located within the city. To solve this problem, a geolocation method for unreachable IP (called GUI) is proposed. GUI first extracts the target city metropolitan area network (MAN) topology, obtains the path to the IP target and compares it with the MAN topology to achieve the city-level geolocation of the target, and then looks for landmarks in the database that belong to the same /24 subnet and the same city-level location with the target. If the above landmarks exist, GUI uses the coordinate set corresponding to the landmarks to solve the minimum covering circle, so as to judge the location of the target. If the above landmarks do not exist, GUI searches for the intersection nodes from the target detection path and MAN topology, enumerates the connected landmarks, calculates the minimum covering circle according to the coordinates and uses it for the target’s urban internal geolocation. The experimental results of 15 cities in China and the USA show that GUI can effectively geolocate IP targets. The city-level geolocation success rate of reachable IP can reach 99.41%, that of unreachable IP can reach 89.37% and the minimum median error of urban internal unreachable IP geolocation can reach 4.99km. All indicators are significantly better than the existing typical geolocation methods, such as PoP-Based Geolocation, Street-Level Geolocation, Ranking Nodes Based Geolocation, and the existing typical IP geographic location databases such as IPIP and MaxMind.

Impact of Docker Container Virtualization On Wireless Mesh Network by Using Software-Defined Network

In today’s advanced digital world era, it is extremely difficult for small enterprises or organizations to merge traditional or legacy computer network devices/equipment and wireless mesh networking devices with the latest digital computer network technology with respect to the expense of buying and maintaining expensive branded networking devices. However, today, by applying the neatly Software-defined networking, the OpenFlow protocol along with virtualization such as docker containers, which is a pack of their specific libraries, configured files, and software, provides advantages over proprietary or branded computer networking devices with respect to purchasing expenditure, operational expenditure, and improved performance in computer networking. Redistribution of routing protocol is very essential when using various autonomous systems in wireless mesh networks. Docker containers of frr and quagga give an edge over traditional or branded physical router devices, some docker containers are used as wired and wireless hosts/clients in the wireless mesh network. The novel idea used in this paper is on how to use the different software-defined controllers (Ryu and Pox controller) in a docker containerized wireless mesh network to analyse with respect to packet transfer, jitter in transmission, minimum delay in transmission, maximum delay in transmission, the average delay in transmission, delay standard deviation bit-rate, send packets, average packets drop, dropped packets along-with average loss-burst size in Mininet Wi-Fi testbed at the different scenario and the result shows that by using the docker container virtualization along with software-defined network two different controllers improves the performance and optimize the wireless mesh network. In addition, it shows that by using containerization and virtualization, capital expenditure and operational expenditure can be reduced in designing and developing wireless mesh network topologies.

TwSense: Highly Robust Through-the-Wall Human Detection Method Based on COTS Wi-Fi Device

With the popularization of Wi-Fi router devices, the application of device-free sensing has garnered significant attention due to its potential to make our lives more convenient. Wi-Fi signal-based through-the-wall human detection offers practical applications, such as emergency rescue and elderly monitoring. However, the accuracy of through-the-wall human detection is hindered by signal attenuation caused by wall materials and multiple propagation paths of interference. Therefore, through-the-wall human detection presents a substantial challenge. In this paper, we proposed a highly robust through-the-wall human detection method based on a commercial Wi-Fi device (TwSense). To mitigate interference from wall materials and other environmental factors, we employed the robust principal component analysis (OR-PCA) method to extract the target signal of Channel State Information (CSI). Subsequently, we segmented the action-induced Doppler shift feature image using the K-means clustering method. The features of the images were extracted using the Histogram of Oriented Gradients (HOG) algorithm. Finally, these features were fed into an SVM classifier (G-SVM) optimized by a grid search algorithm for action classification and recognition, thereby enhancing human detection accuracy. We evaluated the robustness of the entire system. The experimental results demonstrated that TwSense achieved the highest accuracy of 96%.

An efficient hybrid fuzzy image encryption models for the secured cloud accessing in portable robotics devices

Secure sharing of image data through different communication channels is a challenging research issue in digital networks. In such cases, cryptography algorithms are widely used to encrypt and decrypt the information reliably at both ends of source and target destinations. Various state-of-the-art image encryption algorithms are surveyed and investigated to assess the best image encryption. In this paper, image encryption is described with various fuzzy operation modes. It ensures secure image transmission over to the digital channels. Most reliable image encryption is the aim of the work, and it is achieved through developing a hybrid fuzzy-based framework that composites the techniques of image encryption methods and fuzzy operation modes. Proposed hybrid fuzzy-based models are highly recommended to maintain secure information on portable robotics devices, communication channels, and routing devices. These hybrid encrypted models provide the users' privacy to access the image data with reliable security mechanisms.

Hyperbolic metamaterials coupled with single nanoantenna for efficient energy coupling and functionalized photon emission

Hyperbolic metamaterials (HMMs) with highly anisotropic dispersion have shown their unique advantages in constructing platforms for enhancing and manipulating light–matter interactions. However, it is challenging to substantially utilize the enhancing effect of HMMs because of the large momentum mismatch between photons in HMMs and in free space. In addition, the functionalization of HMMs has not yet been sufficiently explored, leaving great unachieved developments of relative nanophotonic systems. Here, we realize effective energy coupling by simply applying a single plasmonic nanoantenna onto the surface of HMMs. In terms of the external light source, the incident light can be coupled into the HMMs and focused at nanoscale regions by the nanoantenna, indicating the potential for precise spatial control of light–matter interactions. As for photon emitters inside the HMMs, the out-coupled light energy is conspicuously enhanced, and, with rational position arrangement, emitters with different wavelengths can be enhanced and out-coupled by the same structure. Furthermore, by engineering the morphology of the nanoantenna, a multiwavelength photon routing device is designed, where the photons with different wavelengths can be split by both propagating directions and polarization. This scheme of single nanoantenna hybridized HMMs will not only benefit further applications of HMMs but also provide new inspiration for the design of plasmonic-based light manipulation devices.

Optimalisasi Koneksi Local Area Network (LAN) Menggunakan Metode Fasttrack Pada Routerboard Mikrotik

Internet network connection is very important to support the performance of an organization. Latency on the network can make the throughput on the network smaller, this can disrupt business processes that require the internet in an organization. To improve internet performance, we need a method that can reduce latency and increase throughput, one of which is fasttrack. Fasttrack is an option available on router devices from Mikrotik which can be used to speed up internet connections on a local network by doing several bypasses on running connections. In this case, the researcher tested the effectiveness of using a fasttrack connection on a RB951Ui-2ND type mikrotik routerboard as the main device in optimizing internet network connections, by making several settings to speed up internet connections. A model is needed for network system development to direct network development, here researchers use a model, namely PPDIOO whose contents are: Preparation, Planning, Design, Implementation, Operations, and Optimization. Supporting tools are also needed to help develop the system, namely the Unified Modeling Language (UML). The test results show that using Mikrotik fasttrack can reduce latency so that internet connection performance increases by up to 59% compared to using standard configurations. In addition, using a fasttrack connection can also reduce CPU resource usage on the used mikrotik routerboard.

Topologically-optimized on-chip metamaterials for ultra-short-range light focusing and mode-size conversion.

The concept of metamaterials offers a flexible pathway to manipulate the macroscopic behavior of light by delicately designed microscopic subwavelength structures, which has been recently introduced to integrated photonics to create devices with ultra-compact footprint, excellent performance or versatile functionalities. However, the conventional design approach of metamaterials, including two separated steps of subwavelength structure design and the assembly of unit cells, often encounters challenges when facing extreme design targets. In this work, we propose a hierarchical inverse design approach by cascading a conventional unit-cell-based design with a holistic topology optimization. As a proof-of-concept, we demonstrate ultra-short-range light focusing and mode-size conversion enabled by on-chip meta-lenses. The shortening of tapering region pushes higher numerical aperture of on-chip lenses, leading to the violation of locally periodic approximation used in meta-lens design and thus poor device performance, which fortunately, can be well compensated by the follow-up holistic optimization step. We experimentally realize mode-size squeezing by almost 20 times in a tapering region as short as 8μm and 5μm with low insertion loss and broadband performance. The proposed design scheme provides practical guidelines to design metamaterials as flexible on-chip wavefront control and light routing devices for various applications in fiber communication, sensing and optical computing.

On-Chip Topological Multichannel Filtering and Routing Device Based on Synthetic Dimension

On-chip topological nanophotonic filtering and routing devices are important components of integrated nanophotonic chip. The device filters topological photonic states with multiple frequencies and routes them into different output ports, respectively. However, there is no effective method to implement such devices to date. Here, an on-chip topological five-channel filtering and routing device is realized for the first time. Topological edge states are constructed based on synthetic dimension, which can use dielectric materials to construct topological photonic states without external magnetic field. This method has advantages including simple structure, easy integration, and high signal-to-noise ratio. The implementation of on-chip topological multichannel filtering and routing device is of great significance to the development of topological nanophotonic devices.

Hierarchical Queue Management Priority and Balancing Based Method under the Interaction Prediction Principle

This work is devoted to improving a two-level hierarchical queue management method based on priority and balancing under the interaction prediction principle. The lower level of calculations was connected with the problem optimization solution and was responsible for two tasks. Firstly, the packet flow aggregation and distribution among the macro-queues and sub-queues organized on the router interface must solve the congestion management problem. Secondly, the resource allocation problem solution was related to the balanced allocation of interface bandwidth among the sub-queues, which were weighted relative to their priorities under the traffic-engineering queues. The method’s lower-level functions were recommended to be placed on a set of processors of a routing device responsible for servicing the packets of individual macro-queues. At the same time, the processor coordinator could perform the functions of the upper-level calculations, providing interface bandwidth allocation among the macro-queues. The numerical research results of the proposed two-level hierarchical queue management method confirmed its effectiveness in ensuring high scalability. Balanced, priority-based packet flow distribution and interface bandwidth allocation among the macro-queues and sub-queues were implemented. In addition, the time was reduced for solving tasks related to queue management. The method demonstrated high convergence of the coordination procedure and the quality of the centralized calculations. The proposed approach can be used in various embedded systems.

Jamming-aware optimization for UAV trajectory design and internet of things devices clustering

AbstractRadio jamming represents a serious threat in wireless networks that can cause denial of service (DoS) attacks for the network users. The jammer transmits jamming signals to disrupt the normal operation of the wireless networks. With proliferation of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-based wireless networks and Internet of Things technologies, jamming attacks have become a major challenge to the practical adoption of these technologies. In this paper, we investigate the problem of optimizing the performance of the UAV data collection from ground IoT devices in presence of a malicious jammer. The IoT devices are clustered, and the UAV collects the data from the cluster heads (CHs) such that the harmful effect of the jammer is mitigated. The objective is to minimize the flight time of the UAV while collecting the data from the ground IoT devices in presence of the jamming attack. We modeled our problem mathematically as an integer linear program (ILP). Due to the difficulty of solving the optimization problem when the scale of the problem is large, we proposed Jamming-Aware UAV Routing and IoT Devices Clustering Algorithm (JA-RC). This algorithm is Genetic-based and can solve the original optimization problem in a more efficient way. Then, we investigate the performance of the proposed algorithm under different settings and scenarios.