Round Stainless Steel Wire Research Articles

Modified Eyelet Wiring: A Technical Note.

The objective of establishing intra-operative occlusion by temporary inter-maxillary fixation remains constant even with evolving principles for the treatment of facial fractures. In the novel technique, a pre-stretched 24- gauge round stainless-steel wire of six inches length is used. The novel technique is a modification of the conventional eyelet wiring, which can achieve both horizontal stabilization and maxillo-mandibular fixation. We have devised a technique that overcomes the relative bulky and rigid arch bars which may not be welltolerated by the patients and the damage to the radicular structures during the placement of IMF screws.

Evaluation of orthodontic loads and wire–bracket contact configurations in a three-bracket setup: Comparison of in-vitro experiments with numerical simulations

So far, no practicable procedure exists to quantify the orthodontic loads applied to teeth in vivo. Dentists therefore rely on experience and simplified mechanical in-vitro experiments comprising deflection of orthodontic wires. Predicting the mechanical behaviour of orthodontic wires during clinical therapy requires understanding of the different contact states at multi-bracket–wire interfaces. This study experimentally investigates the effect of different bracket–wire contact configurations in a three-bracket setup and uses two numerical approaches to analyse and complement the experimental data. Commonly used round stainless-steel wires (diameter: 0.012″ and 0.016″) and titanium–molybdenum alloy wires (diameter: 0.016″ and 0.018″) were tested. All six force–moment components were measured separately for each of the three brackets. The results indicate that a specific sequence of distinct bracket–wire contact configurations occurs. Several transitions between configurations caused substantial changes of effective wire stiffness (EWS), which were consistent among experimental and numerical methods. The lowest EWS was observed for the configuration in which the wire touched only one wing of the lateral brackets. Taking this stiffness as 100%, the transition to a configuration in which the wire touched two opposing wings of the lateral brackets resulted in an increase of EWS of 300% ± 10%. This increase was independent of the wire type. Additional contacts resulted in further increases of stiffness beyond 400%. The results of this combined experimental and numerical study are important for providing a fundamental understanding of multi-bracket–wire contact configurations and have important implications for clinical therapy.

Effect of Loop Geometry on Horizontal Forces of Vertical Loops: A Finite Element Analysis

Background: Alignment of the teeth as the first stage of comprehensive orthodontic treatment has widely been addressed. Several methods such as using super elastic arch wires, multi-strand wires and incorporation of various loops into the round stainless steel wires have been suggested in this stage. Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate and compare the horizontal forces produced by six various loop designs in different amounts of activation using the finite element method. Materials and Methods:The Finite Element Model (FEM) was used to design and compare the horizontal forces of round 0.014 inches stainless steel vertical open loop, vertical closed loop, vertical helical open loop, vertical helical closed loop, plain vertical loop and the squash loop. The forces were measured at 0.1, 0.4, 0.8 and 1mm activations. Results: For all activations, vertical open loop had the highest horizontal force; while vertical helical closed loop showed the lowest force. Conclusions: The design of vertical loops influences the horizontal force in all activations, immensely.

Study on the frictional properties between bracket and wire by sandblast processing

PurposeVarious techniques are employed during orthodontic treatment involving anchorage units and multi-bracket apparatus. We investigated the efficacy of such techniques by examining the frictional force they created between the wire and bracket using a pulling test. Materials and methodsIn order to examine how the frictional force between the wire and bracket varied between operators and ligature types, 0.010in. stainless steel orthodontic ligature wires (ligature wires) and orthodontic elastic modules (ligature modules) were used five times each by 11 orthodontists, and the resultant frictional force created between the wire and bracket was measured with a pulling test.To compare the effects of sandblast processing on the frictional force between the bracket and wire, each of the following four types of orthodontic wires was used five times: 0.016in. round stainless steel wire, 0.016in. round nickel titanium wire, 0.017×0.025in. rectangular stainless steel wire, and 0.017×0.025in. rectangular nickel titanium wire. ResultsThe ligature modules exhibited significantly lower frictional force than the ligature wires. The frictional force in ligature modules also was more stable than in the ligature wire among the assessments of inter-operator and intra-operator. All of the wire types demonstrated significantly greater frictional force after being sandblasted. ConclusionThese results indicate that the applying of wire with sandblast processing and ligature modules can reinforce the anchorage units used for tooth movement by increasing the stable frictional force between the bracket and wire.

Optimization Spring Coil Design for Orthodontic Tooth Movement

Orthodontic tooth movement is achieved by the remodeling of alveolar bone in response to mechanical loading by using spring coil. Spring coil design was made of round stainless steel wire and usually it was custom-made design. In the previous study, the orthodontic force on 30 gram is required to move maxillary incisor during experimental tooth movement in rat. In this study, optimization new design of spring coil is developed to fulfill the requirement of orthodontic force. The design variable of new spring coil design is set on variation of angle aperture (5o α 10o), hook length (10 mm l 20 mm) and hook diameter (0.012 inch D 0.014 inch). From the result, it can be produced the optimum designs which 8.9o of angle aperture; 12 mm of hook length and 0.014 inch of hook diameter for fulfilling the requirement of orthodontic force on 30 gram force.

Properties of Three Commercial Orthodontic Round Stainless Steel Wire

Objective: This study aimed to determine and compare the diameter, mechanical properties (tensile strength: flexural strength, flexural modulus of elasticity, 0.2% yield strength and springback: three point bending test: bending stiffness and 0.1mm. offset bending force) and chemical properties (composition and corrosion resistance) of three commercial orthodontic round stainless steel wires. Materials and Method: The samples of this study are three commercial brands of orthodontic round stainless steel wires, Highland (USA), Dentaurum (Germany) and W&H (China), 0.016 inch and 0.018 inch in size. The diameter was measured by micrometer and the mechanical properties were analyzed with tensile strength and three point bending test by Universal Testing Machine according to ISO 15841:2006. The composition was evaluated by Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectrometer (EDS) and the corrosion resistance was analyzed by a potentiodynamic polarization technique according to ISO 10271:2001. The data were analyzed with the Kolmoforov-Smith test, One-way ANOVA and Tukeys test. Results: There were significant differences (p<0.05) in diameter of the three commercial brands of orthodontic round stainless steel wires in both size except 0.016 in diameter between Dentaurum and Highland stainless steel wire. In terms of tensile strength, there were significant differences (p<0.05) in the flexural strength, flexural modulus of elasticity and springback in each variable, except W&H stainless steel wire with flexural strength in 0.016 and 0.018 wire size and springback in 0.018 wire size. However, in 0.2% yield strength, there was no significant difference in each brand and size except Dentaurum and Highland stainless steel in 0.018 wire size. For the three point bending test, there were significant differences (p<0.05) in bending stiffness and 0.1mm. offset bending force of each brand and size except 0.1mm. offset bending force between Dentaurum and Highland stainless steel in 0.016 wire size. In terms of chemical properties, there were the same elements but difference was found in percentage of each element, and W&H stainless steel had the least corrosion resistance. Conclusion: There were significant differences among three commercial orthodontic stainless steel wires in diameters, mechanical properties and chemical properties which will produce different force on each wire during tooth movement. All three brands, however, are acceptable for orthodontic use. The orthodontist should be aware of these differences in using stainless steel for orthodontic treatment.

Bending Properties of General Purpose Stainless Steel Wire Formed for Orthodontic Use

The archwire is generally used in fixed appliances for orthodontic treatment to correct dental malocclusion. However, it is interesting to know whether general purpose stainless steel wire could replace commercial orthodontic archwire in orthodontic practice for economic reasons. The purpose of this study was to determine the bending properties of general purpose stainless steel wire compared with commercial orthodontic stainless steel wires after forming as an archwire for orthodontic use. The samples used in this study were 90 general purpose and 45 commercial (Highland) round stainless steel wires in 0.016, 0.018, and 0.020 sizes (30 general purpose and 15 commercial wires for each size). All 15 general purpose stainless steel wires with different sizes were formed into orthodontic archwire with a Universal Testing Machine. All samples were tested (three-point bending test) for mechanical properties. The results showed no significant difference between general purpose and commercial orthodontic wires in size 0.016 for 0.1 mm offset bending force, 0.2% yield strength, and springback. Although many mechanical properties of general purpose wires differed from commercial wires, their values conformed to other previous studies within the range of clinical acceptance. In conclusion, orthodontic formed general purpose round stainless steel wires had statistically different (p <0.05) mechanical properties from commercial orthodontic stainless steel wires (Highland) but the mechanical properties were acceptable to use in orthodontic treatment.

Analysis in vitro of direct bonding system with cyanoacrylate ester and orthodontic wires

The aim of this study was to evaluate the tensile strength of orthodontic wires bonded onto the enamel with cyanoacrylate ester. To obtain the specimens, 120 human premolars (extracted for orthodontic or periodontal reasons) were included in acrylic blocks of rapid polymerization with three teeth each. Four groups were formed with ten specimens each. In the specimens, a dental splint model was made with cyanoacrylate ester and round stainless steel wire. In groups I, II and III, cyanoacrylate ester was used with round steel wires, with variation in diameter: 0.014 inches; 0.016 inches and 0.018 inches, respectively. In group IV, round steel wire 0.018 inches was used with photo polymerizing resin composite with previous acid etching. The adhesive force of the materials was measured in two points under the action of the tensiometer (ETM-USA). The number of loose wires was counted along with those that remained fixed according to the different levels of force applied because of the direction of the tensile force (vertical or horizontal) and the diameter of the wire used. The data obtained were first submitted to a descriptive analysis and then submitted to a statistical analysis (Friedman's Test and Dunn's Test of Multiple Comparison - Epi-info 3.2). Within the limitations of the experimental conditions presented, the cyanoacrylate ester or 'Super Bonder' maintained bonded to enamel and steel wires (0.016 and 0.018 inches) during the tensile strength tests under different levels of applied forces.

Different Lingual Retainer Composites and the Microleakage between Enamel-Composite and Wire-Composite Interfaces

To assess microleakage of enamel-composite and wire-composite interfaces when retainer wires were bonded with two orthodontic and a flowable composites. Forty-five freshly extracted human mandibular canine teeth were used in this study. Teeth were separated into three groups of 15 teeth each. Round stainless-steel wire of 0.36-in. diameter in three groups was bonded to enamel by Transbond XT (3M Unitek), Transbond LR (3M Unitek), and Venus Flow (Heraeus Kulzer) composites. Specimens were further sealed with nail varnish, stained with 0.5% basic fuchsine for 24 hours, sectioned and examined under a stereomicroscope, and scored for microleakage for the enamel-composite and wire-composite interfaces from mesial and distal margins. Statistical analysis was performed by Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U-tests. Little or no microleakage was determined at the mesial and distal sides for three composites in two different interfaces, and these findings were not statistically significant (P > .05). No statistically significant differences were observed among all composite groups for the microleakage with either of the interfaces. Venus Flow in the enamel-composite interface and Transbond LR in the wire-composite interface exhibited no microleakage. The presence of wire in the mesial portion of the lingual retainer did not increase the microleakage at the enamel-composite and wire-composite interfaces in all groups. The microleakage results in this study support the use of all these composites in routine orthodontic practice.

Comparison of three brands of round stainless steel wires used in the Begg and Tip-Edge techniques

Abstract Objective: To compare the properties of three brands of stainless steel orthodontic wires: “Bow-Flex Wire”, “TP Original Wire Premier Plus” and “Australian Wire Special Plus”. Method: The surface appearance, stiffness, elastic modulus and relaxation of coiled and straight round wires in four diameters (0.016 inch, 0.018 inch, 0.020 inch and 0.022 inch) were compared. Results: “Australian Wire Special Plus” wire had a rougher surface than “Bow-Flex” and “TP Original Wire Premier Plus” wires. For all diameters “Australian Wire Special Plus” coiled wire was stiffer, had a higher elastic modulus, and lower relaxation than the corresponding “Bow-Flex” and “TP Original Wire Premier Plus” wires. All coiled samples were stiffer and had a higher elastic modulus than corresponding straight wires from the same manufacturer. Conclusion: “Australian Wire Special Plus” 0.016 inch coiled wire is recommended for the initial treatment phase in the Begg and the Tip-Edge techniques. Either coiled or straight 0.018 inch, 0.020 inch or 0.022 inch wires from both manufacturers are suitable for phases II and III in both techniques.

The friction and wear patterns of orthodontic brackets and archwires in the dry state

Frictional resistance at the bracket-archwire interface has been demonstrated to impede tooth movement when sliding mechanics are used. Thus, the coefficients of friction of titanium and stainless steel brackets used in conjunction with stainless and ion-implanted beta-titanium archwires were investigated using a single contact interface between the brackets and archwires. The wear patterns between the brackets and the.016- in flat archwire surfaces were also examined using scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive x-ray analysis. Stainless steel brackets tested with.016-in flat stainless steel wire surfaces recorded the lowest coefficient of static friction mean (0.289), whereas titanium brackets paired with.016-in flat ion-implanted beta-titanium wire surfaces produced the highest mean (0.767). Stainless steel brackets had significantly (P <.05) lower coefficients of friction than titanium brackets for all wires except.020-in round stainless steel wires. Ion-implanted beta-titanium wires generally had significantly larger coefficients of friction than stainless steel wires. The increased friction of the titanium and ion-implanted beta-titanium alloys is also reflected in the severity of their wear patterns. An inverse relationship between friction and archwire surface dimension was generally found for ion-implanted beta-titanium wires. Round stainless steel wires demonstrated lower coefficients of kinetic friction than the flat stainless steel wire surfaces. (Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2000;118:662-74)

Accurate occlusal relations in partial denture construction

1. Occlusal pressure should be transmitted to teeth adjacent to the saddle areas with the aid of occlusal rests in order to eliminate, as far as possible, the variable factor when making occlusal records for partial dentures—soft tissue displacement. 2. When a registration on occlusion rims supported by the teeth is insufficient, and a record must be made on saddles supported by mucosa, the consistency of the medium in which this registration is made should approximate that of the material used in making the impression. 3. Occlusion rims for all types of occlusal relation records should be made of shellac baseplate with modeling compound rims. They should be made as accurately as possible, especially where they make contact with the teeth and stress bearing areas. The occlusion rims must not change their position relative either to the teeth or the casts when they are transferred from the mouth to the casts and vice versa. Wire occlusal rests made of a light gauge half round stainless steel wire should be accurately fitted to the abutment teeth whenever possible. These rests, together with any part of the occlusion rim in contact with the lingual surfaces of the teeth, act as guides for the occlusion rims when they are in the mouth and on the cast. In difficult cases, the occlusion rims should be fitted with the aid of a zinc oxide-eugenol impression paste.