Round Form Research Articles

P498 Pneumocystis Jirovecii pneumonia: Clinical profile and diagnostic modalities

Poster session 3, September 23, 2022, 12:30 PM - 1:30 PM ObjectivesIn developing countries like India, the diagnosis of Pneumocystis jirovecii infection is often made either by conventional staining or clinically. This study was planned to know the utility of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in diagnosing Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PJP), to compare the PCR results with that of the staining technique, and also to correlate the results with the radiological condition of patients from a tertiary care center in India.MethodA retrospective study included 3500 adult in-patients with symptoms of lower respiratory tract infection. Sputum and bronchoalveolar lavage samples were proceeded for both staining and PCR for multicopy mtLSU gene and singlecopy DHPS fas gene of P. jirovecii.ResultsThe present study was carried out in the Department of Microbiology, Max, Hospital, Saket, New Delhi, India. Between the years 2019 and 2022, the patients with clinically suspected pneumocystis pneumonia who attended outpatient or admitted to the Departments of Medicine, Gastroenterology, and Neurology, etc. of our hospital were retrospectively analyzed. The details of these patients were analyzed as per a well-structured proforma that included the detailed clinical history and laboratory data from the hospital records. A total of 3500 patients were included in the present study. Of these 3500 patients, 1.42% (50/3500) patients of pneumocystis pneumonia were confirmed, based on positivity by at least any two of the above-mentioned techniques. The age of the patients ranged from 29 to 80 years (mean 32 years). Among these 50 patients, 34 (68%) were males and 16 (32%) were females and the male-to-female ratio was 2:1. A total of 10 patients had human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, while the other 25 were HIV negative. The immune status of five patients was unknown. Fever and dyspnea (n = 44, 88%), non-productive cough and abnormal auscultation sound (n = 30, 60%), and also chills and weight loss (n = 10, 20%) were the documented clinical symptoms of PJP. Radiological diagnosis of Pneumocystis pneumonia was noticed in 34 cases. Foamy alveolar casts were present in 19 cases. Silver methenamine stain enhanced the rounded, helmet, or cleft forms of sporozoites. Inflammatory infiltrate was mainly polymorphonuclear. All the cases were confirmed as P. jiroveci by PCR amplification.ConclusionClinicians often face the diagnostic dilemmas presented in the study. Individual modalities of the diagnosis are available, but all have drawbacks with varied sensitivity and specificity. Combining the available clinical, radiological, and microbiological modalities to reach early diagnosis can go a long way to avoid misdiagnosis and unnecessary delays in treatment.

Magnolia kobus DC.’ nin yeşil çelikle üretiminde farklı hormon uygulamalarının etkileri

Anavatanı Japonya olan Magnolia kobus DC., Magnoliaceae familyasından, kışın yaprağını döken küçük ağaç formunda bir bitkidir. Formu, aromatik yaprakları, bol miktarda açan pembemsi beyaz çiçekleri ve meyve güzelliği ile Peyzaj Mimarlığı bitkilendirme tasarımlarında tercih edilen bitkilerden biridir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, estetik özelikleri ile etkili olan bu bitkinin çelikle çoğaltılarak kentsel peyzajda kullanımının teşvik edilmesidir. Çalışmada, farklı hormon uygulamalarının Magnolia kobus’un yeşil çeliklerinin köklenme başarısı üzerine etkisi araştırılmıştır. Çeliklere, IBA (Indol-3-bütrik asit), IAA (Indol-3-asetik asit) ve NAA (Naftalin asetik asit) hormonların 0 (kontrol), 3000 ppm, 5000 ppm ve 8000 ppm dozları uygulanmıştır. Çelikler sera koşulları altında (20±2 ºC hava sıcaklığı, 25±2 ºC köklendirme masası alt sıcaklığı, %70±2 nem) perlit ortamına dikilmişlerdir. Yaklaşık 4 ay sonra çelikler sökülerek köklenme oranı (%) ve kök uzunlukları (cm) belirlenmiştir. Çalışmanın sonucunda en yüksek köklenme yüzdesi (%60) IBA hormonunun 8000 ppm dozuyla işlem görmüş çeliklerinde elde edilmiştir. Çeliklerdeki en yüksek kök uzunluğu değerleri IAA 3000 ppm ve 5000 ppm dozla işlem görmüş çeliklerde tespit edilmiştir. Yapılan varyans analizi sonucuna göre hormon uygulamalarının köklenme üzerine anlamlı bir etkisi olduğu tespit edilmiştir (P: 0,000 ˂ 0,05).

Preparation, Characterization of Bacterial Cellulose and Chlordiazepoxide Tablets for Oral Drug Delivery

Bacterial cellulose (BC) is a highly purified form of cellulose that offers several benefits, including an ultrafine fiber network, a high water retention capacity, and simple fabrication into desired forms. There has been a recent uptick in BC’s focus on drug delivery for biomedical applications. Studies on prodrug design, controlled-release methods, and pill coating have all been conducted for BC. This research was done to determine if BC might be employed as a medication carrier in chemical and biological formulations. BC microparticles laden with the medication were produced via grinding. Clordiazepoxide hydrochloride (CDP) was used to test the microparticles’ drug loading and release capabilities. Particle morphologies, drug loading efficiency, loaded drug physical state, and drug release behavior were all assessed for the manufactured microparticles. Amorphous microparticles were formed from BC microparticles. An scanning electron microscope (SEM) study found that the microparticles had a nearly round form with an average diameter of 400–500 μm. Drug loading was greater in the renewed BC microparticles (37.57 ± 0.22%) when the concentration of drugs was held constant at 10%. More than 85% of the medication was delivered for all formulations in the first 30 minutes.

Structural Descriptors of Benzenoid Hydrocarbons: A Mismatch between the Estimates and Parity Effects in Helicenes

Benzenoid hydrocarbons have regular structures, attracting the opportunity to test the structural descriptors of their series. In the present study, we compared information entropy, Wiener indices, topological efficiencies, topological roundness, and symmetries of oligoacenes, phenacenes, and helicenes. We found and discussed the mismatches between the descriptors and the symmetry of benzenoids. Among the studied series, helicenes demonstrate the parity effect when the information entropy and topological roundness form saw-like functions depending on the number of the member, odd or even. According to our quantum chemical calculations, this parity effect has no consequences for such molecular properties as molecular polarizability and frontier molecular orbital energies. Further, we demonstrated that the changes in the structural descriptors upon the chemical reactions of benzenoids could be used for the numerical description of chemical processes. Interestingly, the view of the information entropy reaction profile is similar to the energy profiles of chemical reactions. Herewith, the intermediate chemical compounds have higher information entropy values compared with the initial and final compounds, which reminisce the activation barrier.

Sociological background and emotional experiences in selected Yoruba traditional musical forms

This study explores the distinguished characters and emotional experiences of selected traditional Yoruba musical forms and focuses on the sociological background and events which have contributed to the emotional experience of traditional Yoruba musical forms. Therefore, the paper clarified the relativity of evoking associations which determines the musical forms in the traditional music-making of the Yoruba people. Music is omnipresent and it is appreciated and respected within the traditional Yoruba society. The goal of this micro-sociological and ethnographical research in Yoruba music was to produce as detailed distinguished character description and emotional experience of the potential social impacts in the Yoruba music structures. The application of context analysis to investigate Yoruba traditional music is intended for a complete and an in-depth understanding of the music. The theoretical framework for this study is the Aristotle’s theory of art as an imitation of life. The study brought to fore the various circumstances, religious, ritual beliefs, environmental factors and cultures of Yoruba people as determinants of musical forms. In consequence, the following are the Yoruba musical forms; responsorial and recitative forms, General chorus form, incantation call and response form, round form, proverbial free form, free song form, nonsense syllable form and historical song form.

Modifaction and Development of Oyster Mushroom-Based Cookies

Mushroom cultivation is increasing day by day in Chhattisgarh as well as India and is an important dietary food for rural people. The protein nature of the cereal-based diet can be improved by fortification. Edible mushrooms are rich in protein, carbohydrates, minerals, and other nutritional compounds. Value additions of mushrooms in the form of powdered biscuits, cake etc, are sources that have incredible potential to fulfil nutrition demand. The present aim of the investigation was to develop oyster mushroom cookies mushrooms from locally accessible crude materials. Raw mushrooms were cleaned in normal water, whitened with steam for 10 minutes, sliced for uniform size, and kept dry in a solar dryer at 35℃ for 8 hours. Prepared a composition of flour, Rava, sugar, mushroom powder, milk powder, ghee, baking powder, baking soda, and salt for making biscuits. Mix all the ingredients and make the dough, roll it with the help of a rolling pin and keep it in the microwave at 170℃ for 40 minutes. After this, It was cooled and kept at room temperature and kept it in an air-tight container. The Biscuits were ready and sliced in uniform size in the form of round and square shapes for packaging. After analysis, it was found that mushroom-fortified cookies have high protein content, low-fat content, high fibre, minerals and vitamin content which will be useful to overcome malnutrition problems.

Utilization Potential of 10 Forest Woody Vines Grown in the Quezon Protected Landscape (QPL), Quezon, Philippines: Physical and Mechanical Properties

The physical and mechanical properties of 10 woody vines grown in Quezon, Philippines were determined to assess their suitability for different end-uses such as handles, frames, and weaving materials for various kinds of handicrafts and furniture. The tests were done to compare the properties of the 10 vines species that showed significant differences in physical and mechanical properties. For the physical properties, alagau-baging (Premna subscandens), hinggiw-puti (Melodinus cumingii), and diplay (Rhaphidophora acuminata) gave the lowest green moisture content (35.87, 39.28, and 79.99%, respectively) and smallest diameter (9.16, 7.93, and 9.64%, respectively) and longitudinal shrinkage (0.66, 1.87, and 1.22%, respectively). However, they also showed the highest relative density (0.47, 0.55, and 0.51, respectively). For mechanical properties, the tensile strength (TS) of diplay was significantly higher than other species in split (39.44 MPa) and round (41.78 MPa) forms under green conditions. On the other hand, kamagsang-pula (Agelaea trinervis) (56.34 MPa and 41.48 MPa) and alagau-baging (Premna subscandens) (32.84 MPa and 48.64 MPa) gave the highest TS in split and round forms at 18% MC each. For folding endurance (FE), singkamas-singkamasan (Mucuna reticulata) and hinggiw-tigas (Ficus trichocarpa) had the most folds in split (86 and 83, respectively) and round forms (92 and 98, respectively). The radius of curvature (RC) of sili-sili (Ampelocissus botryostachys) (71.54 mm) was the highest and no failure was observed in diplay (Rhaphidophora acuminata). Moreover, the maximum force of the prototype baskets (132.84 kgf) and trays (129.23 kgf) showed higher than baskets from the commercial species studied (51.97 and 95.35 kgf, respectively). Based on the results of the study, the 10 woody vines are suitable and could be used as alternative raw materials for handles, toys, frames, and weaving materials for handicrafts and furniture.

The Exponomial Choice Model for Assortment Optimization: An Alternative to the MNL Model?

In this paper, we consider the yet-uncharted assortment optimization problem under the exponomial choice model, in which the objective is to determine the revenue-maximizing set of products that should be offered to customers. Our main algorithmic contribution comes in the form of a fully polynomial-time approximation scheme, showing that the optimal expected revenue can be efficiently approached within any degree of accuracy. We synthesize several ideas related to approximate dynamic programming, intended to construct a compact discretization of the continuous state space by keeping track of “key statistics” in rounded form and by operating with a suitable bit precision complexity. We complement this result by a number of NP-hardness reductions to natural extensions of this problem. Moreover, we conduct empirical and computational evaluations of the exponomial choice model and our solution method. Focusing on choice models with a simple parametric structure, we provide new empirical evidence that the exponomial choice model can achieve higher predictive accuracy than the multinomial logit (MNL) choice model on several real-world data sets. We uncover that this predictive performance correlates with certain characteristics of the choice instance—namely, the entropy and magnitude of choice probabilities. Finally, we leverage fully ranked preference data to simulate the expected revenue of optimal assortments prescribed using the fitted exponomial and MNL models. On semisynthetic data, the exponomial-based approach can lift revenues by 3%–4% on average against the corresponding MNL benchmark. This paper was accepted by Chung Piaw Teo, optimization. Funding: The research of Danny Segev on this project was supported by the Israel Science Foundation [Grants 148/10 and 1407/20]. Supplemental Material: The online appendix is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2022.4492 .

Regional Population Structure of the European Eel at the Southern Limit of Its Distribution Revealed by Otolith Shape Signature

Given the European eel population’s marked decrease since the 1980s, it has become urgent to collect information describing its regional population structure to improve management plans. The Minho River (NW-Portugal, SW-Europe) is an important basin for the eel at the southern limit of its distribution, but the species is poorly described. Thus, we aimed to study the structure of the European eel population in the Minho River using otolith shape analysis, which has proven to be effective in discriminating fish groups experiencing different environmental conditions through ontogeny. Our results showed complete discrimination between the two main types of habitats studied (tributaries and estuaries). Otoliths of eels from the estuary were rectangular and elliptic, whereas in the tributaries they presented a more round and circular form. Eels collected in both habitats were mostly yellow-stage eels with a similar age range, but the eels from the tributaries showed smaller length-at-age and lower body condition than those collected in the estuary. Additionally, the sex ratio was skewed towards males in the tributaries and females in the estuary. This study reveals that there are at least two distinct groups of eels in this basin, likely with different development characteristics.

Abnormal Shapes Identification of Gedong Mango Using Dimensionless Shape Factors in Image Processing

In addition to size, export quality requirements for gedong mango among others are clean surface, free of damaged mechanically or biologically, free from pests and diseases, and normal fruit shape. The abnormal fruit shape in mangoes is known as sitting mango, which is not easy to roll over when pushed because the fruit surface is flat on certain sides. Several dimensionless shape factors can be used to identify the shape of an object through image processing. Some shape factors that are often used to identify shapes of object in image processing include roundness, roundness ratio, sphericity, axial ratio, inequality degree of projected area and spherical disproportion. This study aims to identify the shape of the fruit using several dimensionless shape factors and determine the shape factors that can be used to distinguish normal and abnormal fruit shapes for gedong mangoes. The results showed that abnormal and normal mango gedong fruit shapes could be distinguished by image processing using the roundness, sphericity, and spherical disproportion form factors in certain deviant shapes but not for all samples.

STRATEGI PEMASARAN SEBELUM DAN SETELAH PANDEMI COVID-19 (STUDI KASUS DI PRODUSEN WINGKO BABAT PADANGSARI)

<p><em>Wingko Babat is a kind of cake made from young coconut, glutinous rice flour and sugar. Wingko is very famous on the north coast of the island of Java. This cake is often sold at train stations, bus stations or also in cake shops for family gifts. Wingko is usually round and usually served warm and cut into small pieces. Wingko can be sold in the form of large rounds or also in the form of small cakes wrapped in paper. The combination of sugar and coconut makes this cake delicious. Wingko has an important role for the economic growth of this region. Currently wingko is a popular food in Babat and Semarang with different brands and sizes being sold. Marketing strategy is one way to increase sales volume through a series of continuous ways. The research was conducted by the manufacturer of wingko tripe Padangsari Banyumanik, Semarang. Methods of data collection is done by interview and observation. The results of the research show that the marketing strategy carried out by the Padangsari wingko babat producer is to sell to other sellers through resellers and reduce the selling price to the reseller, and change the wingko babat icon from a train to a night bus which has the characteristics of other wingko icons.. Through the 4P marketing strategy, namely price, product, promotion, and place. Through the 4P marketing strategy, it is hoped that sales from Wingko Babat will increase more than before the Covid-19 pandemic</em>.</p>

Medicinal and pharmacological potential of Guava leaf powder, A Review

Guava (Psidium guajava) encompasses a broad range of nutritional and therapeutic potential. Depending on the species, the fruits are 4-12 cm long and have a round or oval form. It belongs to the Myrtaceous family and is mostly cultivated in tropical and subtropical climates of the subcontinent including Pakistan, India, and Bangladesh. The most therapeutic value could be traced in the pink form of guava. The phytochemicals “quercetin, avicularin, apigenin, guaijaverin, kaempferol, hyperin, myricetin, gallic acid, catechin, epicatechin, chlorogenic acid, epigallocatechin gallate, and caffeic acid” have been investigated in the guava plant leaves for its therapeutic properties. Antidiarrheal, antihypertensive, antilipidemic, anticancer, and other health-promoting benefits are associated with both the fruits and the leaves of guava. The nutritional and phytochemical profiles of guava leaves are presented in detail in the current review. Many bioactivities of guava leaf extracts are also critically investigated. Guava leaves might be employed as a component in nutraceuticals and medications due to their phytochemical profile. To prove the efficacy of the guava leaf extracts, further extensive clinical trials are needed.

Assessing the Quality of Self-Reported Financial Information

Abstract It is well known that self-reported financial information differs from administrative records. This article advances previous studies by using a unique matched representative sample of individual borrowers from the Chilean Household Finance Survey with administrative banking loan records. Our linked dataset allows us to test whether the differences between the two sources are due to the number of nonreported loans or to differences in the reported loan amounts. We show that discrepancies in debt ownership are larger when respondents have a mortgage and are not the highest income member of the family, when respondents have weak financial literacy and do not have confidence in the study, and when respondents live in complex or multigenerational households. However, borrowers report the maturity of their mortgage and installment loans quite accurately. Concerning loan amounts, differences between the two sources decrease with the financial literacy of the respondent. Finally, a simple form of rounding can go a long way towards explaining differences in the middle part of the debt amount and maturity distributions.

Characterizations of Lime Sludge from Indian Paper Industry: A Step towards Sustainable Growth for Indian Cement Industry

The kraft process of wood into wood pulp in the paper and pulp industry in the chemical recovery section generates lime sludge (LS) through the burning of the lime kiln. This by-product lime sludge from the paper industry has the major chemical composition of calcium carbonate in the form of calcite, moisture and minors are silica, magnesium, iron and aluminium. Here, we characterized the collected industrial lime sludge by-product from different parts of the country and evaluated its potential application in engineering construction material. The chemical composition of all samples contains CaO in around (52-55) %, SiO2 (1-4) %, Al2O3 and Fe2O3 make up less than 1% by weight. Minor alkalis of Na2O, K2O and SO3 content are less than 1 wt%. XRD profile and TG/DTA results showed that all lime sludge samples have major calcite (CaCO3) phase. The particle size distribution showed that grains are in the range of 11μm to 23μm which is compatible for cement manufacture and construction. Investigation by optical microscopy of microstructure and morphology revealed that calcite grains are presents as rounded shape agglomerated form. The characterization of all obtained results are encouraging for replacement of limestone in the cement and construction industry by using lime sludge which is technically suitable and economically viable for waste management in favour of circular economy.

Біологічний матеріал, необхідний для приготування мікропрепаратів, у діагностиці інфекційних і паразитарних захворювань людини

Матеріалом для мікроскопічного дослідження були кров, кістковий мозок, ліквор, пунктати лімфатичних вузлів, фекалії, дуоденальний вміст і жовч, сеча, харкотиння, виділення сечостатевих шляхів, біоптати тканин, мазки зі слизової оболонки ротової порожнини, піднебінних мигдалин, носа та ін. Остаточний діагноз гельмінтозів може бути встановлений тільки на підставі позитивних даних лабораторних досліджень. Основним методом лабораторної діагностики цих інвазій є виявлення яєць або личинок гельмінтів. Матеріалом для досліджень служать випорожнення, вміст дванадцятипалої кишки, кров, харкотиння, біопсовані тканини та інші матеріали. Препарати з крові для мікроскопії готують зазвичай на предметному склі, від його якості і чистоти значною мірою залежить ефективність виявлення та ідентифікації кровепаразитів. Препарати від хворих на лейшманіоз досліджують під імерсією, лейшманії в них розташовуються поза клітинами, але нерідко вони виявляються в цитоплазмі мононуклеарів і нейтрофільних лейкоцитів. Число лейшманій в одній клітині може досягати декількох десятків. Вони мають форму дрібних овальних або круглих тілець розміром від 2,5 до 5 мкм. Цитоплазма забарвлюється в сірувато-блакитний, ядро — у червоний або червоно-фіолетовий, кінетопласт — у темно-фіолетовий колір. Наявність ядра і кінетопласт — голов­на ознака, що відрізняє лейшманію від тромбоцитів, коків, дріжджових клітин. При лабораторному дослідженні (забарвлення за Романовським — Гімзою) мікрофілярії фарбуються в темно-блакитний колір і нагадують покручені волокна. Усередині личинок добре проглядається ядерна зернистість. Збудники паразитарних і інфекційних хвороб також можуть перебувати й в інших біологічних субстанціях організму людини (сеча, спинномозкова рідина, кістковий мозок, виділення сечостатевих органів, дуоденальний вміст, жовч, мокротиння).

The Effect of Bedside Rounds on Learning Outcomes in Medical Education: A Systematic Review.

PurposeTo determine if bedside rounds, compared with other forms of hospital ward rounds, improve learning outcomes in medical education.MethodFor this systematic review, the authors searched Ovid MEDLINE, Embase, and Scopus from inception through February 20, 2020. Experimental studies were included if they (1) compared bedside rounds to any other form of rounds in a hospital-based setting, and (2) reported a quantitative comparison of a learning outcome (e.g., learner reaction, knowledge, skills, behavior, health care delivery) among physicians-in-training (medical students, residents, fellows). Extraction elements were summarized using descriptive statistics and a narrative synthesis of design, implementation, and outcomes.ResultsTwenty studies met inclusion criteria, including 7 randomized trials. All studies involved resident physicians, and 11 also involved medical students. The design and implementation of bedside rounds varied widely, with most studies (n = 13) involving cointerventions (e.g., staff education, real-time order entry).Of the 15 studies that reported learner satisfaction, 7 favored bedside rounds, 4 favored the control, and 4 were equivocal. Of the 4 studies reporting an outcome of learners’ knowledge and skills, 2 favored bedside rounds and 2 were equivocal. Of the 8 studies that reported on learner behavior (e.g., bedside communication with patients), 5 favored bedside rounds, 1 favored the control, and 2 were equivocal. Finally, of the 14 studies that reported a health care delivery outcome (e.g., teamwork, rounding time), 8 favored bedside rounds and 6 were equivocal. Due to the high risk of bias and unexplained heterogeneity across studies, the overall strength of evidence was low.ConclusionsIn hospital-based settings, learners’ satisfaction with bedside rounds is mixed. However, bedside rounds appear to have a positive effect on learner behavior and health care delivery. Given their potential value, additional research is needed to identify barriers to and facilitators of educationally successful bedside rounds.

Sialadenoma Papilliferum of Hard Palate Mimicking Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Case Report

The occurrence of unusual ulcers in the oral cavity has fundamental value regarding oral and systemic diseases and abnormalities, as it can show clinical evidence that differs from other lesions, contributing to the diagnosis process. A 64-years-old female patient reported with a non healing of an oral lesion since two months (seeking clinical treatment for an atypical hard palate ulcer). A 64- years-old female patient was presented with a two month history of an oral lesion that did not repair. Her medical record indicated past smoking habits and hypertension. During clinical evaluation, an exophytic ulceration located at the left posterior hard palate, with a rounded form and elevated edges, was observed. An incisional biopsy was performed to confirm the diagnosis. Histopathological complementary exams revealed biphasic papillary projections, extending from the epithelium through the connective tissue, that are considered ductal structures. The final diagnosis was sialadenoma papilliferum, and total surgical excision was performed as a treatment. Follow-up showed no recurrence over 14 months. Sialadenoma papilliferum is a rare benign salivary gland tumour, mostly known for its papillary aspect and categorized as a ductal papilloma. Sialadenoma papilliferum origin is not precisely defined, nor associated with a single cause, given that different investigators pointed to multiple variables to Sialadenoma papilliferum origin. Being one of the rarest salivary gland tumours, SialP’s clinical aspects and its resemblance to other benign salivary gland tumours can lead to a wrong diagnosis if not properly and microscopically analyzed, hence the importance of knowing its features.

Музыка в нартском эпосе и нартские песни

The article is devoted to the Abkhazian Nart epic poetry, presented in three types: prose, folk songs-tales, accompanied by a two-stringed bowed instrument – apkhyartsa, as well as in a special epic musical form, when song are inserted into prosaic texts. The music and dance in the Nart epic poetry is evidenced by such sections as: “The Song about the mother of the Narts”, composed in a round dance form, “How the hero Sasrykva was born”, written in a prose-poetic form, including elements of a lullaby, the lullaby “More amazing than amazing”. In a mixed prose-poetic form, the “Incomparable Daughter-inlaw of the Narts” is presented, referring in structure to a circular song and dance action. The chapter “How the narts got a pipe and a song” is mostly musical. It is fully set out in verse form, which gives reason to assume that it will be accompanied by a traditional two-stringed apharza. The music is also mentioned in the chapters “One Hundred Brothers of the Narts”, “Narts of Black-faced People”, “How the Dyd got Married”, “Unusual Transformation”, “The Courage of the Avenger” and many others. The last mention of the song can be found in the final chapter of the epic poetry piece – “The Death of Sasrykva”. In the Abkhazian Nart epic, the life of Narts is impossible without music: babies sing lullabies, heroes return from wars with a song, dance, create music instruments, play the apkhyartsa and acharpana, etc. However, in the few recordings of Abkhazian folklore made in the twentieth century, the musical component is poorly represented. The same is with the scientific research, in which the musical part is presented only in general words. The article offers a reconstruction of the musical component in the key works of the Abkhazian epic folklore.

Minimally invasive biological treatment in endodontics

Functional forces might also lead to fracture after endodontic treatment. This might occur secondary to exposure to erosion, abrasion, physical trauma, and caries. Interventing against these events can be achieved by conducting long follow-up periods and enhancing the endodontic treatment approaches. The current endodontic treatment modalities aim at tissue preservation to enhance resistance to fractures and prevent potential post-treatment complications. In this context, evidence shows the validity of minimally invasive modalities in endodontic treatment with favorable outcomes and reduced frequency of complications. In the present literature review, we have discussed the efficacy of minimally invasive biological treatment in endodontics. It is vital to maintain the integrity of the structures of the tooth-related paracervical area, particularly when treating molars. This is attributed to enhancing the long-term survival rates of the pericervical dentin of these teeth. The current trends represent a revolution in the field of endodontic treatment. This is attributed to the novel development of the various disinfection modalities, which do not need to shape the canal into a round form and induce flaring reactions. Overall, the main advantages of vital pulp therapy include being simple, reduced cost, and reduced risk of treatment-related complications secondary to overcoming the difficulties with the anatomy of the root canals.

СОПОСТАВЛЕНИЕ РЕЗУЛЬТАТОВ УЗИ, КТ И МРТ ПРИ ДИАГНОСТИКЕ АНГИОМИОЛИПОМЫ ПОЧКИ, В ТОМ ЧИСЛЕ ОСЛОЖНИВШЕЙСЯ РАЗВИТИЕМ СИНДРОМА ВУНДЕРЛИХА

Purpose: Analysis the effectiveness of various methods of radiation studies for the detection of renal angiomyolipomas (RAMLs), including the diagnosis of Wunderlich syndrome.
 Material and methods: The analysis of the results of a comprehensive radiation study of the kidneys of 115 patients who were diagnosed with focal formation in primary renal ultrasound was carried out. Further, of those 115 people, 47 patients underwent MRI of the kidneys, 60 patients – CT and 8 patients complex MRI+CT, including contrast-enhanced vasculature.
 Results and discussion: Angiomyolipoma was detected by ultrasound in 38 (33.0 %) of 115 patients, and according to MRI and CT in total in 27 (23.5 %) patients. Coincidence of ultrasound findings and MRI and CT results was in 18 patients. Consequently, the sensitivity of ultrasound in the diagnosis of RAML was compared with MRI – 45 %; when compared with CT – 42.8 %, and specificity – 55 % and 57.1 %, respectively. Reliable signs of RAML in ultrasound were hyperechogenic homogeneous structure, clear smooth contours of the formation. The rounded form of education is statistically unreliable. Statistically significant characteristics of RAML in magnetic resonance imaging are heterogeneous structure, heterogeneous hyperintense MR-signal on T1 and heterogeneously hypointensity on T2-weighted images, always uniformly hypo-Fs for T1 / T2 Fs, with hypo clear boundary between education and renal parenchyma on T1 in the opp phase. Reliable signs of RAML with CT are non-uniform structure of education, with non-uniform x-ray density. 
 Conclusion: Ultrasound diagnosis is necessary for screening kidney disease, while CT and MRI have greater sensitivity and specificity to determine the nature of focal formation. With the development of Wunderlich’s syndrome, a complex of radiological methods, including ultrasound, MRI and CT, allows to diagnose the cause of hemorrhage, as well as to obtain complete diagnostic information necessary for the surgeon to plan treatment.