Surface Roughness Research Articles

Optimization of 3D-Printed Solar Evaporators for Enhanced Interfacial Solar Steam Generation and Beyond: Investigating Surface Modifications and Nanocomposite Coatings

The present work investigates the influence of variations in top evaporative surface angle of the 3D-printed solar evaporators in interfacial solar steam generation (ISSG). In this regard, different convex surface modifications such as 0˚, 15˚, 30˚ and 45˚ inclination are fabricated and covered with carbon cloth (CX-0, CX-15, CX-30 and CX-45). Among all, CX-45 evaporator exhibits better ISSG performance and hence, CX-45 evaporator is alone coated with as-synthesized tantalum oxide/potassium tantalate nanocomposite (CX-45/NC) and used to study the enhancement in ISSG. At 1 kW/m2 solar illumination, mass loss (ML), evaporation flux (EF) and efficiency (EY) are measured and found to be 2.5 g, 4.366 kg/m2h and 104.95% respectively for 60 min duration. Furthermore, the outdoor performance (∼656.791 W/m2 for 8 h) of the above evaporator exhibits better ML, EF and EY of about7.5 g, 1.637 kg/m2h and 59.99% respectively. We propose that: (i) increasing the top evaporative surface angle of the 3D evaporator enhances the surface area, facilitating the accumulation of a greater amount of water molecules (ii) the low thermal conductivity of the 3D-printed material prevents excessive heat flow to the bulk water (iii) the presence of water-absorbing groups within the carbon cloth accelerates the rate of water absorption (iv) applying a nanocomposite coating onto the carbon cloth surface enhances its ability to trap light energy effectively (v) enhanced surface roughness of the 3D-printed evaporator minimizes heat losses through mechanisms such as scattering and reflection. Moreover, the developed 3D-printed evaporator gives a sustainable solution for the purification of dye molecules and oil-water separation, as evident from this study.

Edible superhydrophobic coating derived from triterpenoid maslinic acid for bacterial antifouling and enhanced fresh produce food safety

This study introduces an edible superhydrophobic coating for fresh produce derived from triterpenoid maslinic acid (MA), a natural plant compound renowned for its health benefits including antioxidant, antitumor, and anti-inflammatory properties. The study takes advantage of the amphiphilic nature of MA, forming vesicles in aqueous media. Upon deposition onto the substrate, these vesicles contribute to surface roughness, resulting in a nanotextured morphology with nonpolar outer surface. Static water contact angle of MA coatings was 151.6 ± 0.8°, indicating superhydrophobic behavior exhibiting promising bacterial antifouling characteristics with 98.6%, 96.7% and 97.5% reduction against E. coli, Salmonella and Listeria, respectively, compared to uncoated surfaces (i.e., onion skin). The development of edible, superhydrophobic coatings for application on fresh produce advances current fruit and vegetable wax technologies, mostly used for cosmetic and physical barrier purposes rather than more functional ones. Using assembled MA coatings combining superhydrophobicity and health benefits, emerges as an novel and sustainable solution for advancing both fresh produce safety and human well-being.

Co-deposition of different mixed nanoparticle concentrations with nickel as efficient OER electrocatalysts in alkaline media

The catalytic efficiency of water electrolysis is directly affected by the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). DFT simulation was used to calculate the doping of SiC nanoparticles into Ni–Co alloys. The results indicate that doping nano SiC particles enhances the intrinsic activity of Ni–Co–SiC in OER by introducing a separate RDS at each of the four reaction sites. Then, magnetic field-induced jet electrodeposition was used to manufacture Ni–Co–SiC catalytic electrodes. To obtain a larger specific surface area of the micro/nano structure, nickel nanoparticles, and SiC nanoparticles were mixed in the form of mixed nanoparticles and then added to the electrolyte. The effect of mixed nanoparticle concentration on OER performance of Ni–Co–SiC catalytic electrodes was investigated. Research showed that the Ni–Co–SiC catalytic electrode exhibits micro/nano dense cellular protrusion structures with higher surface roughness with a magnetic field. OER performance of the Ni–Co–SiC catalytic electrode further increased with the concentration of nanoparticles, the catalytic electrode has excellent catalytic performance when the concentration of mixed nanoparticles reaches 6 g/L in the electrolyte. The overpotential of the Ni–Co–SiC/Ni catalytic electrode decreased to 309 mV, and the Tafel slope was 54.5 mV/dec.

Distortion and Compensation of Doppler Shift Characteristics of Vortex Beam Superposition Due to Rotating Rough Surfaces and Occlusion

Distortion and Compensation of Doppler Shift Characteristics of Vortex Beam Superposition Due to Rotating Rough Surfaces and Occlusion

Assessing the suitability of fused deposition modeling to produce acrylic removable denture bases.

To study the feasibility of using poly methyl methacrylate(PMMA) filament and fused deposition modeling (FDM) to manufacture denture bases via the development of a study that considers both conventional and additive-based manufacturing techniques. Five sample groups were compared: heat and cold cured acrylic resins, CAD/CAM milled PMMA, 3D-printed PMMA (via FDM), and 3D-printed methacrylate resin (via stereolithography, SLA). All groups were subjected to mechanical testing (flexural strength, impact strength, and hardness), water sorption and solubility tests, a tooth bonding test, microbiological assessment, and accuracy of fit measurements. The performance of sample groups wasreferred to ISO 20795-1 and ISO/TS 19736. The data was analyzed using one-way ANOVA. Samples manufactured using FDM performed within ISO specifications for mechanical testing, water sorption, and solubility tests. However, the FDM group failed to achieve the ISO requirements for the tooth bonding test. FDM samples presented a rough surface finish which could ultimately encourage an undesirable high level of microbial adhesion. For accuracy of fit, FDM samples showed a lower degree of accuracy than existing materials. Although FDM samples were a cost-effective option and were able to be quickly manufactured in a reproducible manner, the results demonstrated that current recommended testing regimes for conventionally manufactured denture-based polymers are not directly applicable to additive-manufactured denture base polymers. Therefore, new standards should be developed to ensure the correct implementation of additive manufacturing techniques within denture-based fabrication workflow.

Sheet-coating mitigation for membrane penetration in undrained triaxial tests and evaluation of comprehensive liquefaction resistance of crushed gravel

In undrained cyclic triaxial tests on crushed gravel, it is difficult to maintain undrained conditions because of the penetration of the rubber membrane (MP: membrane penetration) into the rough surface of the test specimens. A method has been developed in the present research to physically mitigate the MP-effect wherein the rough surface of each specimen is coated and smoothed by a prefabricated fines-soil sheet. This mitigation measure has been found very effective in minimizing the CR (compliance ratio for an undrained system) to achieve more strict undrained conditions. It has been further clarified that this method prevents not only the overestimation of the strength of loose specimens, as has already been recognized, but also the underestimation of the strength of dense specimens with highly positive dilatancy. The undrained cyclic strength of dense crushed gravel, comprised of various grain sizes and gradations, has been summarized in a series of undrained cyclic triaxial tests by employing the MP-mitigation method to find that, in place of the relative density governing the liquefaction resistance of loose soils, the void ratio or absolute density is a key parameter for uniquely estimating the strength with a simple empirical formula.

Increased Antibacterial Activity of Zinc-Silver Doped Hydroxyapatite Synthesized via Ultrasonic in Combination with Sol-Gel Technique using Glutinous Rice as a Template

T his work aims to synthesize Zn-Ag doped hydroxyapatite using glutinous rice (Zn-Ag doped GRHA) as a template through ultrasonic irradiation coupled with sol-gel technique. The prepared materials are referred to as Ca9.0Zn1.0-xAgx(PO4)6(OH)2 which consist of Zn2+ and Ag+ varying molar ratios (x= 0.0, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75 and 1.0). The synthesized samples were characterized by various techniques. XRD results revealed that Zn2+ and Ag+ were incorporated into a hexagonal framework of HA. FT-IR analysis showed that the main functional groups were hydroxyl and phosphate groups. SEM images showed a rough surface morphology, which consists of very small spherical particles. TEM images revealed the homogeneous distribution of Zn2+ and Ag+ in the synthesized samples. Antibacterial activity of the Zn-Ag doped GRHA against five strains of bacteria including S. aureus, B. cereus, B. subtilis, P. aeruginosa and E. coli was investigated. Zn0.75Ag0.25 doped GRHA showed excellent antibacterial activity against all strains except P. aeruginosa.

Fabrication of bioactive silk composite meshes for hernia repair and guided soft tissue remodeling: In silico, in vitro and in vivo models

ObjectivesPost-operative complications stemming from incompatible meshes often lead to delayed wound healing, seroma, infections, inappropriate tissue infiltration and pain. The present study was outlined to develop biocompatible composite hand-knitted silk meshes modified with polymers and natural extracts. Our study introduced hand-knitted B. mori silk fibroin as the primary mesh material, offering superior mechanical strength and biocompatibility. The spin-assisted dip coating achieved desirable morphology, internal structures, thickness, and surface roughness. Moreover, the application of biopolymeric composite coatings containing polymers and natural extracts introduced antimicrobial character, facilitated cell attachment, migration, proliferation, potentiating gene expression and accelerating the process of wound healing. These composite meshes are a viable solution for addressing post-op complications in hernia and soft tissue repair surgeries. MethodIn this study, 9 silk-based composite meshes (modified with polymeric-extract blends through spin-assisted dip coating) were successfully developed. Experimental variants were then subjected to various characterizations including SEM, DMA and chemical analysis (FTIR and GC-MS). Modified meshes were evaluated for their physiological characteristics and biological responses (the basic criterion for the selection of composite silk mesh). The biological testing included (antimicrobial susceptibility testing, in vitro cell viability assay, cell attachment assay (NIH3T3 and hUc-MSCs), in vitro cell migration, in vitro gene expression analysis with NIH3T3, in silico molecular docking with bioactive ligands of HE extract and in vivo analysis with PHBV-HE and PHBV-Control composite meshes in rat models. ResultsResults showed that all variants exhibited a multi-fiber morphology with significant surface coating, allowing for optimal drug release up to 72 h. This release facilitated antibacterial properties and biocompatibility, as evidenced by in vitro cell viability, migration assays and gene expression analysis. Among the variants, the PHBV-HE composite mesh demonstrated superior results. In the case of PHBV-coated polymeric controls, the SEM analysis concluded that the presence of coating reduced the pore size up to 39.62 % whereas, fiber diameter was increased by up to 19.89 % as compared to the control. The presence of a coating on the mesh improved the mechanical strength/modulus by 165.89 %, UTS by 185.38 % and reduced the % strain by 64.67 %. The fast release of HE from PHBV-HE composite mesh was 90.7% up to 72h, confirming that it can induce antibacterial activity against surgical infections. ConclusionPHBV-HE showed the highest cell viability, wound healing and gene expression. Based on appreciable biological evaluation results shown by PHBV-HE, in rat hernia models, only the PHBV-HE variant was tested for in-vivo analysis. Results confirmed its non-toxic nature and wound-healing abilities. Enhanced cell proliferation and wound healing observed both in vitro and in vivo indicated that PHBV-HE holds promise as a biomedical implant suggesting its potential for effective hernia and soft tissue repair and regeneration.

Fabrication of innovative multifunctional dye using MXene nanosheets.

The increasing demand for natural and safer alternatives to traditional hair dyes has led to the investigation of nanomaterials as potential candidates for hair coloring applications. MXene nanosheets have emerged as a promising alternative in this context due to their unique optical and electronic properties. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the potential of Ti3C2Tx (Tx = -O, -OH, -F, etc.) MXene nanosheets as a hair dye. MXene nanosheet-based dyes have been demonstrated to exhibit not only coloring capabilities but also additional properties such as antistatic properties, heat dissipation, and electromagnetic wave shielding. Additionally, surface modification of MXene using collagen reduces the surface roughness of hair and upregulates keratinocyte markers KRT5 and KRT14, demonstrating the potential for tuning its physicochemical and biological properties. This conceptual advancement highlights the potential of MXene nanosheets to go beyond simple cosmetic improvements and provide improved comfort and safety by preventing the presence of hazardous ingredients and solvents while providing versatility.

Compact Single-Shot Dual-Wavelength Interferometry for Large Object Measurement with Rough Surfaces

Single-shot dual-wavelength interferometry offers a promising avenue for surface profile measurement of dynamic objects. However, current techniques employing pixel multiplexing or color cameras encounter challenges such as complex optical alignment, limited measurement range, and difficulty in measuring rough surfaces. To address these issues, this study presents a novel approach to single-shot dual-wavelength interferometry. By utilizing separated polarization illumination and detection, along with a monochromatic polarization camera and two slightly different wavelengths, this method enables the simultaneous recording of two frames of separated interferometric patterns. This approach facilitates straightforward optical alignment, expands measurement ranges, accelerates data acquisition, and simplifies data processing for dual-wavelength interferometry. Consequently, it enables online shape measurement of large dynamic samples with rough surfaces.

Effects ofAs8structure formation on the surface morphology and internal microstructure of GaAs thin films.

Gallium arsenide (GaAs) materials have the advantages of high electron mobility, electron saturation drift rate, and other irreplaceable semiconducting properties. They play an important role in the electronics, solar and other fields. However, during GaAs film sedimentary growth, As atoms can undergo segregation to formAs8clusters because of the influence of external factors, which affect the surface morphology and internal structure of these films. In this study, a series of investigations on the deposition and growth of GaAs crystal films were performed. Additionally, the deposition and growth of GaAs thin films were simulated using molecular dynamics. The influence of As8clusters on the surface morphology and internal structure of GaAs films at different incidence angles, velocities and substrate temperatures was studied by using 'defect analysis technology' and 'diamond structure identification' in open source software, along with surface roughness and radial distribution function. Results show that with increasing incident angle, the number ofAs8clusters decreases and film density increases. Increasing incident velocity increases the irregular movement ofAs8clusters in air, and their deposition on the film surface affects the morphology of the film, and the surface roughness increases first and then decreases. Additionally, we investigated the effect of different substrate temperatures on the film surface. Results show that at a substrate temperature of 1173 K, the number ofAs8clusters in the film decreases or the As8clusters disappear, heterogeneous nucleation occurs in the film, and the crystallization rate increases. Although the dislocation line associated with nucleation may affect the mechanical and optical properties of the film, it considerably reduces the annealing effort after the deposition and growth.

Isolation and characterization of Banyan Tree Root Filler for Polymer Composites in Light-Weight Applications

Abstract The applicability of bio fillers as reinforcement with polymers is promoted by cost- and environmentally-conscious concerns. Nowadays, a large range of reinforcements are employed for this purpose, including cellulosic fillers and natural fibres owing to the favorable mechanical behavior, minimal price, negligible tool wear, low density, and eco-friendliness etc. The main purpose of the investigation is to explore the possibilities of utilizing plant sources as reinforcing filler in polymeric matrices. In this study particulate fillers were obtained from banyan tree’s aerial roots and were subjected to various characterization such as physiochemical evaluation, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermal analysis (TGA), and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). From the physiochemical analysis it was found that the banyan tree aerial root filler (BTAR) contained 40.13% of Cellulose, 15.22% of Hemicellulose, 15.31% of Lignin and 6.86% of Pectin. The density of the BTAR filler was found as 0.27 kg/cc whereas average particle size was 136.3 µm. The maximum inflection temperature referred to the maximum degradation of the BTAR filler was 295.7oC. The SEM analysis exposed the rough surface of filler, with micro-structured strands and pores. The rough surface and the pores could help in better bond ability of the matrix and reinforcement when combined. With these properties the BTAR filler could be a potential candidate as a strengthening material for polymers in different light weight applications.

Electrochemical Polishing Method for Titanium Alloys with a Microgroove Structure

TI–6AL–4V alloys are widely used in various fields owing to their excellent corrosion resistance, high-temperature resistance, and low-temperature toughness. Herein, a microgroove fixture was used to simulate the microgrooves in a titanium alloy with different aspect ratios to study the influence of the electrolyte flow rate on the polishing effect. The optimization of the electrochemical polishing parameters was conducted using experiments and simulations. The effects of process parameters, such as the concentration of sodium chloride (NaCl) and zinc chloride (ZnCl2), polishing time, and processing voltage, on the quality of the post-polished surface were studied. Experiments were conducted on microgrooves with different aspect ratios under the optimized polishing process parameters. Changes in the surface elements of the microgrooves after polishing were detected. The experimental results indicated that the optimal electrochemical polishing solution flow rate, NaCl concentration, ZnCl2 concentration, polishing time, and processing voltage were 0.2 m/s, 4.0 wt.%, 0.4 wt.%, 8 min, and 90 V, respectively. After 8 min of electrochemical polishing, a TiO2 passivation film was formed on the surface of the microgroove. The surface roughness of the notch and bottom of the microgroove decreased from 250 nm to below 40 nm, with a minimum of 24.5 nm.

Investigation of Synthesis, Characterization, and Finishing Applications of Spherical Al2O3 Magnetic Abrasives via Plasma Molten Metal Powder and Powder Jetting

Magnetic abrasive finishing (MAF) is an efficient finishing process method using magnetic abrasive particles (MAPs) as finishing tools. In this study, two iron-based alumina magnetic abrasives with different particle size ranges were synthesized by the plasma molten metal powder and powder jetting method. Characterization of the magnetic abrasives in terms of microscopic morphology, phase composition, magnetic permeability, particle size distribution, and abrasive ability shows that the magnetic abrasives are spherical in shape, that the hard abrasives are combined in the surface layer of the iron matrix and remain sharp, and that the hard abrasives combined in the surface layer of the magnetic abrasives with smaller particle sizes are sparser than those of the magnetic abrasives with larger particle sizes. The magnetic abrasives are composed of α-Fe and Al2O3; the magnetic permeability of the magnetic abrasives having smaller particle sizes is slightly higher than that of the magnetic abrasives having larger particle sizes; the two magnetic abrasives are distributed in a range of different particle sizes; the magnetic abrasives have different magnetic permeabilities, which are higher than those of the larger ones; both magnetic abrasives are distributed in the range of smaller particle sizes; and AZ31B alloy can obtain smaller surface roughness of the workpiece after the grinding process of the magnetic abrasives with a small particle size.

Mapping model between lateral responses of bridges under random traffic loads based on data-driven approach

Abstract The lateral distribution characteristic of a bridge is one of the important features reflecting its in-service state. Conventional deterministic indicators often struggle to consider this time-varying feature. In this study, a data-driven approach is employed to establish the mapping model among responses at the different lateral positions using the eXtreme Gradient Boosting model optimized by the Bayesian optimization algorithm. The proposed method is validated based on both data from a bridge health monitoring system equipped on an actual bridge and data from numerical simulation. At different lateral positions of the actual bridge, the overall coefficient of determination (R2) of the strain response mapped by the model is above 0.991, and the overall root mean squared error (RMSE) of the strain response mapped by the model are below 1.159 με. The numerical simulation method is used to consider a variety of working conditions with different road surface roughness and different traffic densities. Under different working conditions, the overall R2 of the deflection response mapped by the model is still above 0.961, and the overall RMSE of the deflection response mapped by the model is below 0.249 mm. These indicate that the proposed model can consider time-varying mapping relationships among responses at different lateral positions, and has good accuracy and applicability.

Enhancing Adhesion and Reducing Ohmic Contact through Nickel–Silicon Alloy Seed Layer in Electroplating Ni/Cu/Ag

Due to the lower cost compared to screen-printed silver contacts, the Ni/Cu/Ag contacts formed by plating have been continuously studied as a potential metallization technology for solar cells. To address the adhesion issue of backside grid lines in electroplated n-Tunnel Oxide Passivating Contacts (n-TOPCon) solar cells and reduce ohmic contact, we propose a novel approach of adding a Ni/Si alloy seed layer between the Ni and Si layers. The metal nickel layer is deposited on the backside of the solar cells using electron beam evaporation, and excess nickel is removed by H2SO4:H2O2 etchant under annealing conditions of 300–425 °C to form a seed layer. The adhesion strength increased by more than 0.5 N mm−1 and the contact resistance dropped by 0.5 mΩ cm2 in comparison to the traditional direct plating Ni/Cu/Ag method. This is because the resulting Ni/Si alloy has outstanding electrical conductivity, and the produced Ni/Si alloy has higher adhesion over direct contact between the nickel–silicon interface, as well as enhanced surface roughness. The results showed that at an annealing temperature of 375 °C, the main compound formed was NiSi, with a contact resistance of 1 mΩ cm−2 and a maximum gate line adhesion of 2.7 N mm−1. This method proposes a new technical solution for cost reduction and efficiency improvement of n-TOPCon solar cells.

Enhanced Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Alkali-Treated Coir Fibres Incorporated with Murraya Koenigii: A Comparative Study of Mono-Layer and Tri-Layer Biocomposites

This study examined the surface morphology and thermal behaviour of the coir fibres incorporated with murraya koenigii before and after alkaline treatment. The mechanical properties of biocomposites reinforced by the untreated fibres, treated fibres, mono-layer and tri-layer treated fibres incorporated with murraya koenigii were systematically investigated. The experimental results showed significant enhancements in tensile strength, flexural strength, hardness, and impact resistance of the biocomposites reinforced by treated fibres. Notably, the alkaline treatment has produced a rougher surface on coir fibres, promoting improved mechanical interlocking between the fibres and the polyethene matrix. These effects become more significant when murraya koenigii particles are incorporated into the fibres. It was found that the tri-layer treated fibres incorporated with murraya koenigii biocomposites showed higher tensile and flexural strength, superior hardness and impact strength when compared to the mono-layer reinforcement biocomposites. At higher temperatures, the treated fibres showed better thermal stability than the untreated fibres and polyethene. Incorporating murraya koenigii particles increased the thermal resistance of the treated fibres, revealing the potential of this green synthesis approach for the development of thermally stable natural fibre composites.

Brillouin scattering from biomedical samples: the challenge of heterogeneity.

Abstract Brillouin light scattering (BLS), a non-destructive and non-contact technique, offers a powerful tool for probing the micromechanical properties of biological tissues. However, the inherent heterogeneity of biological tissues can pose significant challenges in interpreting BLS spectra. In this study, we introduce a novel method that harnesses the intensity information within a single BLS spectrum to directly estimate the Voigt average of the longitudinal modulus. Additionally, we use a method to determine the ratio of the squared Pockels coefficients for photoelastically heterogeneous samples, based on global analysis of a 2D BLS map. This method is shown to effectively determine the photoelastic ratio of soft and hard components of human bone tissues, enabling the calculation of the average elastic moduli. Furthermore, it has the remarkable ability to generate maps of the filling factor of the scattering volume, shedding valuable light on the intricate structure and topography of rough surfaces under BLS mapping.

Formulation of geopolymer binder based on volcanic-scoria and clay brick wastes using rice husk ash-NaOH activator: Fresh and hardened properties

The present study investigated the influence of the replacement of waste clay bricks (WB) by volcanic scoria (Zg) on the fresh and hardened properties of geopolymer binders for potential construction applications at ambient temperature. Geopolymer paste samples were prepared using Zg as raw material blended with WB ranging from 0 to 50 wt% of total raw materials. Alternative alkaline activator used for the geopolymer synthesis was prepared by mixing rice husk ash (RHA) and 6 mol/L of NaOH solution. The geopolymers were cured at room temperature for 28 days, then subjected to mechanical property tests; microstructural and macrostructural characterization studies. Results showed that both flowability and setting time of geopolymer mixtures decreased with increases in WB content. The reduction in workability could be attributed to increase in the relatively rough surface of WB particles, which resulted in inter-particle friction. Flexural strength increased from 4 to 12 MPa while the compressive strength 24–52 MPa with the increase in WB up to 50%. The WB powders enriched Al content in mixtures, establishing the Si-O-Al bonds, confirmed by 27Al MAS NMR spectroscopy exhibiting the more Al(IV) sites integrating the N-A-S-H network. Incorporating the WB powders contributed to the development of densified matrix.

Directly electrospun copper ferrite CuFe2O4 nanofiber-based for gas classification

The cross-response is a considerable primary challenge of gas sensors based on semiconducting metal oxide (SMO), especially in detecting and classifying gases with comparable properties. In this work, the copper ferrite (CuFe2O4, CFO) nanofibers (NFs)-based sensors were straightforwardly synthesised by electrospinning technique. The morphology of the CFO NFs was observed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), which revealed a rough surface with a diameter of approximately 80 nm. The composition of the fiber was confirmed by energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), which showed the fiber’s chemical elements to include Cu, Fe, and O. The microstructural characteristics of the CFO NFs were analysed using x-ray diffraction (XRD) and Raman spectroscopy, confirming the characteristic peaks of the CFO phase. The gas sensing characteristics of CFO-based sensors have been examined to 25−200 ppm of various gases of (CH3)2CO, CH3CH2OH, NH3, and H2 at a function of working temperature of 350−450 °C. The gas-sensing mechanism of the sensor based on CFO NFs is explained by the surface depletion layer and the grain boundary model. The successful categorisation of these gases into distinct groups was realised, indicating that the issue of cross-response caused by interfering gases was effectively addressed with the aid of an artificial intelligence algorithm.