Roughness Parameters Research Articles

Comparative Analysis of Microabrasive Film Finishing Effects across Various Process Variants.

The paper investigates various methods of microfinishing and arrives at the best technique to produce a very smooth surface. Various setups, with and without oscillation, were developed, together with a microfinishing attachment used on conventional lathes and milling machines. The workpiece material used was an amorphous nickel-phosphorus Ni-P alloy. The surface roughness parameters, such as Sa, Sv, and Sp, were measured with the TalySurf CCI6000 instrument. For the measurement of the surface protrusions, an "analysis of islands" technique was used at various levels of cut-off. The 2BA method-machining below the workpiece axis with oscillation-turned out to be the most effective method applied because it had the highest density of protrusions while having the smallest value of surface roughness. Non-oscillation with the machining zone below the axis also becomes effective, indicating that repositioning can compensate for a lack of oscillation. Already, the very compact surface structure achieved with minimized depths in the valleys by the 2BA method supported the improvement in tribological performance and increase in load-carrying capacity, together with lubricant retention enhancement. These results show that the microfinishing process can be optimized by parameter tuning, and also, non-oscillating methods could come to be a practical alternative, probably reducing the complexity of equipment and cutting costs. Further studies need to be aimed at the scalability of these methods and their application to other materials and fields.

Characterization of surface asperities to understand its effect on fatigue life of electron beam powder bed fusion manufactured Ti-6Al-4 V

Surface asperities play a leading role in determining the fatigue life of as-built Ti-6Al-4 V components manufactured by electron beam powder bed fusion (PBF-EB). Several roughness parameters are available to characterize the surface asperities This study focuses on identifying the surface roughness parameter that correlates best with fatigue life. To this end, several fatigue test specimens were manufactured using the PBF-EB process and utilizing different contour melting strategies, thus producing as-built surfaces with varying roughness. The focus variation microscopy technique was employed to obtain surface roughness parameters for the as-built surfaces. Selected specimens were characterized using x-ray computed tomography (XCT). Tomography can detect surface-connected features obscured by other parts of the surface that are not visible through optical microscopy. The fatigue life of all specimens was determined using four-point bend testing. Through regression model analysis, maximum pit height (Sv) was identified as the statistically significant roughness parameter with the best fit affecting fatigue life. The fracture zone was closely inspected based on the data collected through XCT prior to fatigue tests. This led to another estimate of the worst-case value for the statistically significant roughness parameter Sv. The Sv parameter values obtained from optical microscopy and XCT were used as the initial crack size in a crack growth model to predict fatigue life. It is observed that life estimates based solely on optical measurements of Sv can be overly optimistic, a situation that must be avoided in predictive design calculations.

Study on the surface layer properties of magnesium alloys after impulse shot peening

Shot peening is a commonly used method of finishing machine elements in the manufacturing process. One variation of shot peening is the impulse shot peening. This paper presents the influence of impulse shot peening technological conditions on the surface roughness (parameters Ra and Rt), topography, and microhardness. The FEM was used to determine the S11 stresses. In the experiment and simulation tests, AZ31 and AZ91HP magnesium alloy samples were used. Variable parameters in the impulse shot peening process were impact energy E (15–185 mJ), ball diameter d (3–15 mm), and impact density j (3–44 mm−2). As a result of the tests carried out, it was found that after impulse shot peening, the surface topography is change, microirregularities are flattened, and numerous depressions are formed, which can be potential lubrication pockets. The 2D surface roughness parameters for most impulse shot peening conditions are lower than for the pre-machining. The roughness parameters for magnesium alloy AZ91HP are lower than for AZ31. This is most likely due to the lower elongation A. The microhardness after impulse shot peening increased by 20 to 87 HV. As a result of FEM of the impulse shot peening, compressive stresses S11 were created in the surface layer. The depth of occurrence of S11 stresses is from 1.5 to 3.5 mm, and their values for the AZ91HP magnesium alloy samples are 10 to 25% lower than for the AZ31 alloy samples. The most favorable results of the tested properties of the surface layer were obtained for E = 100 mJ, d = 10 mm, and j = 11 mm−2. The abstract serves both as a general introduction to the topic and as a brief, non-technical summary of the main results and their implications.

The sound and psychoacoustic analysis of 2023 Formula 1 race

The F1 Race is one of the most popular international sports events in the world, attracting a huge number of tourists every year. However, the sound emission may lead to hearing damage or unpleasantness from a psychological or physiological perspective. This study selected two sites near the Singapore Formula 1 Night Race racing tracks in 2023 to record and compare the noise profiles with the respective ambient conditions. Both the regular sound pressure level and the psychoacoustic analysis will be included. The A-weighted Leq value was over 95 dBA near the straight racing tracks during the Formula 1 Singapore Airline Singapore Grand Prix session, and the LAmax value can reach more than 120 dBA. Meanwhile, the LAeq and LAmax values near the bend during the afternoon race sessions were over 91 dBA and 117 dBA. Besides, the average LCeq values can be even higher. Additionally, the psychoacoustic parameters of loudness, sharpness and roughness differentiate the acoustic character at the bends and straight tracks. With similar LAeq and LAmax values, the averaged loudness and sharpness values were significantly higher at the straight tracks, while the roughness values were higher at the bend.

Evaluation of the Surface Roughness and Color Stability of Two Types of Milled Zirconia Before and After Immersion in Alcoholic Beverages: An In Vitro Study.

Objective This study aims to evaluate the effects of immersion in alcoholic beverages on the surface roughness and color stability of two types of milled zirconia. Materials and methods The sample size included 60 cuboid-shaped samples of two types of zirconia (Z1 and Z2), 30 in each group. Zirconia was milled and sintered at 1,500°C for eight hours. The samples were immersed in artificial saliva (control), red wine, and whiskey three times a day over a 30-day period. After each post-immersion cycle, samples were cleaned ultrasonically. Surface roughness and color parameters were measured using an atomic force microscope (AFM) and spectrophotometer before and after immersion. The collected data was organized into tables, and statistical analysis was conducted using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 27 software (IBM SPSS Statistics, Armonk, NY). For surface roughness, a paired t-test was conducted, while for color change, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) andTukey's honestly significant difference (HSD) tests were done. Results The mean values of pre- and post-immersion values reveal that whiskey causes the highest difference in surface roughness for Z1 (137.09 nm) and Z2 (86.15 nm) groups, while red wine causes maximum discoloration in both Z1 (2.41) and Z2 (1.94) groups. The paired t-test revealed significant surface roughness changes in Z1with artificial saliva and red wine, while whiskey (p<0.05), although showing changes, lacked statistical significance (p>0.05). The whiskey group demonstrated a moderate linear association (0.599) between pre- and post-immersion values. For Z2, artificial saliva, red wine, and whiskey (p<0.05) induced statistically significant surface roughness alterations. ANOVA tests indicated significant color changes post-immersion in all three subgroups of Z1 and Z2 (p<0.05 for both). Tukey's HSD test showed significant differences between artificial saliva and red wine (p<0.05), as well as artificial saliva and whiskey (p<0.05) in Z1 and Z2. However, no significant difference was found between red wine and whiskey in both Z1 and Z2 groups (p>0.05). Conclusion Whiskey, red wine, and artificial saliva increased zirconia's surface roughness. Alcoholic solutions altered zirconia's colorimetric parameters, with no significant differences among them.

Enhancement the physical properties of V2O5/Ni0.1Fe2.9O4 nanocomposite

Nanocomposite containing vanadium oxide (V2O5) and magnetite (Fe3O4) doped with nickel (Ni) ion were synthesized according to the formula of Ni0.1Fe2.9O4 /V2O5. The obtained composition was characterized by XRD, FTIR, FESEM. The FESEM micrograph shows that the existence of two different phases related to V2O5 and Ni-Magnetite. Moreover,the roughness parameters have values of 281, 85 and 385nm for roughness average Ra, root mean square roughness Rq, Maximum height of roughness RT respectively. Moreover, the magnetic behavior of the sample was studied, and we found that by adding V2O5 to Ni dopped magnetite, the curie temperature value was lowered from 750 oC to 625 oC. The activation energy was calculated and found to be 0.22 eV and 0.08 eV for 1000 Hz and 3MHz respectively.

Laminin 332 functionalized surface improve implant roughness and oral keratinocyte bioactivity

ObjectiveThe biological seal (BS) at the implant-tissue interface is essential for the success of dental implants (DIs), and the absence of a proper BS can lead to peri-implantitis. The basement membrane (BM) and junctional epithelium are critical for sealing the peri-implant mucosa, and laminin 332 is an important protein in binding the epithelium to the implant surface. The aim of this study was to evaluate the response of oral keratinocytes to titanium dental implant surfaces biofunctionalized with laminin 332. DesignThe dental implant surface was treated with a piranha solution to create hydroxyl (OH) groups, facilitating biofunctionalization with laminin 332. The modified surface underwent scanning electron microscopy, surface roughness evaluation, and chemical composition analysis. Human keratinocytes from the Cal-27 line were then cultured on the modified implants for 24 and 48 h to assess viability, morphology, cytokine secretion, and mRNA expression of tissue repair-associated genes. ResultsThe results showed that laminin 332 biofunctionalization of the implant surface resulted in lower values of Ra, Rq and positive surface roughness parameters Rsk, Rku and Rv. The elemental composition showed an increase in nitrogen and carbon content corresponding to protein binding. The biofunctionalized surfaces did not affect cell viability and promoted cytokine secretion (IL-1a and IL-8) and a significant increase (p < 0.05) in MCP-1, EGF, FGF, TGF and VEGF gene expression compared to the control. ConclusionIn conclusion, laminin 332 coating Ti implants was shown to be effective in promoting keratinocyte adhesion, spreading, and viability. This approach could be an alternative way to improve biocompatibility.

AFM interlaboratory comparison for nanodimensional metrology on silicon nanowires

Abstract Silicon nanowires (NWs) with a cylindrical form are fabricated by means of nanospheres lithography and metal-assisted chemical etching to obtain high aspect ratio nanostructures (diameter of about 100 nm and length of more than 15 µm) on cm2 area.&amp;#xD;The nanodimensional characterization of individual NWs is performed by using several techniques, because dimensions at the nanoscale strictly relate to functional performances. In this study, we report the results of an interlaboratory comparison between measurements from a metrological atomic force microscope (AFM) and research AFMs located in different national metrology institutes (NMIs) across Europe and in a university.&amp;#xD;The purpose of this study is to characterize two measurands: (i) sidewall roughness (Ra, Rq, Rz, Rsk, Rku parameters), extracted from the top profile measured along the nanowire length, and (ii) diameter of the nanowires measured as top-height. To this goal, the nanowires are spread horizontally on a silicon substrate, which has several areas labelled with a pattern of crosses and letters facilitating the measurement of the same NW, in order to study the reproducibility due to different instruments.&amp;#xD;Measurements show a good agreement between the different NMIs, with a combined standard uncertainty of top-height diameter less than 3%, and with a combined standard uncertainty of roughness parameters well within 5% for Ra and Rq values.

RSM-based measurement of cutting performance on Al 7075 T6 aero-structural alloy using WEDM

Wire electrical discharge machining (WEDM) is a machining method commonly used in the aerospace, die making, automotive, and biomedical fields for machining complex and challenging shapes of conductive materials. WEDM is used in manufacturing to reduce power consumption while maintaining product quality. The current study used Response Surface Methodology (RSM) to investigate the relationship of WEDM parameters with surface roughness, kerf width, and power consumption for environmental concerns. Cutting parameters such as feed rate, pulse width, pulse space, and wire speed were chosen for experimental studies using 0.18 mm Guangming Molybdenum alloy wire. RSM was used to design experiments, analyze, and optimize WEDM independent parameters to minimize surface roughness, power consumption, and kerf width. The experiments yielded optimal cutting parameters. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to determine important cutting parameters. Furthermore, a validation experiment was carried out to verify the performance of the optimum cutting parameters, which were found to be in good agreement with the experimental values. As a result, the most effective parameters for surface roughness, cutting power, and kerf width were discovered to be pulse width (67.96%), wire speed (54.96%), and pulse width (63.65%), respectively.

Fracture surface topography measurements analysis of low-alloyed corrosion resistant steel after bending-torsion fatigue tests

In this paper, an assessment of a topography measurement method for fracture surfaces of 10HNAP steel after bending-torsion fatigue tests was performed. Surface roughness was measured by using a non-contact Focus Variation Microscopy (FVM) technique in which the non-measured points (NMPs) and outliers (spikes) were removed by the application of general methods. The results revealed, that the optical measurement method introduced variations in the high-frequency errors, considered as noise within the selected bandwidth. Therefore, the minimization of the high-frequency noise (HFN) was proposed based on an extensive examination of ISO 25178 roughness parameters. Additionally, a general S-filter was applied, as recommended by international standards and commercial software. It was used to identify and remove noise from the measured data after pre-processing. Consequently, levelling and eliminating of NMPs and spikes was successfully performed. Subsequently, the results obtained by using various filters were compared to further assess the impact of different filtration bandwidths. Finally, the proposed procedure was validated by implementing different general functions, such as autocorrelation (ACF), power spectral densities (PSD), and texture direction (TD). It was concluded, that coupled characteristics, including profile and areal measurements, should be studied simultaneously since they are necessary to analyze the fracture surfaces comprehensively.

Effects of process parameters on the surface characteristics of laser powder bed fusion printed parts: machine learning predictions with random forest and support vector regression

Laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) fuses metallic powder using a high-energy laser beam, forming parts layer by layer. This technique offers flexibility and design freedom in metal additive manufacturing (MAM). However, achieving the desired surface quality remains challenging and impacts functionality and reliability. L-PBF process parameters significantly influence surface roughness. Identifying the most critical factors among numerous parameters is essential for improving quality. This study examines the effects of key process parameters on the surface roughness of AlSi10Mg, a widely used aluminum alloy in high-tech industries, fabricated by L-PBF. Part orientation, laser power, scanning speed, and layer thickness were identified as crucial parameters via cause-and-effect analysis. To systematically examine their effects, the Taguchi method was employed within the framework of the design of experiment (DoE). Experimental results and statistical analysis revealed that laser power, scanning speed, and layer thickness significantly influence surface roughness parameters: arithmetic mean (Ra) and root mean square (Rq). Main effect plots and energy density analyses confirmed their impact on surface quality. Microscopic investigations identified surface flaws such as spattering, balling, and porosity contributing to poor quality. Given the complex interplay between parameters and surface quality, accurately predicting their effects is challenging. To address this, machine learning models, specifically random forest regression (RFR) and support vector regression (SVR), were used to predict the effects on surface roughness. The RFR model’s R2 values for predicting Ra and Rq are 97% and 85%, while the SVR model’s predictions are 85% and 66%, respectively. Evaluation metrics demonstrated that the RFR model outperformed SVR in predicting surface roughness.

Influence of gamma radiation on self-assembled molecular layers developed on different metals

In this work, self-assembled molecular layers (SAMs), developed from special amphiphilic molecules (undecenyl phosphonic acid) on the top of two types of stainless steels (1.4571 and 1.4841) were in focus. The metal surface was modified by a self-assembled molecular layer with a double bond at the end of the carbon chain. The modification of the structure of the unsaturated hydrophobic chain was done by gamma irradiation to produce a more compact layer. We were interested in the influence of the metal composition on the layer formation. To give answers to these questions SAM layers were deposited on the top of the stainless steels and then the nanolayers were modified by post-treatment (gamma irradiation). The thickness of the surface films was characterized by ellipsometry and the composition of the amphiphilic SAM layers by infrared spectroscopy. Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) visualized the morphological changes due to the layer deposition and the post-treatment; the surfaces were numerically characterized by roughness parameters; contact angle values proved the change in the wettability caused by the metal surface and the gamma irradiation.

Surface characteristics evolution under the controllable impact cycles of an interrupted discrete waterjet

The interrupted discrete waterjet (DWJ) offers advantages in surface treatment due to its exceptional load characteristics and high controllability. However, the surface characteristics of materials under controllable DWJ parameters have not been fully elucidated. This study delves into the surface morphology, roughness parameters, microhardness, residual stress, and distribution of crystal characteristics in both the depth and radial directions under 2400–36,000 impact cycles of DWJ through peening experiments and material characterization. The findings indicate that the surface morphology is influenced by high-frequency roughness components with limited impact cycles, while low-frequency waviness components gradually take precedence with more impact cycles. As impact cycles increase, certain roughness parameters such as Sq, S5p, S5v, and S10z initially rise until 21,600 cycles, after which they fluctuate within a specific range. Furthermore, DWJ peening leads to an increase in maximum hardness with impact cycles, with the depth of peak value transitioning from the surface layer to the subsurface. The residual compressive stress initially increases and then decreases with impact cycles. Under the experimental conditions, the maximum hardness reaches 268.1HV0.3, a 49.95 % increase from the original state, and the peak residual compressive stress reaches 297.7 MPa with a 310.2 % increase. As impact cycles continue to rise, a balance between material removal and surface hardening is achieved, resulting in the stabilization of maximum hardness and compressive stress as erosion strength grows. Following DWJ peening, there is an increase in the percentage of low-angle grain boundaries, along with enhanced grain refinement, increased geometrically necessary dislocation (GND) density, and the emergence of new phases. As the impact cycles increase, the effects of DWJ peening on crystal grains become more pronounced. Additionally, it has been observed that the lateral jetting influence extends further horizontally than in the depth direction of the incoming jet. It is considered that cyclic hardening and high strain rate effects (1.2 × 104) play significant roles in material hardening and failure.

Processing Optimization for Halbach Array Magnetic Field-Assisted Magnetic Abrasive Particles Polishing of Titanium Alloy.

To extend the working life of products made of titanium alloy, it is necessary to improve the polishing method to diminish the remaining defects on the workpiece surface. The Halbach array-assisted magnetic abrasive particle polishing method for titanium alloy was employed in this work. The distribution of magnetic field strength was simulated and verified at first to learn the characteristics of the Halbach array used in this work. Then, the polishing performance of the polishing tool was studied by conducting the polishing test, which aimed to display the relationship between shear force and surface roughness with polishing time, and the surface morphology during polishing was also analyzed. Following the establishment of the response surface model, a study on the optimal polishing parameters was conducted to obtain the suitable parameters for maximum shear force and minimum surface roughness. The results show that the maximum shear force 6.11 N and minimum surface roughness Sa 88 nm can be attained, respectively, under the conditions of (1) polishing tool speed of 724.254 r·min-1, working gap of 0.5 mm, and abrasive particle size of 200 μm; and (2) polishing tool speed of 897.87 r·min-1, working gap of 0.52 mm, and abrasive particle size of 160 μm.

Research on the State-Dependent Hyperbolic Model of the Interface between Spoil Mixture and Concrete

Abstract A series of large-scale direct shear tests were carried out to study the stress-strain relationship of the interface between the spoil mixture and concrete under different roughness conditions. The results showed that roughness significantly affects the shear strength properties and dilatancy characteristics of the interface. Under different roughness conditions, the shear stress ratio and the normal deformation of the interface tend to be stable after larger shear strain, and the interface presents the characteristics of a critical state. With the increase of shear strain, the void ratio of the interface shows the law of transformation from the initial void ratio to a certain stable void ratio. Based on the void ratio prediction formula of the interface, the relationship between roughness and critical state parameters was established, and the interface state parameters were introduced into the hyperbolic model. Finally, a state-dependent hyperbolic model of the interface considering the roughness was established. Importantly, the model can well reflect the shear stress-strain relationship of the interface under different roughness conditions.

Competition between rate strengthening and gravitational acceleration induces stick-slips of inclined granular flow

This study conducted experiments on dry granular mass released on an inclined flume. The periodic acceleration and deceleration of the flow, that is, the stick-slip phenomenon, was observed during the experiments. To investigate the stick-slip motion mechanism, numerical simulations were conducted with the inclusion of the shear-strengthening μ(I)-rheology into the elasto-plastic models of granular flow. The stick-slip phenomenon was captured naturally without the modification of the empirical friction law. The results revealed that the competition between the rate strengthening implemented by the μ(I)-rheology and the gravitational acceleration along the inclined plane induces stick-slips. By considering the experimental results in combination with the simulation results, the effects of the particle size, gate size opening, surface roughness, and frictional parameters of μ(I)-rheology on the stick-slip phenomenon were elucidated.

Microstructural, mechanical, thermo‐rheological, barrier, and antimicrobial properties of coextruded tri‐layer polylactide/encapsulated geraniol/polylactide‐graphene nanoplatelets films

AbstractA sustainable polylactide (PLA)‐based multilayer food packaging film was developed to improve neat PLA films' modest mechanical, thermal, and water/gas barrier properties. To improve the desired properties and impart antimicrobial aspects to the composite films, graphene nanoplatelets (GNP), and geraniol (GER) were reinforced into single‐layered PLA films. The project aimed to assemble three monolayers into multilayer films (MLF) through a coextrusion process, keeping the PLA‐GER layer in the core. X‐ray diffractograms, micrographs, and roughness parameters of the films demonstrated the dispersion of GNP in the film. Thermogravimetric analysis confirmed an enhancement in the thermal stability of the MLF by around 8°C when compared against single‐layer PLA films. An improvement in mechanical rigidity was supported by tensile (&gt;87%) and rheological measurements. The polymers exhibit liquid‐like behavior in melts. Barrier properties did not improve for the MLF due to the agglomeration of GNP. The excellent antimicrobial properties of the MLFs for 3 weeks of storage at refrigerated conditions against both gram‐positive and gram‐negative pathogens were attributed to the release of GER from the film into the packed chicken samples and proved their potential for use in the food industry.

Tuning Surface Adhesion Using Grayscale Electron-beam Lithography.

Surface texturing of manufactured products tailors their properties, such as friction, adhesion, biocompatibility, or fluid interactions. However, advancements in this area are largely the result of trial-and-effort testing and generally lack a science-guided framework for determining the surface topography that will optimize performance. The present investigation explores grayscale electron-beam lithography as a means to create multiscale surface patterns to control surface performance. Here, we created and characterized a set of surface textures on a silicon wafer; the textures were superpositions of sine waves of varying wavelengths and amplitudes. First, the multiscale topography of the patterned surface was characterized, using profilometry and atomic force microscopy, to understand its fidelity to the designed-in pattern. The results of this analysis demonstrated how grayscale lithography accurately controlled the lateral size of features but was less precise on the vertical height of the surface, and also introduced inherent roughness below the scale of patterning. Second, a micromechanical tester was used to characterize the adhesion of the surfaces with large-scale polished silicon spheres. The results showed that adhesion could be tailored, with significant contribution from all of the designed-in length scales of topography. The strength of adhesion did not correlate with conventional roughness parameters but could be accurately modeled using simple numerical integration. Taken together, this investigation demonstrates the promise and challenges of grayscale e-beam lithography with multiscale patterns as a method for the tailoring of surface performance.

The effect of different conditioning agents on dentin roughness and collagen structure

ObjectivesTo assess the impact of various organic and inorganic acids on the roughness, demineralization, and collagen secondary structures of human dentin and to compare these effects with those of traditional agents, specifically phosphoric acid (PA) and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). MethodsCoronal dentin discs (n = 10) were examined by optical profilometry (roughness) and ATR-FTIR before and after conditioning with 32 % PA, 3 % nitric acid (NA), 20 % citric acid (CA), 20 % phytic acid (IP6) or 17 % EDTA. Spectra data were processed to quantify dentin demineralization (DM%) and percentage area of amide I curve-fitted components of β-turns, 310-helix, α-helix, random coils, β-sheets, and collagen maturation index. Statistical analysis was performed by one-way ANOVA or Kruskal-Wallis for DM% and roughness parameters, and paired t-test/Wilcoxon test for amide I components at significance level set at α = 0.05. ResultsAll treatments resulted in increased roughness parameters, with the most significant changes occurring primarily with PA, while EDTA exhibited the least changes. DM% was NA>PA>IP6>CA>EDTA in a descending order. Regarding amide I components, NA demonstrated a significant reduction in β-turns, 310-helices, and α-helices and it increased β-sheets and random coils. PA resulted in reduction in β-turns and α-helices while it increased β-sheets. CA and EDTA did not cause significant changes. The collagen maturation index significantly increased only after IP6 treatment. ConclusionsThe effect on dentin roughness parameters, demineralization, and collagen secondary structures varied based on the type of dentin surface treatment. Clinical significanceUnderstanding the impact of acids on the intrinsic properties of dentin is clinically essential for gaining insights into how these effects influence adhesion to dentin, the long-term stability of resin-based restorations, and the success of remineralization therapies.

A study of uncertain 4D transportation problems with rough interval parameters and additional real-life factors

In developing countries like India and Nepal, a vehicle document verification system is implicated at the checkpoints and border crossings that allows users to authenticate and verify the validity of vehicle related documents such as registration certificates, driving licenses, pollution under control certificates, and insurance policies. This results in the formation of long queues of the vehicles and hence a significant time wastage. These vehicles waiting in the long queues, continue to emit carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. To address these issues, the government has introduced the Automated Number Plate Recognition (ANPR) technology which plays a significant role in the efficient and accurate document verification by identifying and validating vehicle registration details. It also automates toll collection by capturing the vehicle’s number plate, reducing waiting times and congestion at toll barriers. To analyze all these benefits, in this study, for the first time, ANPR technology has been introduced in the multi-objective model of transportation problem and its impact on various objectives has been observed. Also, real-life factors: fixed-charge cost, carbon emission, multiple routes have been considered in the proposed model and the problem is named as multi-objective fixed-charge four dimensional green transportation problem. Rough set theory has been employed as a tool for effectively addressing the indeterminacy and facilitating the modeling of real-life transportation problems. Two methods: the expected value method and the rough chance constrained programming method, are proposed to transform the suggested model of multi-objective transportation problem into a deterministic form. To solve these transformed models, a new multi-objective optimization approach based on the neutrosophic theory, named as neutrosophic goal programming has been introduced. To further demonstrate the practicality of the proposed study, an application for the apple fruit transportation has been solved. Detailed comparisons between obtained results are done on the basis of different modeling perspectives, different solution techniques and also with/and without ANPR technology. Based on the outcomes, the suggested neutrosophic goal programming technique proved to be superior to the existing techniques in the literature.