Final Roughness Research Articles

The effect of non-uniform skelp temperature on X70 steel coil cooling

This study explored the effect of varying steel skelp temperature (500 °C–600 °C) on the subsequent temperature-time ( T- t) profile during and after coiling of low C (0.05 wt. %) X70 microalloyed steels. Three industrially produced steel coils with similar rough rolling temperatures (∼1050 °C) and finish rolling temperatures (∼850 °C) but different coiling temperatures (500 °C–600 °C) and different skelp thicknesses (19 mm and 25 mm) were studied. The surface temperature of each coil was measured using an infrared video camera. A three-dimensional heat transfer model was developed to predict the T- t profiles. A lower (∼60 °C) initial skelp temperature near the head and tail of the skelp led to a reduced coil temperature. A higher (∼50 °C) temperature near the head and tail region of the skelp resulted in a more uniform coil temperature (a difference of ∼10 °C instead of ∼50 °C).

Effect of whitening dentifrices on dental enamel: an analysis of color, microhardness, and surface roughness in vitro.

This study aimed to evaluate the influence of different whitening toothpastes on color change and alteration in enamel surface roughness and microhardness compared to a conventional toothpaste. Fifty bovine incisors were selected, cleaned, and stored before being divided into five groups: a conventional toothpaste group and three whitening toothpaste groups containing different abrasive agents: silica, hydrogen peroxide, and activated charcoal. Specimens underwent simulated brushing, staining with black tea solution, and subsequent analyses of color, surface roughness, and microhardness. Statistical analysis was performed using three-way ANOVA and Tukey post-hoc tests (P .05). The results showed that the color analysis revealed similar whitening potential among all toothpastes. They showed significant differences in surface roughness (P .001) and microhardness (P .001) after simulated brushing. While all toothpastes caused a decrease in microhardness, the charcoal-based toothpaste showed a significant increase in surface roughness compared to the initial condition. All toothpastes demonstrated whitening capability. Surface roughness changed after brushing with activated charcoal-based whitening toothpaste, but final roughness was similar across all groups. Whitening toothpastes led to a decrease in enamel microhardness, with similar final performance across all toothpastes analyzed.

Design and development of Rotational Magneto Abrasive Flow Finishing setup powered with machine learning tools for nanofinishing of cylindrical double camshaft followers

Surface finish and morphology play a vital role in the reliability and life of cam-roller or slider mechanisms, with improvement due to lesser contact pressure-based fatigue and failure as surface finish improves. An experimental setup using magnet-based abrasive finishing techniques is designed and developed to conduct studies on a double camshaft follower arrangement that resulted in less than 300 nm finish at an enhanced finishing rate. Finishing rate improves greatly as speed of rotation of the workpiece increases with relatively bigger abrasive particles while the best finish is obtained at lower speeds and particle sizes with progression of the finishing cycles. Subsequently, using the results as the training dataset, a machine learning system is developed to overcome the limitations of surface measurement techniques and human interventions, to predict outcomes like number of cycles, speed of rotation of workpiece, time to reach the desired finish and particle size to be used for the given material of workpiece, initial surface roughness and final desired surface finish. The predictions from the completely trained system are compared with the physics-based model and the real data and the error is found to be within 20 nm which has led to development of a highly reliable system.

Effect of Two Different Intraoral Polishing Systems on Surface Roughness, Color Stability, and Bacterial Accumulation of Zirconia-Reinforced Lithium Silicate Ceramic.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of two intraoral polishing methods on zirconia-reinforced lithium silicate ceramic after ultrasonic scaling. Thirty disc-shaped samples of zirconia-reinforced lithium silicate were constructed. Freshly extracted bovine teeth were collected and cleaned then the discs were cemented into a cavity prepared onto their labial surface. The samples were divided into three groups (10 samples per group); S: Scaling only, SE: Scaling followed by polishing using Eve Diapro lithium disilicate polishers, SD: Scaling followed by polishing using Diatech ShapeGuard ceramic polishing plus kit. The surface roughness was evaluated after scaling and polishing the samples. For color stability, the samples were stored for 12 days at 37°C in an incubator to simulate 1-year consumption of coffee. L*a*b* color parameters were assessed using VITA Easyshade Advance 4.0 before and after the staining procedure and the color difference was measured. Finally, bacterial accumulation was evaluated by incubating the samples with a suspension of Streptococcus mutans ( S. mutans), after that the S. mutans colonies were counted to obtain the values of colony-forming units (CFU). The final overall roughness, change in color and bacterial count were compared between all groups using one-way ANOVA and Tukey's post-hoc analysis. The Pearson correlation coefficient was used to determine the correlation between continuous variables. The cutoff for significance was chosen at p ≤ 0.05. Scaling induced surface roughness of the zirconia-reinforced lithium silicate ceramic was significantly decreased after using both intraoral polishing systems and this was accompanied by a significant decrease in color change and bacterial count. Intraoral polishing techniques can reduce the roughness of the surface of zirconia reinforced lithium silicate restorations induced due to scaling and subsequently reduce the stainability and bacterial accumulation.

The Impact of Gastric Juice on the Surface Roughness of Surface Sealant-Treated Provisional Restorations.

Gastroesophageal reflux disease causes gastric acid to enter the oral cavity, leading to mucosal changes and deterioration of dental hard tissues and materials. The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the impact of gastric juice on the surface roughness of two types of acrylics used in provisional restorations. Acrytemp ® and Temdent acrylic resin discs (10 × 2 mm) totaling 80 were manufactured and divided into eight groups (n = 10). Groups were prepared as follows: Group 1 (Temdent + Universal Polish) (control), Group 2 (Temdent + Universal Polish + Biscover LV), Group 3 (Temdent + Universal Polish + Resin Glaze), Group 4 (Temdent + Universal Polish + Fortify Plus), Group 5 (Acrytemp + Universal Polish) (control), Group 6 (Acrytemp + Universal Polish + Biscover LV), Group 7 (Acrytemp + Universal Polish + Resin Glaze), and Group 8 (Acrytemp + Universal Polish + Fortify Plus). The resin discs were immersed in distilled water for 24 h and in gastric juice (pH = 2) for additional 24 h. The initial and final roughness values of samples were measured and analyzed with non-parametric statistics including Mann-Whitney U-test for pairwise comparison, Kruskall Wallis test for comparing more than two groups, and Wilcoxon signed rank test for within-group comparison (P < 0.05). Surface roughness did not differ significantly between control groups. It notably increased for all samples with surface sealants, both initially and after gastric juice immersion (P < 0.05). Surface sealants noticeably increased the roughness of two types of acrylic resins. After immersing in gastric juice, Group 4 (Temdent + Universal Polish + Fortify Plus) showed the highest roughness, while the untreated control groups remained the smoothest.

Measuring of Surface Roughness of Al-6061 Alloy by CNC Milling by using of Taguchi Method

The paper discusses the critical importance of surface roughness measurement in CNC milling processes, particularly when working with Al- 6061 alloy. It highlights the challenges being faced by existing methodologies while assessing surface roughness accurately and it also emphasizes the need for a more systematic approach. Leveraging the Taguchi Method, the study aims to optimize surface roughness measurement parameters to improve machining outcomes. The novelty of the research lies in its application of the Taguchi Method to develop a projecting model specifically for optimizing roughness of surface of Al-6061 alloy in CNC Milling. By analyzing the factors influencing surface roughness and their interactions, the study aims to provide insights that can enhance machining accuracy and efficiency. The anticipated benefits of this research to the machining community include offering a more efficient and accurate approach to surface roughness measurement, thereby improving machining quality and productivity. The paper serves as a valuable reference for researchers and practitioners looking to enhance their understanding and practices in the context of Al-6061 alloy machining. It’s noted that several factors, such as speed of the spindle,Cutting depth, cutting depth, geometry of the tool, and material stuffs, influence the final roughness of surface. In this Taguchi Method that implemented to address the challenge of finding optimized conditions for the best surface finish by identifying the optimal grouping of variable parameters.Overall, the paper presents a promising methodology to improving roughness of surface measurement in the CNC milling processes, particularly for Al-6061 alloy, and offers potential insights that could benefit the machining industry.Aluminum is one of the most widely used metals in the construction of airplanes, trucks, spaceships etc. where high strength and light weight are required. Aluminum is used here for the observation.

Performance Evaluation of Hybrid MQL-Brass Nano-Fluid Coolant on Aisi 304 SS for Efficient Machining Operation

Brass Nanofluid is a substance made from synthetic copper and zinc powder. It has outstanding mechanical, electrical, thermal and optical qualities employed in a variety of applications including, solar, touch screen, bison. The nanoparticles used in this study were developed from brass alloy which was locally sourced and machined to the required nano-size of 40 µm. A top-down strategy was used for the preparation of nanofluid and ball milling utilized to ground the brass alloy and sieved after grinding using a 40 µm sleeve. A double approach strategy was applied to prepare the nanofluid and the sonification process of brass nanofluid was conducted using ultra sonic equipment. The result shows that the light paraffin oil with varying concentration percentage of brass alloy and conventional cutting fluid (castrole oil) with varying concentration percentage of brass alloy display similar performance. Optimizing the additive ratio of nano particle provided better outcomes identified in the range of 2-10g with 200 ml of cutting fluid. This improves the surface roughness finish of machined part while inclusion of brass nano particle with cutting fluid improves the material removal rate, reduce the temperature and the cutting zone providing a guaranteed finish product compared to other base fluid.

Influence of Grooves Angle of Textured Ceramic Tools on the Final Roughness and Cutting Forces of Cold Work Tool Steel

Ceramic tools are a feasible solution for machining hard steels due to their excellent performance in high-temperature environments, which improves productivity. However, the high cutting speeds achieved with ceramic tools can generate cutting temperatures so high that they damage the surface roughness of the component. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the influence of different texturing inclinations on the final roughness of the component and the cutting forces during cutting on Al2O3 with TiC for the turning of 1.2990 cold work tool steel. The experimental setup involved testing five different texture grooves inclinations on the rake face of CNGA 120408 inserts, with a recommended cutting speed of 180 m/min, feed of 0.15 mm/rev, and a depth of cut of 0.5 mm. The tests were carried out in dry conditions. Results showed that the textured tools produced lower cutting forces (8%) and better surface roughness (improvement of 16% for Ra and 18% for Rz) than the reference tool without texture. Therefore, texturing inclinations can be used to mitigate the impact of high cutting speeds on the component during ceramic tool machining.

Boosting flowability and curing reaction of ultra-fine powder coatings using facile-fabrication Al2O3/C4H6N2 nanocomposite

In recent years, the utilization of fiber-reinforced plastic (FRP) parts has become increasingly widespread in various industries, including aerospace, marine, and automobile industries, as a consequence of their potential to enhance energy efficiency and reduce weight. However, the challenge of meeting the demand for eco-friendly and high-quality coatings on FRPs persists. Ultra-fine powder coatings have emerged as a promising solution, offering a cost-effective and high-quality alternative to traditional solvent paints and emitting zero volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Despite their potential benefits, two main obstacles to applying ultra-fine powder coatings on FRPs exist: low powder flowability and high curing temperature. To address these obstacles, we fabricated a nanocomposite comprising Al2O3 and C4H6N2 (2-methylimidazole) and evaluated its functional properties in ultra-fine powder coatings. Our findings demonstrate that the addition of 0.3–0.5 wt% of the nanocomposite significantly improved static and dynamic powder flowability to qualified grades and effectively boosted curing reactions, consequently reducing the curing temperature by 20 °C. Furthermore, the film thickness decreased by approximately 50 %, and final appearance, roughness and water resistance were enhanced significantly. Overall, our results suggest that the nanocomposite boosted the flowability and curing reaction of the ultrafine powders effectively and successfully obtained thin and qualified films on FRP substrates, which holds great promise for expanding the application of ultra-fine powder coatings in the coating industry.

Pengendalian Kualitas Produk Enzo Bar Cabinet Pada PT. XYZ Menggunakan Metode Statistical Process Control (SPC)

This research took place at PT. XYZ is one of the largest furniture manufacturers in Indonesia whose products have been exported to various countries. In Enzo Bar Cabinet products, defects are often found such as color variation, imperfect door operation, rough finish, and marble defects. Therefore, using the Statistical Process Control (SPC) and Failure Mode and Analysis (FMEA) methods which aim to identify the factors that cause defects and provide suggestions for improving the Enzo Bar Cabinet product at PT. XYZ. From the results of the analysis that has been carried out, it is found that the rough finish is the most common defect, namely 170 events with a percentage of 37.20%, which are caused by human factors, the environment, methods and materials. So the proposed improvements to reduce rough finish defects are ensuring that each part of the product is clean from dust before the painting process, there is a need for supervisors for operators to work optimally, asking for help from other operators and ensuring operators have enough rest so they don't get tired, preparing stock and ensuring sandpaper is still proper before the sanding process.

Effect of Parameters of Chemical Mechanical Polishing (CMP) for Improving Surface Roughness for Semiconductor Material Kind Silicon

Chemical Mechanical Polishing (CMP) is the polishing process where the top surface of a wafer is smoothed using a slurry containing abrasive grit as well as reactive chemical agents. The polishing process is partly mechanical and partly chemical. The mechanical element's main advantage is that it is achieved without great effort to manufacture and supplies good-quality general mechanical and electrical properties. In the current study, the invention reckons on the chemical and mechanical properties of the composition particles (abrasive slurry) utilized to polish silicon surfaces traveling through chemical-mechanical polishing (CMP). MINITAB 17 software was used to estimate the influence of the (CMP) input variables on the surface roughness (Ra) of the silicon workpiece. Other process input variables were disk speed (rpm), the dose of abrasive, the grain size of the abrasive, and the type of slurry. In order to get the best response surface roughness, the current findings show that the constant coefficient of determination (R2) is 95.80%. Furthermore, the effects of disk speed (X1), abrasive dose (X2), abrasive grain size (X3), and type of slurry (X4) on achieving a superior surface roughness finish were 21.05%, 4.34%, 50.00%, and 24.59%, respectively.

Roughness Control of Surfaces Using a Laser Profilometer with the Selected Material Cutting Technology.

The article aims to assess the roughness of parting surfaces in the context of abrasive water jet technology for various materials. The evaluation is based on the feed speed of the cutting head, which is adjusted to achieve the desired final roughness, taking into consideration the stiffness of the material being cut. We used non-contact and contact methods to measure selected parameters of the roughness of the dividing surfaces. The study included two materials-namely, structural steel material S235JRG1 and aluminum alloy AW 5754. In addition to the above, the study involved using a cutting head with varying feed rates to achieve different surface roughness levels required by customers. The roughness parameters Ra and Rz of the cut surfaces were measured using a laser profilometer (laser profilometer). To ensure the accuracy of the laser profilometer, a control roughness measurement was conducted using a contact roughness gauge. The roughness values obtained for Ra and Rz from both measurement methods were plotted on a graph to illustrate their dependencies and were subsequently evaluated and compared. By measuring the roughness parameters Ra and Rz, the study was able to provide insights into the effectiveness of the cutting head's feed rates in achieving the desired roughness levels. Additionally, by comparing the results of the laser profilometer and contact roughness gauge, the accuracy of the measurement non-contact method used in the study was verified.

Physical-mechanical properties of a flowable nanofiber-reinforced resin composite

This in vitro study aimed to evaluate the effect of toothbrushing simulated test on wear and roughness of different low-viscosity resin composite, as well as the polymerization shrinkage stress. Thirty rectangular specimens (5 × 10 × 3 mm) were prepared and assigned into three different low-viscosity resin composites (n=10): Filtek flow Z350 (Z350); NanovaPro fill (Nanova), and SureFil SDR Flow (SDR). The specimens were brushed for 100.000 cycles using a toothbrushing testing machine with soft bristle tips (Colgate Classic, Colgate-Palmolive Co., Osasco, Sao Paulo, Brazil) and dentifrice suspension (Colgate MFP, Colgate-Palmolive Co.) in deionized water under a 300 g load. The surface roughness (Ra) (n=10) (before and after brushing) and wear (mm) (n=10) were measured by roughness tester. Also, the microhardness (KHN) (n=5) and shrinkage stress (MPa) (n=5) were evaluated. Data were analyzed by one-way for wear, microhardness and shrinkage stress data and two-way for roughness ANOVA and Tukey test (α = 0.05). The Nanova group presented higher final roughness (1.79±0.36) (p &lt; 0.031), wear (13.87±3.26) (p &lt;0.001) and microhardness (52.56±1.7) than the other groups (p &lt; 0.006). For tensile test, all materials showed no difference in relation to shrinkage stress (p= 0.468). The Nanova group showed higher wear and roughness than the other groups. SDR and Z350 were statistically more resistant to wear.

ANALISIS FAKTOR – FAKTOR KELELAHAN KERJA PEKERJA MEBEL CV X DI KOTA SEMARANG

The furniture industry is one of the growing informal sector businesses. Public demand for furniture is so great that many furniture production facilities have sprung up. Work fatigue is one of the occupational safety and health problems that is a factor causing accidents at work. One of the potential hazards in this industry is posture, an uncomfortable work environment that will result in decreased performance. From the initial interviews conducted with 4 workers, there were 4 workers complaining of work fatigue caused by one of them being ergonomic and then making a difference in the worker's body posture. There are 5 activities for making furniture, namely rough sanding, fine sanding, assembly, welding and finishing. This study was to analyze the causes of work fatigue in CV X furniture workers in Semarang City. This study uses a descriptive qualitative method with an observational approach and is carried out by assessing work posture factors with REBA worksheets and using a reaction timer in August 2022. The main informants involved are 5 workers representing each work activity, while the triangulation informants are 2 people. Research results Based on observations using the REBA method, there are 40% (2 postures) with medium risk (medium risk), 40% (2 postures) with high risk (high risk) and 20% (1 posture) with very high risk (very high risk). high risk). There is a work posture that is immediately investigated and exposed to changes from an ergonomic work position so that there are no work-related diseases or work accidents.

The Luminous Horizon of Le Corbusier’s Last Project

Le Corbusier's project for the Congress Hall for the city of Strasbourg between 1962 and 1965 has a relatively discreet place in historiography. However, it is frequently presented as a synthesis that skilfully blends the archaism of the rough finishes with the new machinist features of the 1960s. The evolution of the last design phases shows how the spectacular and event-based dimensions largely take precedence over the usual practices of the rue de Sèvres workshop.

A Comparative Study in the Design of TiO2 Assisted Photocatalytic Coatings Monitored by Controlling Hydrophilic Behavior and Rhodamine B Degradation.

This work presents a comparative study related to the photocatalytic efficiency associated with wettability measurements and organic dye degradation, as well as other relevant properties (i.e., corrosion resistance, roughness, wettability, and adhesion to a substrate). The photocatalytic precursors are titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) which are dispersed onto a polymeric electrospun fiber matrix by using three different deposition techniques such as electrospraying, spraying, and dip-coating, respectively. In this work, the host electrospun matrix is composed of poly(acrylic acid) fibers crosslinked with cyclodextrin (β-CD), which shows a good chemical affinity and stability with the other deposition techniques which are responsible for incorporating the TiO2 NPs. In order to evaluate the efficacy of each coating, the resultant photocatalytic activity has been monitored by two different tests. Firstly, the reduction in the water contact angle is appreciated, and secondly, the degradation of an organic dye (Rhodamine B) is observed under UV irradiation. In addition, the final roughness, adherence, and pitting corrosion potential have also been controlled in order to determine which solution provides the best combination of properties. Finally, the experimental results clearly indicate that the presence of TiO2 NPs deposited by the three techniques is enough to induce a super hydrophilic behavior after UV irradiation. However, there are notable differences in photocatalytic efficiency on the Rhodamine B as a function of the selected deposition technique.

Optimization method for rough-finish milling allowance based on depth control of milling affected layer

The optimization of machining allowance has an important influence on the machining quality of workpieces. This paper determined an optimization method for rough-finish milling allowance based on depth control of milling affected layer. Firstly, the coupling influence of rough-finish milling cutting depth on milling affected layer depth was studied by experiment. Secondly, the influence rule of rough milling and finish milling on the affected layer depth was studied by experiment, and the prediction model of the milling affected layer depth based on the cutting depth of rough milling and finish milling was established, as well as the surface roughness prediction model of the finish milling cutting depth. Finally, the effectiveness of the optimization results was verified by experiments. The experimental results show the optimized machining parameters can increase the machining efficiency by 31.2%, and the milling affected layer is 91 μm, which indicates that the depth of milling affected layer is effectively controlled.

The Effect of a Duplex Surface Treatment on the Corrosion and Tribocorrosion Characteristics of Additively Manufactured Ti-6Al-4V

The use of additively manufactured components specifically utilizing titanium alloys has seen rapid growth particularly in aerospace applications; however, the propensity for retained porosity, high(er) roughness finish, and detrimental tensile surface residual stresses are still a limiting factor curbing its expansion to other sectors such as maritime. The main aim of this investigation is to determine the effect of a duplex treatment, consisting of shot peening (SP) and a coating deposited by physical vapor deposition (PVD), to mitigate these issues and improve the surface characteristics of this material. In this study, the additive manufactured Ti-6Al-4V material was observed to have a tensile and yield strength comparable to its wrought counterpart. It also exhibited good impact performance undergoing mixed mode fracture. It was also observed that the SP and duplex treatments resulted in a 13% and 210% increase in hardness, respectively. Whilst the untreated and SP treated samples exhibited a similar tribocorrosion behavior, the duplex-treated sample exhibited the greatest resistance to corrosion-wear observed by the lack of damage on the surface and the diminished material loss rates. On the other hand, the surface treatments did not improve the corrosion performance of the Ti-6Al-4V substrate.

Experimental optimization on mechanical properties of 18Ni-300 maraging steel produced by direct metal laser sintering

Maraging steel material characteristics are greatly affected by build orientation and scanning strategies during manufacturing. This research aims to examine the effect of various build orientations and scan strategies on the ultimate strength and microhardness of 18 Ni-300 grade maraging steel. The maraging steel is made using a technology called direct metal laser sintering. Using the Analysis of Variance approach, the effects of processing factors like build orientation, scan techniques, and type of process on ultimate strength, microhardness, and roughness are optimized. The properties tend to be greater in the horizontal orientation when using the XY scan strategy as a result of thermal history variations,. The mechanical performances of maraging steel components in terms of strength values observed were lower in the vertical position compared to all other orientations. The tests are carried out using an L27 orthogonal array and a Taguchi design of experiment. Build orientation XZ, scan method XY, and Solution-aging-aging(SAAT) has the most significant influence on the final ultimate strength, microhardness, and roughness of all the input factors. A2B2C3 is the optimal combination level of control factors. Additionally, a percentage inaccuracy was identified after conducting confirmation tests on the most prominent experimental data.

Electropolishing Stainless Steel Optimization Using Surface Quality, Dimensional Accuracy, and Electrical Consumption Criteria

Electropolishing (EP) processes require high electrical consumption that must be optimized to minimize production costs without sacrificing the objectives of surface quality and dimensional accuracy. The aim of the present paper was to analyze the effects of the interelectrode gap, initial surface roughness, electrolyte temperature, current density, and EP time on aspects of the EP process applied to AISI 316L stainless steel, which have not been examined in the literature, such as polishing rate, final surface roughness, dimensional accuracy, and electrical consumption cost. In addition, the paper aimed to obtain optimum individual and multi-objective considering criteria of surface quality, dimensional accuracy, and electrical consumption cost. The results showed that the electrode gap was not significant on the surface finish or current density, and the EP time was the parameter having the greatest effect on all criteria analyzed, with a temperature of 35 °C showing the best electrolyte performance. The initial surface texture with the lowest roughness Ra10 (0.5 ≤ Ra ≤ 0.8 μm) obtained the best results with a maximum polishing rate of ~90% and minimum final roughness (Ra) of ~0.035 μm. The response surface methodology showed the EP parameter effects and the optimum individual objective. The desirability function obtained the best global multi-objective optimum, while the overlapping contour plot provided optimum individual and simultaneous per polishing range.