Rotavirus Infection In Children Research Articles

Analysis of the relationship between intestinal segmented filamentous bacteria and rotavirus infection in children

Objective: To investigate the association between intestinal colonization of segmented filamentous bacteria (SFB) and the risk of rotavirus infection, and the possible mechanisms by which SFB resist rotavirus infection. Methods: This case-control study enrolled 50 children aged 0 to 5 years who present to the outpatient Department of Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine with diarrhea and positive stool tests for rotavirus. The children were divided into rotavirus enteritis group and control group consisting of 55 children with non-gastrointestinal and non-infectious surgical diseases.The age and sex composition of the two groups was matched. The DNA of the fecal flora was extracted and SFB was detected by real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR analysis. The children in the rotavirus enteritis group and the control group were subgrouped by age and sex to analyze the differences in SFB positivity rates between different groups, and further compare and analyze the differences in SFB positivity rates between these two groups of children in the ≤2 years old subgroup and the >2-5 years old subgroup. Neutralization test was performed with p3340 protein and rotavirus to determine the relationship between rotavirus infection rate and p3340 concentration in Vero cells. χ2 test or Fisher's exact probability method was used for comparison between the two groups. Results: There were 50 children in the rotavirus enteritis group with an age of (1.7±0.9) years, and 55 children in the control group with an age of (1.8±1.1) years. The positive rate of SFB in children with rotavirus enteritis showed a declining trend across ages groups, with the highest rate of 10/14 in the ≤1 year old group, followed by 67% (14/21) in the >1-2 years old group, 9/15 in the >2-5 years old group, and there was no statistically significant difference (P=0.867). The positive rate of SFB in the control group was 12/15 in the ≤1 year old group, 95% (19/20) in the >1-2 years old group, 50% (10/20) in the >2-5 years old group, with statistical significance (P=0.004). The positive rate of SFB in children with rotavirus enteritis was 74% (20/27) in males and 56% (13/23) in females (χ2=1.71, P=0.192). In the control group, it was 79% (22/28) in males and 70% (19/27) in females (χ2=0.49, P=0.485). The positive rate of SFB was 66% (33/50) in the rotavirus enteritis group and 75% (41/55) in the control group, with no statistically significant (χ2=0.56, P=0.454). In the children ≤2 years old, the SFB positivity rate was 69% (24/35) in the rotavirus enteritis group and 89% (31/35) in the control group, with a statistically significant difference (χ2=4.16, P=0.041). However, in the children >2-5 years old, no statistically significant difference was observed, with the positive rate of SFB being 9/15 in the rotavirus enteritis group and 50% (10/20) in the control group (P=0.734). Pearson correlation analysis revealed a negative correlation between rotavirus infection and SFB positivity (r=-0.87,P<0.001). As the concentration of the p3340 specific protein increased, the luminescence intensity of the luciferase in the Vero cells, which were suitable for cultivating rotavirus, exhibited a decreasing trend (F=4.17, P=0.001). Conclusions: SFB colonization in infants less than 2 years old is associated with a reduced risk of rotavirus infection. Cloning of specific SFB functional protein p3340 neutralizes rotavirus infection of Vero cells, and this mechanism of targeting rotavirus infection differs from the common antiviral mechanism.

A 7-Year Survey (2015-2021) in One Pediatric Hospital (Brasov, Romania) on Rotavirus Gastroenteritis Specified as Community- or Hospital-Acquired Infection in Young Children.

This project is an observational, descriptive study evaluating frequencies of rotavirus disease in hospitalized children aged less than 5 years old between 2015 and 2021 in the Pediatric Hospital of Brasov, Central Romania. The study compares socio-demographic (age, sex, place of living and ethnicity), clinical, and treatment aspects between community-acquired rotavirus gastroenteritis (CARG) and hospital-acquired rotavirus gastroenteritis (HARG). During that period, 1913 hospitalized children had a rapid positive immunichromatographic rotavirus test from stool specimens. Among them, 1620 (84.6%) were CARG and 293 (15.4%) were HARG. CARG conditions represented 28.5% of all acute hospitalized gastroenteritis (n = 5673) whereas HARG represented 5.2%. Around the same percentage of urban children were seen in CARG as in HARG (58.5% (n = 948) for CARG and 56.3% (n = 164) for HARG). About 64.9% (n = 1052) of CARG cases were from Roma population, and 66.5% (n = 195) in HARG. The age group with the highest frequency of the disease was 12 to 24 months old for both CARG and HARG. The average hospital duration was 5.09 days for CARG and 7.62 days for HARG. Diarrhea was the principal symptom in both CARG and HARG (92.6% (n = 1500) for CARG and 93.9% (n = 275) for HARG). Most CARG patients (61% (n = 989)) were treated for symptomatic management with iv fluids. Most HARG (60.4% (n = 177)) were treated for symptomatic management with iv fluids and antibiotics. A significant seasonal shift to a later period in the year was observed during the last registration year of 2021, possibly due to the COVID-19 epidemic. The seasonal disease burden of rotavirus infection in children remains high in hospital care in Romania, which may justify the systematic introduction of rotavirus vaccination across the whole country.

Influence of exogenous risk-inducing factors on the incidence of intestinal infections in the population of the territory of intensive tourism

Introduction. The development of tourism in regions with an insufficient level of social infrastructure and a low self-cleaning capacity of the environment poses a danger due to the gain in infectious diseases. The level of water in Lake Baikal may determine the potential for dilution of chemical and microbiological contaminants in the coastal zone.&#x0D; Materials and methods. The incidence of acute intestinal infections (AII) was studied in the area located on the south-eastern shore of the lake. Baikal (2016–2022). There were assessed risk-inducing factors including climate, water level of the lake, number of tourists, water quality. The values of relative risk, etiological share, economic damage were calculated. &#x0D; Results. The incidence was 630.8 (455.9–781.9) in 0–14 years children, 16.0 (4.8–48.5) cases per 100 thousand population in people over 15 years old. The relative risk in children in the year of low water content of the lake. Baikal RR=1.498 (CI 1.067–2.102). The total level of economic damage caused by additional cases of rotavirus infection in children amounted to 4,528.960 of rubles with high water content, and 5,625.740 of rubles with low water content. &#x0D; Limitations of the study relate to the inability to accurately estimate the number of tourists visiting the region; the inflation rate is not taken into account when calculating the economic damage. &#x0D; Conclusion. The AII incidence in the children’s population of the coastal region is characterized by an increase in the years of water content in Lake Baikal, which differs from the optimal level, with changes in risk-inducing factors.

Relating a Conceptual Overview of Vaccines Utilization for the Prevention of Rotavirus in Children

Rotavirus infection is an emphatic health concern that when left unabated elicits hospitalizations, and deaths of many children due to diarrhea, even in developed countries; let one in poor settings. Likewise, the virus can affect older youngsters and adults resulting in mild infection. The consequences of the rotavirus could not be unconnected with the levels of poor prevention ploys put in place, including the inability of the body of children to counteract the rotavirus with a substantial immunity due to earlier invasion. Thus, it is important to seek for vaccines, because vaccination use in disease prevention is becoming a forefront efficient and easiest way nowadays. This paper brings a conceptual overview of vaccines utilization for the prevention of rotavirus infection in children under the following headings: Introduction, rotavirus vaccines, replicating vaccines, non-replicating vaccines, subunit vaccines, virus like particles, encapsulation, rotavirus vaccination, and conclusion.

Molecular Characterization of Human Rotavirus among Children with Acute Gastroenteritis in Ebonyi State

Background: As the leading source of death for children under the age of five worldwide, diarrhea is second only to pneumonia. In Ebonyi State, it is a major contributor to emergency situations and elevated infant morbidity and mortality. When it comes to genotype-specific acute diarrhea in children, Group A Rotavirus is the most frequent viral etiologic agent, with different genotypes. The purpose of the research was to identify the most common rotavirus strains in circulation among children under 5 who were admitted to the hospital in Abakaliki with diarrhea. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted. In continuation of previous work by the same authors on prevalence and risk factors of rotavirus infection in children, RNA extraction was carried out, according to manufacturer’s instructions using appropriate extraction kit, on 75 stool samples that were positive for rotavirus infection by ELISA procedure, followed by polymerase chain reaction and genotyping. The produced products of different sizes were then examined under ultraviolet (UV) illumination. Results: The two most common G genotypes were G1 and G4 (42.5% and 38.4%, respectively). The most common P gene was P [8], which was followed by P [6] and P [4], both of which had a 5.5% prevalence. The two rotavirus types G1P [8] (11%) and G4P [8] (11%) made up the majority overall. Conclusions: The most common rotavirus types in circulation were G1, G4, P8, G1P [8], and G4P [8].

Neurologic Complications of Rotavirus Infections in Children.

Rotavirus is the leading cause of complicated gastroenteritis in children younger than 5 years in countries where rotavirus vaccination is not implemented as a routine vaccination. Besides the intestinal symptoms that are associated with ordinary gastroenteritis, rotavirus can cause neurological complications. The aim of this study is to describe the clinical characteristics of complicated rotavirus infections. From January 1, 2016 to January 31, 2022, all children (below the age of 18 years) with a positive rotavirus test in feces that were either hospitalized or presented at the outpatient clinic or emergency department of a large pediatric hospital in the Netherlands were included. Rotavirus was only tested in case of a severe or abnormal disease course. We described the clinical characteristics and outcomes with a particular focus on neurological manifestations. In total, 59 patients with rotavirus were included of whom 50 (84.7%) were hospitalized and 18 (30.5%) needed intravenous rehydration. Ten patients (16.9%) had neurologic complications, of whom 6 patients (60.0%) presented encephalopathy. Two patients (20.0%) with neurological symptoms showed abnormalities on diagnostic imaging. Rotavirus can cause gastroenteritis with severe, but apparently self-limiting, neurological manifestations. Considering rotavirus in pediatric patients with neurological symptoms such as encephalopathy and encephalitis is therefore important. Early detection of rotavirus infection may predict a favorable course of the disease and may thereby prevent unnecessary treatment and should be further investigated.

Neurological complications of rotavirus infection in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

To systematically review the clinical features and outcomes of pediatric patients developing neurological complications associated with a rotavirus infection. A systematic literature review and meta-analysis was performed, including articles published from 1984 to 2020. Neurological complications were classified into four groups: encephalitis, cerebellitis, encephalo-cerebellitis and benign convulsions with mild gastroenteritis (CwG). Out of 68 reports that fulfilled the research criteria, 99 cases of CwG, 39 cases of encephalitis, 18 cases of encephalo-cerebellitis and five cases of cerebellitis were collected. Ninety-five patients were from Asia. Median age was 22 (IQR 14-29) months, and the children who developed CwG were significantly younger (19, IQR 12-24 months, p<0.0001) than the others. Status epilepticus was observed in 23% and 5% of the encephalitis and CwG groups, respectively. The most frequently described neuroimaging finding were lesions of the splenium of corpus callosum. Four deaths were reported in the encephalitis group, whereas no fatal events were described in the other groups. Among the surviving children, the encephalo-cerebellitis group showed the most severe long-term outcome. All cases of CwG recovered completely. Older age at diagnosis and the development of encephalo-cerebellitis are associated with a higher risk of long-term complications.

Rotavirus infection in children: clinical and etiological structure and analysis of vaccine prophylaxis

Among all hospitalizations of children with acute enteral infection (AEI), 20 to 60% are associated with rotavirus infection (RVI). The high intensity of the spread of the epidemic process and mortality from RVI indicates to the need for vaccination. &#x0D; Aim: to assess the state of vaccination and study the clinical and etiological structure of RVI in children in-patients in the city of Krasnodar. &#x0D; Materials and methods. There was performed the single-stage retrospective analysis of 505 case histories of acute AEI 0–&#x0D; 18 years children (boys/girls: 267/238) admitted to the Children’s City Clinical Hospital in Krasnodar (2020). The state of vaccination (2013–2020) was studied on the base of the vaccination center in the Children’s City Clinical Hospital in Krasnodar. &#x0D; Results. The number of immunized 6552 increased from 10 (2013) to 1460 (2020). Vaccination coverage in 2020 was 5.9% of the target cohort. Less than 1% of adverse events after immunization have been reported. In the AEI structure, 140 cases of RVI (27.7%) were registered: mono-RVI 50 (35.7%), mixed-RVI 90 (64.3%). Mixed-RVI included noro-RVI (67.9% cases), noro-adeno-RVI (17.8%), adeno-RVI (3.3%), salmonella-noro-RVI (3.3%), salmonella-RVI, salmonella-noro-adeno-RVI, campylobacteria-noro-RVI (2.2%) and escherichio-RVI (1.1%). The age structure of the Republic of Ingushetia was dominated by children under 1 year — 59.3%, &#x0D; 1–3 years old — 21.4%, 4–6 years old — 7.2%, 7–18 years old — 12.1%. Mono-RVI occurred in the form of gastroenteritis in moderate (78%) and severe (22%) forms with varying degrees of dehydration (stage I — 74%, stage II — 4%, stage III — 22%). Mixed RVI occurred in the form of gastroenteritis 80 (88.9%) and enterocolitis 10 (11.1%) in moderate (81%) and severe (19%) forms with stage I exsicosis (63%), II Art. (18%), III Art. (19%). Among all hospitalized children, none were as vaccinated against RVI. &#x0D; Conclusion. The high intensity of the spread of the epidemic process in RVI indicates the need for vaccination.

Diagnostic accuracy of rotavirus antigen tests in children: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Rotavirus infection is the leading cause of acute gastroenteritis (AGE) in children. Children with rotavirus infection may have symptoms such as diarrhoea or vomiting. Diarrheal diseases caused by rotavirus and other enteric pathogens cannot be differentiated on the basis of clinical symptoms. Therefore, diagnostic testing is essential to confirm a diagnosis of rotavirus infection. The aim of the meta-analysis is to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of immunochromatographic rotavirus antigen tests in children. We searched the PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library and Google Scholar databases for studies evaluating the diagnostic accuracy of antigen tests for rotavirus in children. We included studies that provided sufficient data to construct a 2× 2 table on a per patient basis. The overall sensitivity and specificity of the antigen tests were determined using a bivariate random-effects model. In total, 12 studies with 4407 participants were included in the study. The meta-analysis yielded a pooled sensitivity of 89.2% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 77.4%-95.3%) and pooled specificity of 93.2% (95% CI: 83.8%-97.3%). A subgroup analysis of such tests in children aged ≤5 years yielded a pooled sensitivity of 87.1% and pooled specificity of 91.8%. Another subgroup analysis of high-quality studies involving 820 participants yielded a pooled sensitivity of 92.3% and pooled specificity of 95.2%. Rotavirus antigen tests have high sensitivity for the diagnosis of rotavirus infection in children with AGE. In addition, such tests may be effective for the identification and clinical management of rotavirus infection in children and the prevention of disease progression.

Prevalence of rotavirus infection in children under five years, referring to Indira Gandhi Children's Health Hospital, Kabul, Afghanistan

Background: bout 5% of children's deaths in Afghanistan are related to severe rotavirus infections. The aim of this research is to investigate the status of rotavirus gastroenteritis among Afghan children referred to Indira Gandhi Children's Health Hospital from May 2018 to May 2019. Methods: A cross-sectional study has conducted at Indira Gandhi Children's Health Hospital. 422 stool samples were examined for rotavirus and questionnaires were filled Results: Out of 422 children (244 (57.8%) male and 178 (42.2%) female) examined, 215 children (131 (60.9%) male and 84 (39.1%) female) were positive for rotavirus infection. Significant differences were observed between positive and negative rotavirus cases from the point of view of diarrhea duration time, frequency of diarrhea/24hours and frequency of vomiting/24 hours. Conclusion: Still more than 50% of diarrhea cases in children are related to rotavirus. The findings of this research emphasize the fact that the Ministry of Health of Afghanistan should seriously follow control and preventive strategies, especially in warm seasons.

2136. Development of Recombinant Rotavirus Vaccine Carrying Herpes Simplex Virus 2 Gene Based on Reverse Genetics Technology

Abstract Background Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) can cause genital herpes, which reduces the patient's QOL associated with pain. In addition, genital herpes can increase the risk of human immunodeficiency virus infection. Vaccine development has been attempted for many years, but it has not yet been put into practical use. Meanwhile, rotavirus (RV) is one of the major viral causes of severe gastroenteritis in infants and young children worldwide. Currently, two live attenuated vaccines are widely used to prevent severe RV infection in children. We have developed entirely plasmid-based reverse genetics systems of RV, which allowed the generation of recombinant reassortant RV containing a foreign gene. In this study, we sought to develop simian RV (SA11), in which HSV-2 glycoprotein D (gD2) gene was inserted by reverse genetics system, as a herpes vaccine, and evaluated its immunogenicity in mice. Construction of HSV-2 protein expressing rotavirus as a vaccine inducing mucosal immunity Methods Artificially synthesized gD2 DNA fragment was inserted into T7 expression NSP1 plasmids (pT7/NSP1-gD2). Using the plasmid, recombinant SA11-gD2 virus (rSA11-gD2) was generated. gD2 protein expression in infected MA104 cells was verified by Western blotting. rSA11-gD2 was orally inoculated into BALB/c suckling mice twice two weeks apart and into eight-week-old mice three times apart four weeks. Diarrhea score was evaluated for seven days after first inoculation in suckling mice. Serum IgG and IgA titers against RV and gD2 were measured by ELISA. Results Insertion of the gD2 gene and synthesis of gD2 protein were demonstrated by sequence analysis and Wester blotting analysis, respectively. Diarrhea occurred after the first inoculation of rSA11-gD2 in suckling mice. Although IgG and IgA antibodies against RV were induced, gD2 antibody was not detected in convalescent sera in the suckling mice. Meanwhile, in the eight-week-old mice inoculated with three times of rSA11-gD2, significant increases in not only IgG and IgA against RV but also IgG against gD2 were demonstrated. Conclusion Simian RV containing gD2 gene, which was developed by the reverse genetics, induced IgG antibody against gD2 in orally inoculated mice. This strategy can be used to develop genital herpes vaccine. Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures.

The Association between Symptomatic Rotavirus Infection and Histo-Blood Group Antigens in Young Children with Diarrhea in Pretoria, South Africa.

Recently, histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs) have been identified as receptors or attachment factors of several viral pathogens. Among rotaviruses, HBGAs interact with the outer viral protein, VP4, which has been identified as a potential susceptibility factor, although the findings are inconsistent throughout populations due to HBGA polymorphisms. We investigated the association between HBGA phenotypes and rotavirus infection in children with acute gastroenteritis in northern Pretoria, South Africa. Paired diarrheal stool and saliva samples were collected from children aged ≤ 59 months (n = 342) with acute moderate to severe diarrhea, attending two health care facilities. Rotaviruses in the stool samples were detected by commercial EIA and the rotavirus strains were characterized by RT-PCR targeting the outer capsid VP7 (G-type) and VP4 (P-type) antigens for genotyping. Saliva-based ELISAs were performed to determine A, B, H, and Lewis antigens for blood group typing. Blood type O was the most common blood group (62.5%) in this population, followed by groups A (26.0%), B (9.3%), and AB (2.2%). The H1-based secretors were common (82.7%) compared to the non-secretors (17.3%), and the Lewis antigen positive phenotypes (Le(a+b+)) were predominant (54.5%). Blood type A children were more likely to be infected by rotavirus (38.8%) than any other blood types. P[4] rotaviruses (21/49; 42.9%) infected only secretor individuals, whereas P[6] rotaviruses (3/49; 6.1%) only infected Le(a-b-), although the numbers were very low. On the contrary, P[8] rotaviruses infected children with a wide range of blood group phenotypes, including Le(a-b-) and non-secretors. Our findings demonstrated that Lewis antigens, or the lack thereof, may serve as susceptibility factors to rotaviral infection by specific VP4 genotypes as observed elsewhere. Potentially, the P[8] strains remain the predominant human VP4 genotype due to their ability to bind to a variety of HBGA phenotypes.

Detection and Molecular Characterization of Rotavirus Infections in Children and Adults with Gastroenteritis from Vojvodina, Serbia.

Rotaviruses (RV) are the leading cause of gastroenteritis in infants, young children, and adults, responsible for serious disease burden. In the period 2012–2018, a cross-sectional study was conducted using stool samples collected from patients with acute gastroenteritis from Vojvodina, Serbia. We described age and gender distribution, as well as seasonal patterns of RV prevalence. Out of 1853 included stool samples, RV was detected in 29%. Hospitalized children between 1–2 years old were especially affected by RV infection (45%). The highest prevalence of infection was observed during the colder, winter/spring months. We compared sequenced representative G and P genotypes circulating in Serbia with vaccine strains and determined their genetic similarity. Genotype combination G2P[4] was the most prevalent (34.6%), followed by G2P[8] (24.1%) and G1P[8] (21.1%). Given that several epitopes were conserved, neutralization motifs among circulating strains can be characterized as sufficiently matching vaccine strains Rotarix™ and RotaTeq™, but existing antigenic disparities should not be overlooked. The present results contribute to a better insight into the prevalence of rotavirus infection in our region and point out the need for epidemiological surveillance of rotaviruses before the introduction of vaccines. These data can help formulate future vaccine strategies in Serbia.

Prevalence of rotavirus infection among children under five years at a tertiary institution in Nigeria

Background and objectives: Rotavirus is a significant cause of nonbacterial diarrhea, especially in infants and young children worldwide. This study evaluated the pattern of rotavirus infection in children under five years presenting with acute diarrhea in Abuja Teaching Hospital, Gwagwalada, Nigeria. Methodology: It was a cross-sectional descriptive study to describe the prevalence of rotavirus infection among children. The study enrolled children 1 to 59 months old with acute diarrhea attending General Paediatric Outpatient clinic and hospitalized in the Emergency Paediatric Unit of University of Abuja Teaching Hospital (UATH), Gwagwalada, Nigeria. Rotavirus antigen was detected in the stool by qualitative enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Data were analyzed using IBM-SPSS version 25.0. Results: The study comprised of 414 diarrhoeal children aged 1–59 months, of which 226 (54.6%) were male and the mean age was 12.1 months. The overall rate of rotavirus infection was 43.0% (178/ 414). The rotavirus infection was slightly higher among females than in males (46.8% vs 39.8%; p=0.153). Children from upper and middle social classes were at 1.95 [CI=1.17–3.26] and 3.08[CI=1.77–5.34] times higher risks of rotavirus induced diarrhea than the children from the lower social class (p&lt;0.005). Children whose mothers had post-secondary education were three times more at risk of rotavirus diarrhea [OR=3.70; CI=1.46–9.36] than those with primary or no formal education (p&lt;0.05). Children who had never been vaccinated against rotavirus were four times more likely to suffer rotavirus infection than those who had been vaccinated [OR=3.96; 95%CI=1.13–13.89, p=0.032]. Conclusion: This study found that rotavirus was an important causative agent of diarrhea in children in Gwagwalada, Abuja. Due to low rotavirus vaccination status in children, rotavirus screening tests are necessary for children with acute diarrheal disease. J Med Sci. 2022; 16(2): 010. DOI: https://doi.org/10.55010/imcjms.16.020 *Correspondence: Felix Olaniyi Sanni, Department of Public Health, Fescosof Data Solutions, Ogun, Nigeria. Email: fescosofanalysis@gmail.com

Acute norovirus gastroenteritis in up to five years children highly rotavirus-vaccinated population in southern Brazil

The acute gastroenteritis remains a problem social, economic and of the public health of the global impact and among the main causative agents are the viruses. This study aimed to show the circulation of rotavirus (RoV) and norovirus (NoV) infections in children under 5 years, vaccinated or not against RoV, enrolled in the health system presented gastroenteritis. From March 2011 to February 2012 a total of 160 stool samples were collected, overall positivity rates were 11.9% (19/160) for NoV and was not found infected patients with RV. The children include had a mean of 2.8 and a median of 3 years of old, and the average of rotavirus vaccination rate was 83.85%. This result shows that this circulating NoV and suggests a reduction in the occurrence of RoV infection in children with high vaccination coverage rate.

Rotavirus Infection in Children

Background:This study aimed to determine the disease burden and strain distribution of rotavirus in children with diarrhea <5 years old in Suzhou, China.Methods:The study was conducted among children with diarrhea <5 years old at Suzhou University Affiliated Children’s Hospital from 2013 to 2019. Rotavirus antigen was detected in clinical laboratory and then sent to Suzhou Centers for Disease Control and Prevention for further molecular analysis. Group A rotavirus (RVA) was detected through enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, and G-genotype and P-genotype of RVA were tested using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction.Results:Of a total of 198,130 children with diarrhea, 70,813 (35.7%) were positive for RVA; RVA-related diarrhea was detected in 7798 (20.7%, n = 7798/37,710) inpatients and 63,015 (39.3%, n = 63,015/160,420) outpatients. Most children (92.0%, n = 65,171/70,813) positive for RVA were found as children <3 years old. Children 12-35 months old were reported as the highest prevalence among all age groups. The seasonal peak of RVA was in the autumn and winter. Among all 673 RVA strains genotyped, the G9P[8] strain was reported to be persistently predominant in the pediatric population from 2013 to 2019.Conclusions:The burden of diarrhea disease due to rotavirus infection remains high in Suzhou.

Clinical characteristics and cellular immunity in children with rotavirus infection

Objective. To determine clinical course and state of cellular immunity in young children with rotavirus infection.Children characteristics and research methods. The scientists examined children without infectious pathology and with rotavirus infection (20 patients in each group) using general clinical methods. Rotavirus infection was diagnosed by polymerase chain reaction and immunochromatography. Cellular immunity parameters were determined by flow cytometry.Results. All the children under observation had a moderate form of the disease with symptoms of exsicosis of the II degree. Changes in the immune status were mainly of a regulatory, adaptive nature, which contributed to the favorable course of rotavirus infection in children, however, the dynamics of the number of cells expressing Toll-like receptors indicates the immunosuppressive properties of rotavirus.Conclusion. Currently, rotavirus infection in young children is typical with watery diarrhea as the most pronounced and long-lasting clinical symptom. Shifts in immunogram indices in general indicate a deficiency of the cellular link of immunity and a violation of its regulation with simultaneous activation of the immune system in an effort to achieve the eradication of the rotavirus with immunosuppressive properties.

Diversity of Rotavirus Strains in Children; Results From a Community-Based Study in Nepal.

Objective: The objectives of this study were to describe the incidence and genetic diversity of Rotavirus (RV) infection among children up to 3 years of age in a community in Nepal.Methods: We investigated community-acquired cases of asymptomatic and symptomatic RV infections in children from birth to 36 months of age in a community-based birth cohort in Bhaktapur, Nepal. Monthly surveillance and diarrheal stool samples were collected from 240 children enrolled at birth, of which 238 completed the 3 years of follow-up. Samples were screened for rotavirus by Enzyme Immuno Assay (EIA). All RV screened positives were further genotyped by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction for the capsid genes VP7 and VP4.Results: In total, 5,224 stool samples were collected from 238 children, followed from birth to 36 months of age. Diarrhea occurred in 92.4% (230/238) of all children in the cohort. During the 3 years study period, RV was more frequently seen in children with symptoms (7.6%) than in non-symptomatic children (0.8%). The highest RV detection rate was found in younger children between 3 and 21 months of age. Although rotavirus is known as winter diarrhea, it was detected throughout the year except in August. The highest positivity rate was observed in the months between December and March, with a peak in January. Four common G types were seen: G2 (30%), G1 (29%), G12 (19%), and G9 (16%). The most predominant genotypes seen were G2P[4] (30%), followed by G1P[8] (27.0%), G12P[6] (14.0%), G9P[8] (10%), and remaining were mixed, partial, and untyped.Conclusion: Our study confirms that rotavirus is a common cause of gastroenteritis in young children in the community. The prevalence and pathogenicity of rotavirus infection differed by age. There was substantial variability in circulating strains in the community samples compared to samples collected from hospitals. This shows the importance of including community-based surveillance systems to monitor the diversity of circulating rotavirus strains in Nepal.

Эффективность применения препарата рацекадотрил в комплексной терапии ротавирусной инфекции у детей

В статье освещена эффективность применения препарата рацекадотрил как патогенетического средства при лечении ротавирусной инфекции у детей. Под наблюдением находилось 40 больных в возрасте до 5 лет с ротавирусной инфекцией. Всем детям проводился комплекс общелабораторных исследований. Для установления этио-логического фактора применялся иммунохроматографический анализ для выявления ротавирусного антигена и проводилось бактериологическое исследование испражнений для индикации бактериальной флоры. Комплексное лечение включало базисную терапию согласно протоколам. Дети основной группы (n = 20) с первого дня стационарного лечения получали антисекреторный препарат рацекадотрил в возрастной дозировке. Применение данного препарата повлияло на основные клинические симптомы ротавирусной инфекции у детей — ускорило ликвидацию рвоты и нормализацию консистенции стула, а также позволило снизить продолжительность диарейного синдрома, что в совокупности позволило сократить сроки стационарного лечения больных в условиях инфекционного стационара.

Сучасні етіопатогенетичні та клінічні особливості ротавірусної інфекції в дітей

У статті показано провідну етіологічну роль ротавірусної інфекції серед причин гострого гастроентериту та секреторної діареї в дитячому віці, описано внесок ротавірусів у структуру нозокоміальних кишкових інфекцій. В умовах помірного клімату збуднику притаманні зимова сезонність та певна вікова залежність (найбільшою мірою — у ранньому віці). Характерною клінічною особливістю ротавірусної інфекції є комбінація проявів з боку респіраторного та шлунково-кишкового тракту у вигляді катару верхніх дихальних шляхів та гострого гастроентериту. Останніми роками доводиться роль ротавірусу в розвитку позакишкових церебральних симптомів (менінгоенцефаліти, судоми, міозит і поліомієлітоподібні захворювання).