Rotavirus Infection In Children Research Articles

Rotavirus: causa de diarrea aguda en niños menores de 5 años que acuden a los centros de salud urbanos Dr. Pedro Iturbe, Dr. José María Espinoza y Dr. Edgar Peña, Municipio miranda, Coro. Falcón

Recibido: 17 de junio de 2018Aprobado: 23 de julio de 2018El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la frecuencia de infección por rotavirus en niños menores de 5 años que acudieron a los centros de salud urbanos por presentar diarrea aguda. Se realizó una investigación de tipo descriptivo y prospectivo, cuyo análisis y alcance de los resultados estuvieron basados en un estudio de tipo observacional. Se recolectaron datos de antecedentes personales incluyendo vacunación antirotavirus y manifestaciones clínicas mediante una ficha encuesta a 23 pacientes y la detección de rotavirus en heces se realizó mediante inmunoanálisis enzimático directo. Todos los pacientes evaluados resultaron negativos a la infección por Rotavirus. El 86,96 % tenían el esquema de vacunación anti-rotavirus completo, lo que pudiera explicar la ausencia del virus como causante de la diarrea. Se sugiere continuar con la vigilancia epidemiológica a fin de evitar futuras epidemias de infección por rotavirus.

OPTIMIZATION OF THE TREATMENT OF ROTAVIRUS INFECTION IN CHILDREN BY USING BACILLUS CLAUSII

Introduction: Rotavirus infection is a leading place in the structure of acute intestinal infections in children. Rotavirus is excreted in 40-60 % of children hospitalized with gastroenteritis all over the world. Every year, 2 million patients are hospitalized with a severe form of RVI, 25 million need medical help from a doctor and 111 million cases are treated at home. The aim: The purpose of our study was to optimize the treatment of rotavirus infection in children by using Bacillus clausii. Materials and methods: There were 65 children with a rotavirus infection under supervision. The control group was consisted of 28 practically healthy children. The study of humoral immunity was carried out on the basis of determining the serum content of immunoglobulin G, immunoglobulin M, immunoglobulin A, and secretory immunoglobulin A in coprofiltrate. In the process of treatment, the children were divided into two groups: the first received standard treatment, the second group were added to standard treatment with a probiotic drug (Bacillus clausii). Results: In children with RVI with modified treatment main symptoms were reduced compared with the children receiving standard treatment, (p <0.001). In patients with rotavirus infection in the acute period of the disease, a decrease in the concentration of IgA (p < 0.001) and an increase in IgM (p < 0.001) in serum and a decrease in sIgA (p < 0.001) in coprofiltrate was observed in comparison with children in control group. In the period of reconvalescence in children after the traditional treatment, it wasn`t revealed normalization of the immunoglobulins. Patients receiving a probiotic drug in addition to traditional treatment it was revealed normalization of the parameters of serum immunoglobulins A, M, G and sIgA in coprofiltrate. Conclusions: So, the probiotic drug containing Bacillus clausii has a positive effect on the humoral immune system in children with rotavirus infection.

Ротавирусная инфекция у детей с соматической патологией: особенности клинической манифестации и течения

Ротавирусная инфекция у детей с соматической патологией: особенности клинической манифестации и течения

Rotavirus infections in children in Turkey: A systematic review.

We aimed to describe rotavirus epidemiology and clinical findings including extraintestinal manifestations in a setting that has yet to introduce rotavirus vaccines in the national immunization program. A literature search was performed by using the key words "Turkey" and "rotavirus." Ninety-eight studies published between 1987 and 2016 including epidemiological, clinical, and genotypical data at least 1year duration were included. There were a total of 117741 children with diarrhea and 26566 rotavirus gastroenteritis with a median detection rate 31.8% (95% CI, 31.3-32.4) under 5years of age. The rate of dehydration was 47% (95% CI, 23.4-91.6). There were 328 cases reported to be presenting with a various complication related to rotavirus in 2750 children in eight studies. The overall complication rate was 11.7% (95% CI, 10.7-12.9). The cumulative incidence of the most common genotypical combinations circulating worldwide was only 59.7% (G9[P8], 25%; G1[P8], 22%; G2[P4], 5.6%; G3[P8], 2.6%; G4[P8], 4.5%) whereas mixed, untypeable, and other genotypes were 2.4%, 15%, and 22.9% respectively. Our results point out the importance of rotavirus vaccination by presenting that rotavirus may cause severe complications besides severe gastroenteritis. The role of strain diversity in the variability of clinical presentations of rotavirus infections needs to be further investigated.

FEATURES OF THE IMMUNE RESPONSE AND EFFICACY IMMUNOTHERAPY FOR ROTAVIRUS INFECTION IN CHILDREN

The article reflects the changes in both cellular and humoral immunity in rotavirus infection, as well as the correlation between the degree of severity of immunological disorders and the peculiarities of the clinical course of the disease in childhood. The most significant changes in cytokine status are associated with an increase in interleukin-1 b , which is a marker of intoxication. In addition, during rotavirus infection in children reduced the level of induced interferon a and у , that justified the application of a 2b-interferon that is part of the drug VIFERON®, containing also vitamins E and C. The appointment of drug VIFERON®, along with basic therapy, including the probiotic strains LGG and ВВ12 in the complex of therapeutic measures in children with rotavirus infection allows to improve the dynamics of clinical and immunological indicators, as well as to reduce 1.5 times the number of cases of ARI within 6 months of the follow-up observations after the acute period of the disease.

A study on prevalence of rotavirus infection in children below 5 years, with acute gastroenteritis

Background: Diarrheal diseases are among the most frequent causes of morbidity and mortality in children worldwide, especially in India. This cross sectional study was conducted to investigate the causative agent of diarrhea among children, below five years, treated at an urban tertiary care hospital, Telangana.Methods: Stool specimens were collected from 240 children under 5 years of age visiting Apollo Medical College, General Hospital in Hyderabad, hospitals due to acute diarrhea. Rapid stool antigen immunochromatograhic testing was used to diagnose rota virus diarrhea. In this test the VP 6 antigen present on the middle layer of the virus capsule is detected.Results: During the 2 months of the study period, 60 children visited the institute seeking treatment of diarrhoea. 11 (18%) of, the children were found to be positive for rota virus infection. It was also observed that, due to advent of rotavirus vaccine, incidence of diarrhea has come down.Conclusions: In our study the prevalence of rotavirus infection in children suffering from acute gastroenteritis below five years of age is 18.3%. This study is performed using an ICT rapid card test in which group A of the rotavirus is detected, the drawback of this study is other groups of rotavirus like B and C which also cause human infections are not detected. Following the rapid ICT card test which is a diagnostic test, ELISA, confirmatory test for the detection of rotavirus should also be done.

Evidence of the impact of monovalent rotavirus vaccine on childhood acute gastroenteritis hospitalization in Togo

BackgroundMonovalent rotavirus vaccine (RV1) was introduced in the immunization schedule of Togo in June 2014. We evaluated the impact of rotavirus vaccines on acute gastroenteritis (AGE) and rotavirus-associated hospitalizations in Togolese children. MethodsSentinel surveillance for AGE (defined as ≥3 liquid or semi-liquid stools/24 h lasting <7 days) hospitalizations among children <5 years of age was conducted in two sites in the capital city, Lome. ELISA was used for diagnosis of rotavirus infection in children with AGE. Additionally, review of hospitalization registers was performed at five hospitals to assess trends in AGE hospitalizations among children aged <5 years. For the vaccine impact assessment, pre-rotavirus vaccine introduction (July 2010-June 2014) and post-rotavirus vaccine introduction (July 2014-June 2016) periods were compared for annual changes in proportions of hospitalizations associated with AGE and rotavirus. ResultsDuring the pre-vaccine period, sentinel surveillance showed that 1017 patients were enrolled and 57% (range, 53–62%) tested positive for rotavirus, declining to 42% (23% reduction) in the first post-vaccine year and to 26% (53% reduction) in the second post-vaccine year; declines were most marked among infants. The patient register review showed that, compared with pre-vaccine rotavirus seasons, declines in hospitalizations due to all-cause AGE during post-vaccine rotavirus seasons were 48% among <1 year age-group in both first and second years following vaccine introduction. Among 1–4 year olds no reduction was noted in the first year and a 19% decline occurred in the second year. ConclusionsWe report rapid and marked reduction in the number of AGE hospitalizations and the proportion of AGE hospitalizations attributable to rotavirus in the first two years post- RV1 implementation in Togo. It is necessary to monitor long-term vaccine impact on rotavirus disease burden through continued surveillance.

Клинико-эпидемиологическая характеристика и возможности профилактики ротавирусной инфекции у детей в Ханты-Мансийском автономном округе-Югре

Клинико-эпидемиологическая характеристика и возможности профилактики ротавирусной инфекции у детей в Ханты-Мансийском автономном округе-Югре

Клинико-эпидемиологические аспекты эволюции ротавирусной инфекции у детей

Клинико-эпидемиологические аспекты эволюции ротавирусной инфекции у детей

Современные принципы терапии острой ротавирусной инфекции у детей

Современные принципы терапии острой ротавирусной инфекции у детей

Rotavirus Diarrhea in Children Under Five in Basrah: Hospital Based Study

Background: Human rotaviruses, particularly of group A are the most important cause of severe dehydrating diarrhea in young children worldwide in both developed and developing countries. Although rotavirus accounts for up to 50% of hospitalizations for severe diarrhea in infants and children, it has been underestimated within the public health community, particularly in developing countries. This is a cross sectional study which was carried out to determine the frequency of rotavirus diarrhea in hospitalized children under 5 yrs in Basra by stool enzyme linked immunosorbant assay test and study the relation of selected patients’ variables to rotavirus diarrhea. Methods: A hospital-based study includes 120 children aged less than 5 yrs who were admitted to the pediatric wards with acute gastroenteritis over a period of five months from the October 1st, 2015 till March 15th, 2016. All patients underwent physical examination for sign of dehydration and assessment of severity of diarrheal episode by Vesikari score which considered various parameters including frequency, duration of diarrhea, vomiting, temperature, hydration status and the treatment received by the patients. A score of <7 was considered mild, 7-11 was moderate and ≥ was 11 severe. Stool samples were collected within 48 hrs of hospitalization and examination for rotavirus was done by Enzyme Linked Immunosorbant Assay; One Step rotavirus Test (ABON biopharm, China) which is a qualitative immunoassay kit used for the detection of rotavirus in human stool sample. Result: The frequency of rotavirus infection was 32.5%, about two thirds of admitted children presented with severe diarrheal episodes and one third with moderate diarrhea. Sixty two percent of the studied patients aged 3-12 months with higher frequency of males than females (62.5%, 37.5%) respectively. All studied children with rotavirus infection were below 24 months of age, with higher frequency in males than females (74.36%, 25.64%) respectively with P value 0.001. Reviewing the immunization status history of rotavaccine reveals that; 64 (53.3%) of patients have missed or did not receive any vaccine with approximate percentage (53.8%) in patients who were positive for rotavirus with significant result (P value 0.001) and only 36.7% of children had an immunization status that was appropriate for their age. One third of studied parents were illiterate with higher frequency in mothers than fathers (22.5%, 14.1%) with rotavirus infection in children belong to illiterate parents (25.6%, 7.6%) respectively, with statistically significant results. Bottle feeding with or without complementary diet had been reported in higher frequency of studied patients (59.2%) with positive rotavirus stool test in 71.8% with statistically significant result. Inpatient management of studied children reveals that zinc therapy, oral rehydration solution and antibiotics prescribed for (56.4%, 66.7% and 89.7%) of patients with rotavirus infection respectively. Conclusion: Routine evaluation of children with acute diarrheal episodes by stool test for rotavirus is recommended to avoid un-rational prescription of antibiotics and proper practice according to integrated management of childhood illness program.

Frequency of Rotavirus Infection In Children With Acute Gastroenteritis

Frequency of Rotavirus Infection In Children With Acute Gastroenteritis

Estimating the incidence of rotavirus infection in children from India and Malawi from serial anti-rotavirus IgA titres.

Accurate estimates of rotavirus incidence in infants are crucial given disparities in rotavirus vaccine effectiveness from low-income settings. Sero-surveys are a pragmatic means of estimating incidence however serological data is prone to misclassification. This study used mixture models to estimate incidence of rotavirus infection from anti-rotavirus immunoglobulin A (IgA) titres in infants from Vellore, India, and Karonga, Malawi. IgA titres were measured using serum samples collected at 6 month intervals for 36 months from 373 infants from Vellore and 12 months from 66 infants from Karonga. Mixture models (two component Gaussian mixture distributions) were fit to the difference in titres between time points to estimate risk of sero-positivity and derive incidence estimates. A peak incidence of 1.05(95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.64, 1.64) infections per child-year was observed in the first 6 months of life in Vellore. This declined incrementally with each subsequent time interval. Contrastingly in Karonga incidence was greatest in the second 6 months of life (1.41 infections per child year [95% CI: 0.79, 2.29]). This study demonstrates that infants from Vellore experience peak rotavirus incidence earlier than those from Karonga. Identifying such differences in transmission patterns is important in informing vaccine strategy, particularly where vaccine effectiveness is modest.

Epidemiology of Rotavirus Infection in Children from a Rural and Urban Area, in Maputo, Southern Mozambique, before Vaccine Introduction.

This study aimed to describe the epidemiology of rotavirus infections in Mozambique before vaccine introduction. Between February 2012 and September 2013, stool specimens, demographic and clinical data were collected from 384 children <5 years old hospitalized with acute diarrhea in Mavalane General Hospital and Manhiça District Hospital, southern Mozambique. The samples were tested for rotavirus A using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The overall prevalence of rotavirus infection was 42.4% [95% confidence interval (95CI): 37.4-47.6%], and was similar in Manhiça (44.3%; 95CI: 36.2-52.7%) and Mavalane (41.3%; 95CI: 34.9-47.9%). The highest prevalence of rotavirus infection was observed in children between 6 and 11 months old. It was also observed that 162 (43.7%) of the children were underweight (weight-for-age z-score < -2), of which 61 were infected by rotavirus.

"Usage of Silver-Stained Polyacrylamide Gels Electrophoresis (PAGE) for Detection of Rotavirus Infection by Direct Identification of Viral Nucleic Acid ."

Background: Rotavirus infects almost all children by the age of five. More than 180,000 annual deaths due to rotavirus, occurs in Bangladesh.Aims: This study aimed to determine the incidence of rotavirus infection in children by a modified polyacrylamide gel elctrophoretic (PAGE) in stool samples.Materials and Methods: In this descriptive type cross sectional study, a total of 400 stool samples were examined for the presence of rotavirus by a modified PAGE analysis of viral genome. Stool culture was done for common enteric pathogens. The study was carried out from November 2012 to July 2013 in the department of Microbiology, Mymensingh Medical College, Mymensingh.Results: PAGE results were found in 365 of 400 (91%) specimens. Maximum incidence of rotavirus infection was seen in age group of 6 months - 24 months (67.25%). All 151 rotavirus positive cases did not show infection with bacterial pathogens.Conclusion: The modified PAGE technique for the detection of viral RNA was found to be rapid, simple, reliable and less expensive technique.KYAMC Journal Vol. 6, No.-1, Jul 2015, Page 557-561

Hospital-Based Preliminary Assessment of Rotavirus Infection in Children with Gastroenteritis in Ogun State, Nigeria

Background: Rotavirus remains the most common cause of viral gastroenteritis in developing countries, with over 450,000 deaths annually in children below five years. In developing countries such as Nigeria, routine rotavirus screening is not performed; hence the actual burden of rotavirus infection among children is not well known. Objective: This study was designed to determine the prevalence, associated symptoms and risk factors of rotavirus gastroenteritis among children under five years in Ogun State, Nigeria. Methods: Stool samples were collected from 186 children from 3 different hospitals in Ogun State and assayed for rotavirus antigen by Enzyme Immunoassay. A Structured questionnaire was administered to obtain socio-demographic and clinical information from each of the study participants. Results: Sixty-four (34.4%) of the samples tested positive for rotavirus antigen with the highest rate (54.5%) of infection recorded in children aged 0-6 months. The male to female ratio was 1.5:1. The frequency of occurrence of clinical features among diarrheic children included fever, vomiting and dehydration (40.6%), vomiting and dehydration (25%) and fever (9.4%). Gender, age, occupation of parent and attendance of daycare/school were found to be the significant predisposing factors for rotavirus infection (P< 0.05). Conclusion: This preliminary report shows that rotavirus is the major cause of gastroenteritis in children. It is therefore imperative to include rotavirus as one of the agents being routinely screen for in gastroenteritis cases and more importantly include rotavirus vaccination in Expanded Programme for Immunization (EPI) in Nigeria.

Characterization of rotavirus infection in children with acute gastroenteritis in Bengo province, Northwestern Angola, prior to vaccine introduction.

BackgroundRotavirus group A (RVA) is considered the leading cause of pediatric diarrhea, responsible for the high burden of diarrheal diseases in sub-Saharan Africa. Despite recent studies, the existent data are scarce for some African countries like Angola, a country with one of the highest RVA-related death estimates. The aim of this study was to determine the RVA detection rate and circulating genotypes in children less than five years of age with acute gastroenteritis attended at the Bengo General Hospital in Caxito, Bengo province, Angola, before vaccine introduction.MethodsBetween September 2012 and December 2013, 342 fecal specimens were collected from children enrolled. Positive samples for RVA by immunochromatographic rapid test were G and P-typed by hemi-nested type-specific multiplex PCR, and subgrouped for the VP6 gene. VP4 and VP7 genes from a subset of samples were sequenced for phylogenetic analysis.ResultsDuring the study period, a high RVA detection rate was registered (25.1%, 86/342).The age group most affected by RVA infection includes children under 6 months of age (p<0.01). Vomiting was highly associated with RVA infection (72.1%; p<0.001).From the 86 RVA-positive samples, 72 (83.7%) were genotyped. The most prevalent genotype was G1P[8] (34/72; 47.2%), followed by the uncommon G1P[6] (21/72; 29.2%), and G2P[4] (9/72; 12.5%). Only two G-types were found: G1 (60/72; 83.3%) and G2 (11/72; 15.3%). Among the P-genotypes, P[8] was the most prevalent (34/72; 47.2%), followed by P[6] (22/72; 30.6%) and P[4] (9/72; 12.5%). In the phylogenetic trees, the identified G and P-types clustered tightly together and with reference sequences in specific monophyletic groups, with highly significant bootstrap values (≥92%).ConclusionThis pre-vaccination study revealed, for the first time for Bengo province (Angola), the RVA genotype profile, including phylogenetic relationships, and a high RVA detection rate, supporting the immediate introduction of a RVA vaccine in the national immunization programme.

Rotavirus Infection in Children is an Unsolved Problem. Review of Guidelines for Vaccinal Prevention

научный биометрический журнал, который знакомит читателя с клиническими рекомендациями и особенностями применения лекарственных и вакцинных средств у детей, предоставляет исчерпывающую информацию о воздействии лекарственных средств на плод, о проводимых в

Prevalence and genetic diversity of rotavirus infection in children with acute gastroenteritis in a hospital setting, Nairobi Kenya in post vaccination era: a cross-sectional study.

IntroductionRotavirus is the leading cause of severe diarrhoea among infants and young children. Each year more than 611 000 children die from rotavirus gastroenteritis, and two million are hospitalized, worldwide. In Kenya, the impact of recent rotavirus vaccinations on morbidities has not been estimated. The study aimed at determining the prevalence and identity of rotavirus strains isolated from rotavirus-associated diarrhoea in vaccinated children presenting with acute gastroenteritis.MethodsTwo hundred and ninety eight specimen from children presented at Gertrude Childrens’ Hospital from January to June 2012 were tested by EIA (Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay) for rotavirus antigens. Molecular characterization was conducted on rotavirus-positive specimens. Extracted viral RNA was separated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) and the specific rotavirus VP4 (P-types) and VP7 (G-types) determined.ResultsThe prevalence rate of rotavirus was 31.5% (94/298). Of the rotavirus dsRNA, 57 (60.1%) gave visible RNA profiles, 38 (40.4%) assigned long electropherotypes while 19 (20.2%) were short electropherotypes. The strains among the vaccinated were G3P [4], G12P [6], G3P [6], G9P [4], G mixed G9/3P [4] and G1/3P [4]. Specifically, the G genotypes were G9/3 (5.3%), G9 (4.3%), G3 (4.3%), G12 (2.1%) and mixed G1/3 (1.1%). The P genotypes detected were P [4] (5.3%) and P [6] (5.3%).ConclusionThe present study demonstrates diversity in circulating genotypes with emergence of genotypes G3, G9, G12 and mixed genotypes G9/3 and recommends that vaccines should be formulated with a broad range of strains to include G9 and G12.

GENETIC CARACTERISTICS OF ROTAVIRUSES GROUP A CIRCULATING IN THE ОRENBURG REGION IN SEASON 2016—2017

The results of genotyping of feces from 53 childrens with rotavirus infection are presents. The techniques of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and polymerase chain reaction were applied. In the Orenburg region, during epidemic seasons (2016—2017) 6 genotypes of rotaviruses group A were circulating. The frequency of detection of genotypes [P]G of rotaviruses group A was as follows: G9[P]8 — 54.7%; G4[P]8 — 26.4%; G2[P]4 — 9.5%; G1[P]8 — 5.6%; G3[P]8 — 1.9%, GХ[P]8 — 1.9%. The dominant genotype alternatives of rotaviruses are detected and their regional diversity of combinations. The genotypes G9[P]8 and G4[P]8 were presented as the most frequently occurring in this period. The clinical characteristics of rotavirus infection in children depending on genotype in different age groups is established.