Electrode Rotation Research Articles

Use of optimal fluoroscopic angulation to facilitate effective pulsed field ablation in a patient with atrial fibrillation.

The circular-shaped PulseSelect™ PFA catheter has demonstrated comparable efficacy to traditional thermal catheter ablation in achieving pulmonary vein isolation (PVI), while preventing thermally mediated complications. However, this catheter does not have any objective parameters to confirm real-time tissue-catheter contact. We report a case in which PVI was achieved through PFA using optimal biplane fluoroscopic angulations which were more useful for accurately assessing and adjusting the position and rotation of the circular catheter electrodes than the conventional fluoroscopic angulations.

Effect of Hydrodynamic Conditions on the Corrosion Mechanism of HSLA X100 Steel by EIS and EN Analysis

In this research work, the influence of the electrolyte hydrodynamic conditions on the corrosion mechanism of the high-strength low-alloy (HSLA) X100 steel used in the petroleum transportation pipelines was analyzed. A Rotary Cylinder Electrode (RCE) was used to simulate the hydrodynamic conditions (1000 and 5000 rpm). Mechanical, microstructural and elemental characterization tests were performed on X100 steel, and the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) technique was used to analyze the corrosion mechanism, while the morphology of the corrosion process on the corroded surfaces was obtained by scanning electronic microscopy (SEM). It was found that the increasing rotation rate (υ rot) generates a fully developed flow regime where the system was dominated by a mass transfer process and increases the kinetics of chemical and electrochemical reactions so there is an increase in the corrosion rate (CR). On the other hand, the adsorption of corrosion product films that limits the charge transfer process depended on the magnitude of the shear stress that can generate wear and roughness, as well as a greater number of anodic sites, leaving the metal exposure to the corrosive medium.

(Invited) Catalyst Activity and Durability Evaluations for PEM Water Electrolyzers

To accelerate the deployment of green hydrogen, it is essential to reduce the cost of water electrolyzers in addition to reducing the cost of renewable energy. MW-class PEM electrolyzers are already beginning to be offered worldwide, but they still require many expensive materials such as precious metals, PFSA membranes, and titanium for catalysts, electrolyte membranes, PTL, and separators. Especially iridium is a very limited resource, it is necessary to develop highly active iridium oxide-based catalysts that can reduce the iridium loading of anode to sub-mg-Ir cm-2.In catalyst development, half-cell evaluation (rotating disk electrode, RDE) is a useful method for rapid primary screening of catalytic activity [1]. To determine appropriate evaluation conditions, the effects of various RDE parameters on half-cell evaluation were examined [2]. Specifically, we searched for conditions that minimize the effects of RDE-specific phenomena such as oxygen bubbles, electrolyte solution, and measurement conditions (evaluation potential, amount of catalyst loading on disk electrode, ionomer ratio, electrode rotation speed, potential sweep rate, etc.). For comparison, the OER activity values (mass activity) were obtained under similar measurement conditions using MEA with the same catalyst. Since the activity values of both are in close agreement, the half-cell evaluation would be valid as an initial activity evaluation for iridium oxide catalysts.The number of start-up and shutdown of electrolyzers is expected to increase significantly under renewable energy conditions, thus the PEM electrolyzer could deteriorate at an accelerated rate. For example, hydrogen crossover causes the anode potential to drop to near the hydrogen potential during shutdown period. Therefore, the potential of iridium oxide anode tends to fluctuate over a wide range from 0 V to >1.5V vs RHE as it starts and stops, which is considered one of the degradation factors. As an accelerated stress test simulating start-up and shutdown, cycle tests were conducted by repeating constant-current electrolysis (4 A cm-2) and constant-voltage holding (0.1 V) at cell temperature of 40-95℃. The results showed that degradation rate can be up to 15 times faster than that in base-line condition, constant-current electrolysis at 2 A cm-2 at 80°C. At the meeting, we would like to also discuss the degradation factors of MEAs under constant-current and accelerated test conditions.Acknowledgement: This work was supported by a project, JPNP14021 and JPNP20003 commissioned by the New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO).

Influence of electrode rotation speed on geometry and internal structure of weld beads in rotary TIG wire-arc-directed energy deposition

Influence of electrode rotation speed on geometry and internal structure of weld beads in rotary TIG wire-arc-directed energy deposition

Enhanced machining of Al 10%SiCmicro 1%SiCnano hybrid composite using rotary tool rotary workpiece EDM with bio dielectrics and treated tools

A sustainable approach was proposed to address environmental pollution, carbon footprint and economic efficiency challenges in Electrical Discharge Machining (EDM). This approach involved the use of Bio-dielectric such as biodiesel and Bio fuel (distilled water with 10% ethanol). The EDM process performance was further optimized by experimenting with both electrodes’ rotation (i.e., in same direction, opposite direction, no rotation) and the use of treated tools (no treatment, heat treatment, cryogenic treatment). Biodiesel as a bio-dielectric showed promise by delivering the highest Material Removal Rate (MRR) and the lowest Tool Wear Rate (TWR). Bio-fuel (distilled water with 10% ethanol) resulted in the lowest Surface Roughness (SR) and cleaner machined surface with least carbon deposition. Additionally, electrode rotation improved flushing and enhanced performance parameters, with opposite direction rotation yielding the highest MRR and the lowest SR. However, no rotation of electrodes resulted in the lowest TWR. The use of treated tools, specifically heat-treated and cryogenically treated tools, also improved performance and reduced energy consumption, with cryogenic treatment providing the highest MRR, heat treatment giving least SR, and no treatment providing least TWR. Certain interactions between factors significantly impacted performance parameters. Grey relational analysis revealed that using distilled water with 10% ethanol as a dielectric, employing cryogenically treated copper tools, and having no rotation of both electrodes yielded the best performance parameters.

ELECTRO RECOVERY OF TELLURUM IONS FROM NON-AQUEOUS N-N DIMETHYLFORMAMIDE ELECTROLYTE

The work presents studies of the mechanism of recovery of tellurium ions from non-aqueous N-N dimethylformamide. For this, linear and cyclic current-voltage polarization curves have been recorded. The influence on the process of the concentration of tellurium ions, change of potential sweep rate and temperature has been investigated. By recording linear polarization curves, it has been established that the reducing process of tellurium ions is controlled by their diffusion to the cathode surface. The influence of the concentration of its ions in the electrolyte, the rate of change of the potential and the temperature on the tellurium deposition process was studied. By recording the cyclic polarization curve, the potential area where tellurium ions precipitate and its anodic dissolution occurs is determined. It was determined that the increase in the concentration of tellurium ions and the temperature increases the speed of the reduction process of tellurium, and the reduction process itself is controlled by the diffusion of tellurium ions on the cathode surface. To confirm the obtained data, polarization curves have been recorded on a rotating platinum disk electrode. Data received, exactly the linear dependence of ip on the electrode rotation speed (ω) to the power of 0.5, confirms that, that the process of reduction of tellurium electrodes in non-aqueous N-N dimethylformamide is controlled by diffusion polarization

Accuracy analysis and improvement methods for revolving parts in counter-rotating electrochemical machining with continuous radial feeding

Counter-rotating electrochemical machining (CRECM) stands out as an efficient and cost-effective method for machining aero-engine casings. To maintain stability in the CRECM process equilibrium state, continuous feeding of the cathode tool is essential. However, this continuous feeding approach with single direction of rotation may result in poor roundness and reduced machining accuracy. This paper aims to analyze the sources and rules of roundness error and asymmetry in CRECM. Based on simulation results, a method involving periodic reverse rotation of electrodes with continuous feeding is proposed for CRECM. This approach aims to mitigate the cumulative machining error, thereby significantly improving machining accuracy. Experimental results validate the efficacy of the proposed method at a rotation speed of 0.2 rpm. The roundness error is markedly reduced from 0.19 mm to 0.04 mm, resulting in a more symmetric convex structure. Additionally, the sidewall taper angle is reduced from 14.5 degrees to 6.4 degrees. This underscores the effectiveness of the proposed method in enhancing machining accuracy.

Remediation of cadmium contaminated soil using electrokinetic-phytoremediation system with rotary switching electrodes.

Considering both electrokinetic remediation and phytoremediation have limitations, an electrokinetic phytoremediation (EP) system was constructed to obtain efficient and environmentally friendly remediation results. This study indicates that the electric field can promote the absorption of Cd by ryegrass with little impact on soil physicochemical properties under the condition of rotary switching electrodes, and the accumulation of Cd in the aboveground and underground parts of ryegrass increased by 145.2% and 93.7%, respectively. The DC electric field combined with ryegrass under rotary switching electrode mode proved to be the optimal condition for the remediation of Cd contaminated soil with a remediation efficiency of 66.7%. Moreover, the rotary switching of the electrodes alleviated the suppression of the growth of ryegrass by the DC electric field. During the EP remediation process, the electric field promoted the transformation of the residue state of Cd to the other forms, which accelerated the desorption rate of Cd from the soil and facilitated the migration of Cd into plants. In conclusion, EP is a green and efficient remediation technology for heavy metal contaminated soil with good application prospects.

Electrodeposited Porous Ni-Fe-Co Thin Films By Hydrogen Templating Onto an Inverted Recessed Disk Electrode

Porous electrodes are advantageous for a variety of applications to enhance surface area per volume. Hydrogen templating is one well-known method to generate a porous metal, where metal deposits around generated gas bubbles from the same electrode surface. The technique has been demonstrated with noble (e.g., Au, Ag, Cu) and less noble (e.g., Ni) elemental deposits, but few alloy system.1 Ni-Fe-Co is of interest due to its electrocatalytic ability towards the oxygen evolution reaction for alkaline water splitting. Rafailović et al.2 galvanostatically electrodeposited an alloy at very high current density at pH 2 having 20 micron pore size with nano scale dendritic features, and Li and Podlaha3 potentiostatically electrodeposited Ni-Fe-Co alloys at pH < 0.5 into polycarbonate templates along with hydrogen templating to create pores in nanowires. There was a large distribution of pore size between 10 and 100 nm with the largest percentage between 20 and 40 nm. To better understand the control of pore size in the Ni-Fe-Co alloy system an inverted rotating disk electrode was used to control the limiting current of the proton reduction reaction during alloy electrodeposition. A boric acid, simple salt electrolyte was used with a three-electrode system to generate polarization curves and electrodeposits at different electrode rotation rates. The influence of mass transport and hydrogen bubble formation at different rotation rates were examined and affected porosity. Porosity was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and the inspection of current during ferri/ferrocyanide polarization. Porous films were observed for deposits galvanostatically fabricated at current densities above the proton reduction limiting current density, but before water reduction, producing pore sizes on the order of 10s to 100s of nm, but below a micron. The ratio of the applied current density to proton reduction limiting current density was an important factor. J. Plowman, L. A. Jones, and S. K. Bhargava, Chemical Communications, 51, 4331-4346 (2015).D. Rafailović, C. Gammer, C. Rentenberger, T. Trišović, C. Kleber, and H. P. Karnthaler, Nano Energy, 2, 523-529 (2013).D. Li and E. J. Podlaha, Nano Letters, 19, 3569-3574 (2019).

(Invited) Graphene Oxide As an Additive for Ni-Fe Electrodeposition

In contrast to graphene, graphene oxide (GO) is readily disperse in aqueous electrolytes and can be reduced along with nickel and iron metal ions. While others had incorporated graphene in Ni-Fe deposits, no previous studies have addressed the role of GO particles on metal deposition. Ni-Fe is characterized by the anomalous codeposition behavior where there is a tendency of more Fe to be deposited than Ni even though there is an excess of Ni ions in the electrolyte. This behavior has been modeled assuming adsorbed intermediates. Here, the influence of GO on the deposit composition, structure and anomalous codeposition effect is investigated. The deposits were galvanostatically electrodeposited from a boric acid-sulfamate electrolyte at pH 2 containing commercial graphene oxide platelets. Two different cell configurations were examined:1) a rotating cylinder electrode (RCE) and 2) a copper mesh. The rotating cylinder as a working electrode was used in order to investigate mass transport. The copper mesh working electrode was placed in close contact to a flat bottom pH probe in order to examine the local pH change. The addition of GO to the electrolyte had an effect on the deposit composition and the local pH change (Fig 1). The deposit composition had either more Ni or remained the same compared to an electrolyte without GO on the RCE electrode at electrode rotation rates of 372 and 1000 rpm (Fig 1 (a) and (b)). The larger Ni content in the deposit was due to an enhanced Ni partial current density in the presence of GO. The local pH during the deposition on the mesh electrode with vigorous electrolyte stirring increased the local pH (Fig 1(c)). The composition behavior is similar to the results from the RCEs, with higher Ni content in the presence of GO. The local pH increase when GO was present is considered a factor that drives the enhanced Ni content, that may be a consequence of changes in adsorbed hydrogen. GO was not incorporated into the deposit; however, it had a dramatic effect on the morphology. There was less micro-cracks when GO was present in the electrolyte suggesting less adsorbed hydrogen. Thus, GO influenced the adsorbed intermediates making the electrodeposition less anomalous and having less cracks. Acknowledgement: This work was supported in part by the AESF Foundation. Figure 1. The influence of GO in the electrolyte during Ni-Fe electrodeposition (a) composition on a RCE, rotating rate (a) 372, (b)1000 rpm and (c) local pH measurements on a mesh electrode under vigorous stirring, 30 mA/cm2. Figure 1

(Digital Presentation) Doped ZnO Layer (ZnO-Ga) Window Layer Fabrication By Electrodeposition

As an n-type semiconductor, zinc oxide (ZnO) is a conducting oxide for CIGS thin solid film 1 ZnO also possesses excellent stability, exceptional transparency, and high electron mobility, among other beneficial qualities 2-4. As in previous work for producing CIGS solar devices, this study presents the electrodeposited ZnO layer doped with gallium as a top layer. The substrate is undoped Zinc Oxide, and the electrochemical process was conducted at 72 °C. The electrolyte consists of Zn(NO3)2, GaCl3, and LiCl as a supporting electrolyte. This work is comparing both DC and pulsing electroplating to optimize the process parameters.Complete electrodeposited devices with quantum efficiencies greater than 0.63 and efficiencies ranging from 3.2 to 6.3% were formed and evaluated. This work provides the electrochemical behavior and agitation effects of the deposit chemical composition. The deposit adhesion to the substrate was tested by applying the peeling test. For each of the three doped ZnO layers, sample polarization curves at 400 rpm electrode rotation speed is given (figure 1).With the use of XRD and the energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy technique (EDS), the final composition, oxide concentrations, crystallography, and oxide effects on the deposit were ascertained (figure 2). To measure the thickness of the deposit, a profilometer was employed.

Effect of hot air-assisted radio frequency rotation heating system on improving heating uniformity of dried black fungus (Auricularia auricula)

A large-capacity radio frequency (RF) rotation heating system was employed in this study to heat dried black fungus, and hot air was used for assistance treatment. The effects of electrode gap, rotation rate and hot air on the uniformity of RF heating of dried black fungus were explored. The optimal heating process parameters were obtained, and the sterilization effect was validated. The results showed that the rotation system could significantly enhance the RF heating uniformity of black fungus (P > 0.05). The optimal heating process for heating a large-capacity (480 g) black fungus was to utilize RF heating assisted by 70 °C hot air with an electrode gap of 175 mm and a rotation rate of 60 rpm, followed by 30 min of heat preservation at 70 °C hot air with a rotation rate of 40 rpm. After the entire sterilization treatment, the heating uniformity index λ of black fungus was reduced to 0.027 ± 0.004, the total plate count decreased by 3 log CFU/g, and the moisture content dropped to below 13 %. The ideal RF heating uniformity and sterilization effect of black fungus were obtained in this study through the simultaneous use of hot air and rotation, providing a theoretical foundation for the application of RF technology in the processing of black fungus.

Analysis of the influence of electrode rotation on the desulfurization behavior during electroslag remelting process

A transient multi-physics coupling mathematical model is developed to investigate the influence of electrode rotation on desulfurization in the electroslag remelting (ESR) process. This model incorporates a thermodynamic and kinetic model to calculate the sulfur transfer rate from steel to slag, while simultaneously including the magnetohydrodynamic flow, heat transfer, and species transport. The volume of fluid (VOF) approach is employed to track the slag-steel interface. Experimental validation is conducted to ensure the reliability of the model. Sulfur in steel is primarily removed at the slag-electrode interface and the slag-droplet interface, but the slag-metal pool interface contributes very little to desulfurization. The electrode rotation disperses the molten droplets and enhances the heat convection, resulting in a reduction of the total amount of Joule heat and the temperature within the mold. At the electrode tip, rotating the electrode achieves a higher removal of sulfur, more than 10 % compared to the static electrode. The final removal ratios of sulfur are 78.79 %, 82.01 %, 84.90 %, and 80.81 % with the electrode rotating at 0, 20, 40, and 60 rpm, respectively. The optimal desulfurization is achieved at the rotating speed of 40 rpm, due to the refined droplets, the faster renewal rate of the slag-steel interface, the elevated temperature of the interface, and the longer residence time for droplets passing through the slag layer.

Electrochemical and microscopic study of a rotating disk Gold-Film electrode for voltammetric determination of arsenic (III)

This article is dedicated to the fabrication and thorough examination of the properties of a gold-film electrode (AuFE) intended for arsenic (III) determination using square-wave anodic stripping voltammetry (SWASV). The gold-film electrode was prepared ex-situ by potentiostatic electrodeposition of a gold layer onto a rotating glassy carbon electrode (GCE). Various deposition parameters were investigated and optimized, including the concentration of HAuCl4 solution (0.25 – 4 mM), deposition potential (0 – −600 mV), deposition time (120 – 1200 s), and electrode rotation speed (600 – 1500 rpm). Gold films prepared under different conditions were characterized using cyclic voltammetry (CV), optical microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The influence of AuFE characteristics on the parameters of the As(III) stripping peak was studied. Using the optimized AuFE, sensitivity and detection limit for As(III) of 0.468 μA/μg·L−1 and 1 μg/L, respectively, were achieved. The effects of interfering ions (Fe(III), Mn(II), Pb(II), Cu(II), Sn(IV), Tl(I)) on the As(III) response were investigated. The analytical utility of the optimized AuFE was validated for the quantitative determination of arsenic in tap water and seafood. The proposed procedure provides optimal conditions for the electrochemical preparation of gold-film electrodes aimed at routine arsenic monitoring.

Development of electroslag remelting technology for obtaining multilayer billets

The paper analyzes the methods of external influence on the electroslag remelting process in order to obtain multilayer ingots. The method of electroslag remelting with rotation of the consumable electrode is proposed, which leads to the appearance of centrifugal force that affects the heat pattern in the metal bath by changing the place of delivery of electrode metal droplets and form the crystallization front, providing greater crystalline homogeneity in the axial direction. Application of the electrode rotation technology allows to obtain multilayer ingots with a minimum transition zone between layers of different chemical composition. For realization of this method it is necessary to give the electrode unidirectional or reversible rotation around its axis or the axis of the bath at asymmetric location of the electrode. The rotation speed of the electrode depends on its diameter. For electrodes with a diameter of 40–250 mm it is 30–90 rpm. Rotation of the consumable electrode has a complex positive effect on remelting performance: it increases productivity without increasing the suitable power for the slag bath; it increases refining capacity; it changes the place of electrode metal delivery into the metal bath and forms the crystallization front, providing greater crystalline homogeneity in the axial direction. Application of the technology of rotation of the consumable electrode makes it possible to introduce chemical composition-correcting additives into the liquid metal bath from the ingot surface by applying a coating consisting of filler material and water-based non-stick paint to the remelting electrode.

Exploring Impact of Various Operating Parameters on the Specific Capacitance at the Glassy Carbon/H2SO4 Interface: A Comparative Analysis Using Electrochemical Characterization

AbstractThe aim of this study is to investigate the influence of scanning rate, electrolyte concentration, temperature and electrode rotation speed on the capacitance of glassy carbon electrode in sulfuric acid solution using cyclic voltammetry (CV). The results show that they have a significant influence on the capacitance with varying experimental conditions. In addition, the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) method was employed to conduct a more thorough analysis of the ways in which hydrodynamic circumstances resulting from a rotating electrode affect the electrode capacity and the charge storage process. Step potential electrochemical spectroscopy (SPECS) was used to identify the various charge storage mechanisms involved. It was shown that the voltammograms measured by the CV method and determined from the SPECS method have a quasi‐rectangular shape, revealing a predominantly capacitive behavior and that capacitance decreases with increasing scanning rate. Furthermore, both methods confirm that the contribution of the diffusion process is the main factor influencing the charge storage mechanism when the sweep rate is taken into account. However, the SPECS approach provides more accurate and detailed information regarding the kinetic characteristics of the electrode.

Extraordinary-durable cylindrical rotary triboelectric nanogenerator based on CB/Fe3O4/PDMS microarrays for energy harvester

Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) with exceptionally durable energy harvesting performance are increasingly important in the pursuit of sustainable/renewable energy sources. However, the durability of frictional electricity material inevitably decreases due to material abrasion, which significantly hinders their real-world application. Here, robust and flexible films composed of CB/Fe3O4/PDMS and CB/Fe3O4/PDMS@Au microarrays have been employed as paired frictional electricity materials, wrapped around the surface of cylindrical electrodes to develop rotary TENG. When two rotary electrodes contact, the aforementioned paired microarrays intersect, causing overlapping friction. This leads to an increased contact electrified surface area, resulting in high output performance with a maximum peak power density reaching 16.2 mW m−2. Importantly, the configuration of this rotary TENG described herein effectively prevents frictional material damage caused by friction. This is achieved by allowing free rolling movement instead of being fixed in a stationary position, thereby ensuring exceptional durability. Furthermore, the resulting rotary TENG shows exceptional biomechanical energy harvesting capability even after undergoing multiple rotations and experiencing friction for up to 100,000 cycles. The durable PDMS-based microarrays film exhibits great potential for flexible/wearable TENGs, highlighting their potential applications and impact on the field of sustainable energy harvesting technology.

Experimental optimization of machining GH4145 by atomizing discharge ablation milling

Atomizing discharge ablation milling (ADAM) technology is an efficient discharge machining technology derived from the traditional electrical discharge machining (EDM) method, which can be used to efficiently machine hard-to-machine materials such as nickel-based superalloy. In this present, the performance of machining nickel-based superalloy GH4145 by ADAM and Air near-dry EDM were compared, and the experimental results showed that the material removal rate (MRR) obtained by ADAM was nearly double that of the latter. A single-factor experiment were conducted to investigate the effect of electrode rotation speed on ADAM’s processing performance. Subsequently, an orthogonal experimental method was used to design the experiment. The signal-to-noise ratio analysis method was used to systematically study the performance characteristics of ADAM, including the influence of atomization amount, oxygen pressure, discharge current, duty ratio on MRR and tool electrode relative wear rate (TWR). The results showed that discharge current was the most influential processing parameter on MRR and TWR. Finally, the optimal combination of processing process parameters that met the requirements of various processing effect evaluation indicators were obtained and the correctness of the single objective optimization results was verified through experiments.

Electric spark alloying of steel, titanium and niobium alloys using rotating electrode method

The article presents the results of a study of electrospark coatings on metals and alloys using the rotating electrode method. The influence of various parameters on the formation of an electrospark coating on steel 20, titanium VT1-0, niobium and niobium alloy 5VMTs, on titanium VT1-0, niobium and niobium alloy 5VMTs with subsequent siliconization has been studied. The dependences of the growth of the thickness of the electrospark coating with increasing doping time, current in the circuit, and electrode rotation speed were obtained. It has been established that with increasing thickness of the electrospark coating, the thickness of the silicide layer increases. Electric spark alloying leads to an increase in the heat resistance of steel 20 with an aluminum coating by 1.5—3.0 times, of titanium by 2—9 times, and of titanium with a nichrome coating by 2 times. The heat resistance of titanium with a copper electrospark coating after siliconization increases up to 2—10 times, depending on the thickness of the electrospark layer and the siliconization temperature.

Removal of manganese (II) in water samples by the aeration-filtration process and determination based on 5-Br-PADAP ligand by cathodic stripping voltammetry

In this study, manganese (Mn II) was determined in aqueous media by an electrochemical method, and its removal was evaluated using the aeration-filtration process (AFP). An electrochemical sensor based on carbon paste (EPC) modified with the 5-Br-PADAP ligand was used to measure Mn (II) in aqueous media. Through the optimization of analytical parameters in cathodic stripping voltammetry (CSV), real boreholes and well water samples could be analyzed for manganese content. The optimum parameters such as preconcentration potential (1100 mV), preconcentration time (240s), 5-Br-PADAP ligand concentration (20 µmol L-1), and electrode rotation speed during pre-concentration (1000 rpm) were studied and optimized. The detection limit (LOD) is estimated at 3 ´10-7 mol L-1 with a relative standard deviation (RSD) of 3.36%. The real samples showed that some water points have more concentration than the standard. A simple, effective, inexpensive, and rural-friendly method was used for treating manganese-rich water. Following the aeration phase, the sand and gravel column was filtered to remove manganese (II) from the water. The removal efficiency of Mn was obtained at a rate of 74.8- 84.5% and more than 95% after two hours of aeration and 1 hour at pH 8 for real samples.