Rotation Method Research Articles

Investigation of the doubly excited [formula omitted] resonance series in C[formula omitted] ion

We investigate in the present paper the doubly excited 1Po states in the C4+ ion. We report highly accurate results of their energy positions in the energy spectrum, their lifetimes and the x-ray photon energies required to populate them and observe their autoionization. The results were obtained by using our B-spline based spectral approach combined with the complex rotation method that has proven its effectiveness in the detection of the doubly excited states in the O6+[1] and Li+[2] ions. We also report in the paper the first results on the characterization and identification of the states that share similar angular correlation pattern, which allows their classification into distinct resonance series.

Investigating the Development and Psychometric Testing of the Information and Communication Technology Use Scale in Iranian Patients With Chronic Conditions

Background: The high prevalence and associated costs of chronic diseases have challenged global community health. The use of information and communication technology offers patients and healthcare providers the ability to respond to healthcare needs. This study develops an information and communication technology use scale for patients with chronic diseases and evaluates its psychometric properties. Methods: This exploratory sequential mixed-method study was conducted in Kashan City, Iran from September 2020 to July 2021. In the qualitative phase, 18 patients with chronic conditions were recruited via the purposeful sampling method. The initial pool of 33 items was extracted in this phase. Psychometric evaluation of the scale was examined through face, content, and construct validity. The internal consistency of the scale was assessed with the Cronbach α and its stability was examined by the test re-test. To evaluate the scale’s construct validity, a cross-sectional study was performed with 300 patients referring to hospital wards and private centers that provide services to patients with chronic diseases. A sequential sampling method was used to select the subjects. The exploratory factor analysis was performed using principal component analysis and the varimax rotation method in the SPSS software, version 16. Results: The initial version of the scale consisted of 33 items. A total of 6 items were removed in the face and content validity evaluation phase. Factor analysis with the removal of 4 items resulted in the extraction of 4 factors that explained 67.45% of the variance in the total scale score. The Cronbach α coefficient and intra-class correlation coefficient were estimated at 0.93 and 0.88, respectively. Conclusion: The scale developed in this study is a valid and reliable tool for measuring formation and communication technology use (including its dimensions) in patients with chronic diseases.

Effectiveness of the Cunningham technique for shoulder dislocation reduction and its role in providing analgesia and muscle relaxation as an adjunctive method

BackgroundShoulder dislocation, particularly anterior dislocation, is a common orthopedic injury often presenting in emergency care settings, characterized by significant pain and muscle spasms. Prompt reduction is essential to alleviate symptoms and restore function. The Cunningham technique employs gentle pulling and massage motions targeted at the muscles and has emerged as a promising method for reducing anterior shoulder dislocations. However, its reported success rates vary widely across studies, and questions remain regarding its efficacy, particularly in cases of failure. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of the Cunningham technique for reducing anterior shoulder dislocations and its potential role in providing analgesia and muscle relaxation as an adjunctive method. MethodsA retrospective study was conducted on patients presenting with acute anterior shoulder dislocation at a single center. Reduction using the Cunningham technique was performed initially, followed by the external rotation technique if unsuccessful. Procedural sedation and analgesia were administered if the reduction was still not achieved, and shoulder dislocation reduction was performed again through the external rotation method. The patients’ VAS scores were recorded and evaluated the Cunningham technique's effectiveness in reduction and whether it increases the effectiveness of other techniques applied for reduction by lowering the VAS score, even in cases where it is not effective. ResultsA total of 61 patients were included in the study. The reduction was performed using the Cunningham technique in 34.4% (21/61) patients, the external rotation technique in 47.5% (29/61) patients, and the external rotation technique with PSA in 18% (11/61) patients. Significant differences were observed in the duration of hospital stay among the three techniques, with ER with PSA resulting in the longest stay. VAS scores showed significant improvements from initial presentation to post-reduction in all three groups. A significant decrease in pre-reduction VAS scores was observed during the transition from the Cunningham technique to other techniques. ConclusionThe Cunningham technique showed effectiveness in reducing anterior shoulder dislocations, providing analgesia, and muscle relaxation. It demonstrated favorable outcomes as an initial reduction technique, with the external rotation technique used as a subsequent option. Further studies comparing the success rates and complications of the Cunningham technique with other reduction methods are warranted to establish its role in clinical practice.

The Heart of Healthcare: Development and Initial Validation of ‘Malasakit’ Scale in Healthcare Services

‘Malasakit’ is an innate Filipino identity that manifests through the compassionate actions of healthcare professionals in their patient care, resonating ‘Malasakit’ throughout our society and culture. This study aims to develop and validate a ‘Malasakit’ scale by examining the psychometric properties and exploring how ‘Malasakit’ is perceived and implemented in healthcare settings. A scale of 85 items was given to 130 professionals in various healthcare services. The results of an analysis showed that the initial framework of four factors (Empathy, Care, Compassion, and Concern) was partially confirmed using Exploratory Factorial Analysis. Using the oblique rotation method (Promax) and principal axis factoring estimation, we extracted factors to comprehend variable relationships, ensuring analytical validity. We eliminated 39 of 85 questions with factor loadings below .50. We excluded items with two-factor cross-loadings near .50. Due to persistently low factor loadings below .35, arousal and relax factors were removed. To ensure a stricter scale, all items must share above 0.70 similarities. This strict approach yielded 19 items arranged into two categories. As a key finding, two characteristics emerged: Empathy (Cognitive and Somatic Empathy), found in the literature, and Compassion (Multicultural Competence Care, Reflective Patient-Centered Care, Affective Empathy, and Hospitality), emerging in Filipino health care services. The study found that the scale can assess empathy and care in healthcare services, including factors specific to Filipino healthcare practices.

Analysis of the School Climate Scale in University Environments (ECEAU)

[Objective] The aim of this paper is to verify the factorial structure of the School Climate Scale in University Environments (ECEAU) through structural equation models (SEM). [Methodology] A non-experimental cross-sectional study was carried out with a random sample of 381 students of the Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica (UNA), to whom the ECEAU was applied. A SEM model was proposed to confirm the factor structure of the scale and an exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was used to provide the basis for an alternative SEM model with a different structure. The reliability of scales was determined using McDonald’s omega, and the goodness of fit indexes used for the SEM models were the RMSEA, the CFI, the TLI and the GFI. The analysis was carried out using R software. [Results] The reliability of the scales in both models was adequate (w >0.70), although the metrics in the proposed model produced better results. The AFE suggested a different structure for the ECEAU, keeping some dimensions of the original structure and modifying and eliminating others. The goodness of fit indexes in both models were almost identical, with RMSEA=0.02, CFI=0.99, TLI=0.99 and GFI=0.98, which provides supporting evidence for the factorial structures proposed. [Conclusions] The original structure of the ECEAU was confirmed, while the differences in the results of the estimation and rotation methods generated another equally valid factorial structure for measuring the school climate construct in this university, and could be applied to other similar contexts.

Determination of the importance of job offer characteristics by students of economic studies: factor analysis

Motivation: The paper addresses the current subject matter related to the students’ activity in the labour market and constitutes a part of the current research trend related to students’ search for employment.Aim: The paper presents four research questions: What is important to students of economic studies in a job? What job offers do students of economic studies look for? Which characteristics of a job offer are important for students of economic studies and why? Is there a difference in the expectations of students of economic studies regarding job offers, which is determined by gender, age, place of residence, type of study and source of income? In order to obtain data, an online questionnaire was developed and filled out by students of the Cracow University of Economics (N=756). The search for employment is based on individual preferences, but the survey can identify those that are common to the surveyed group of students. In order to analyze the collected data the Factor Analysis was implemented, with-in which the Principal Components Analysis method was used. The rotation method and the scree criterion were used to determine the number of factors. Next, the factor analysis was used to show the differences in the answers given by students, depending on the variables adopted to characterize the study group.Results: Based on the results of the factor analysis, it was confirmed that the age, gender, place of residence, educational level and source of income of the surveyed students have an impact on the employment choices they make. The conclusions resulting from the study are of cognitive and applicable nature, especially for employers and recruiters who, with this knowledge, can react flexibly and prepare accordingly to attract and hire employees from the generation “Z”.

离散元法 (EDEM) 仿真与参数优化： 低损高效玉米脱粒装置的设计与试验

Aiming at the problems of low threshing efficiency and high damage rate of current threshing devices. In this study, the operational form of the threshing drum and the structure of the threshing element were innovated, and a new threshing drum with low damage and high efficiency was designed. Using EDEM software, flexible body modeling of corn kernels, cobs and whole ears was carried out. The dynamic analysis of the corn threshing process was completed and the simulation parameters were further optimized. The optimum operating parameters were analyzed by orthogonal rotational tests and response surface method with a speed of 800 r/min for the threshing drum, a clearance of 10 mm for the concave plate and 30 mm for the threshing drum. The radius of the round head of the threshing element was 5 mm. The height of the threshing element was 60 mm. The final threshing efficiency was 98.78% and the damage rate of threshing was 0.62%. The results show that the new threshing device can meet the requirements of low-loss threshing devices for corn combine harvesters and can provide a theoretical basis for the development of the theory and technical system of corn plot combine harvesters in the future.

Energy crops in Brazil: challenges and perspectives for climate change mitigation

This article explores Brazil's current energy crop cultivation scenario, emphasizing strategies to increase diversity and sustainability in biofuel production. The study underscores the importance of investments in research and development, focusing on the identification of new plant species adaptable to various climatic conditions. It highlights the need for integrated approaches, including agricultural zoning based on soil and climate information, to support crop diversification and sustainable agricultural practices such as crop rotation, species consortium, and agroecological methods to maximize resource utilization and minimize environmental impact. Moreover, it emphasizes the need for integrated approaches, including agricultural zoning based on soil and climate information, to support crop diversification. Sustainable agricultural practices, such as crop rotation, species consortium, and agroecological methods, are underscored to maximize resource utilization and minimize environmental impact. The article also discusses the pivotal role of tax incentives and subsidies in encouraging the adoption of energy crops, particularly within the context of family farming. Additionally, it underscores the potential of utilizing residual biomass from agricultural, industrial, and residential activities to further reduce reliance on specific energy crops. The article delves into the significance of scientific knowledge in policy formulation, particularly addressing biodiversity concerns and ensuring a sustainable approach to biofuel production. Furthermore, it highlights that collaborative efforts are essential among governments, private sectors, and research institutions to forge a resilient, equitable, and sustainable future for bioenergy, thereby promoting a diversified and independent energy matrix of Brazil.

Determinants of Profession Choice in Students’ Educational Strategies in the Context of the Reproduction of Human Capital

Introduction. The relevance of the study is determined by the necessity to optimize the process of reproduction and building up the human capital of the Russian Federation, where the primary place belongs to education. The article discusses the educational strategies of Russian students in the current conditions of transition to the sixth technological mode, when the formation of a learning society and knowledge economy is of particular importance, which requires additional investment in human capital and educational capital in particular. The purpose of the study is to describe the educational strategies of Moscow students as dynamic systems of perspective orientation of an individual, as well as constructing their future life in accordance with a certain plan. Materials and Methods. The empirical basis of the article constitute the findings of the online sociological survey “Students of Russia: civic culture and life strategiesˮ, conducted in April‒May 2022 with an additional representation of the array in Moscow. Having carried out an exploratory factor analysis by the method of principal components and rotation by the Varimax method, the authors identify factors that allow interpreting various educational strategies for choosing a direction of study by students. Results. Comparing the social practices of students in Moscow with those in the regions, identifying the dominant factors in choosing a speciality/academic specialism, the authors identify speciality choice indices that are determined by different factors and lead to studentsʼ adherence to different types of educational strategies: “rationalˮ strategy, “inner circle of trustˮ strategy and “random choiceˮ. Discussion and Conclusion. The study conducted by the authors made it possible to formulate a number of significant conclusions that make a significant contribution to understanding the structure of the social capital of today's youth. The development of the educational capital of the younger generation is an important task in the process of ensuring the development of the entire Russian society as a whole.

Using characteristic mode theory to design and analyze an X-band polarization conversion metasurface

This paper proposes a new framework based on the characteristic modes analysis (CMA) to design polarization conversion metasurfaces (PCMs). This approach relies on the information inferred from the characteristic currents of the dominant modes (DMs). To demonstrate the advantages of this strategy, a multi-functional PCM is designed for the X-band frequencies. Besides, this paper expands and develops the characteristic mode rotation (CMR) method to investigate the intrinsic behavior of PCMs. Based on the extended CMR method, the physical concepts behind polarization conversion purity and angular stability at the resonance frequencies are revealed in a new manner. Finally, a prototype of the designed polarizer is fabricated and its reflection coefficients are measured. A great agreement between simulation and measurement results is obtained.

CALIBRATION OF THE INERTIAL MEASUREMENT UNIT IN CRITICAL CONDITIONS

Calibration of the inertial measuring unit (IMU) is an independent task and is the most important stage in preparing for operation both platform and strapdown inertial navigation systems (INS). The traditional calibration of IMU, containing at least three gyroscopes and three accelerometers, carried out in specialized testing laboratories, has been studied in sufficient detail. However, the widespread use of IMUs using MEMS sensors with characteristic instability of parameters leads to the need for additional calibration of IMUs IMUediately before INS operation in critical or field conditions. Under such conditions, firstly, there is no testing equipment necessary for the full implementation of traditional calibration, and secondly, the recalibration process itself is limited in time.In the article, studies were carried out on the possibility of using the method of successive rotations for the recalibration of IMU in the field. With this approach, in contrast to the test rotation method, there is no need to rotate the IMU by 180 degrees, but it is enough to rotate the IMU by small angles. Calculation ratios are obtained for determining the scale factors and zero signals of the accelerometer unit for two positions of the IMU. The experiment carried out confirmed the validity of the calculated ratios obtained. In addition, a recalibration method is described, which makes it possible to estimate, in addition to scale factors and zero signals of the accelerometer unit, also the tilt angles of the base on which the IMU is installed. To do this, you must have at least five different IMU positions.In addition, the calibration of the gyroscope unit when tactical and navigational accuracy class gyroscopes are used is considered. For gyroscopes of the tactical accuracy class and which are manufactured using MEMS technology, biases are determined in the critical conditions, which are not stable from start to start. Algorithms for determining biases and scale factors were obtained for the calibration of the gyroscope unit of the navigation accuracy class, for which the same two positions in which the accelerometer unit was calibrated were used. That is, during the calibration of the IMU in critical conditions, it is possible to simultaneously calibrate the gyroscope unit and the accelerometer unit, which saves the overall calibration time.

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IMPROVING THE METHOD OF PENDULUM IMPACTOR VERIFICATION IN REGARD TO ENERGY LOSS DUE TO FRICTION

Article presents an attempt to improve the method of pendulum impactors, such as tensile strength testing machine K-1 in regard to energy loss due to friction. Analysis of existing methods suggests a discre- pancy caused by ignoring the relationship between the energy loss caused by the tested material sample and that caused by friction. This introduces a systemic error and limits the applicability of such testing machines. Thanks to the modern rotational motion registration methods it becomes possible to estimate the intensity of friction at different points of the pendulum’s trajectory. This leads to a model of friction forces’ magnitude consisting of a linear combination of known motion parameters, such as angular coordinate, velocity and acceleration. The coefficients of this model can be determined using the non-negative variant of the least- squares method. This algorithm has been implemented into a software module for the K-1 testing machine.

Faktör Analizinde Faktör Döndürme Yöntemleri: Ziraat Verisi Üzerinde Bir Uygulama

In this study, the rotation stage of factor analysis, which is one of the multivariate analysis methods, was examined. All stages of factor analysis have been defined. The material of the study consisted of a data set obtained from barley planted in 20 plots (replication) having 9 variables. In each plot, the average of 6 plants selected from that plot was used. The variables emphasized in the study were plant height, number of leaves, spike length, spike weight, grain yield, flowering period (days), harvest index, yield, and 1000-grain weight. Factors were obtained by principal component analysis, which is a factor extraction method, from the data set that met the prerequisites of the analysis. The criteria used in different factor rotations are given and based on these criteria, the formula that gives the optimum rotation angle for each data set was obtained. As a result, the formulas obtained for orthomax, varimax, quartimax, and equamax were applied to the factors obtained from the data set and the results were interpreted. As a result of factor rotation, when varimax, quartimax, and equamax methods were used, the values of the variables in terms of factor loads differed in each factor. This is a desirable situation for factor analysis results.

Reliability and validity of the Cognitive Assessment for Stroke Patients (Chinese version) for patients with nonaphasic stroke

This study aimed to preliminarily explore the reliability and validity of the Chinese version of the Cognitive Assessment for Stroke Patients (CASP) in patients with nonaphasic stroke and provide a reliable basis for its clinical application in China. The original French version of the CASP was translated into Mandarin Chinese. The study enrolled 58 patients in the neurological center. Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), and CASP were used to evaluate cognitive function. Content validity, structural validity, and concurrent validity, internal consistency, interrater consistency, and retesting reliability were used to evaluate the results. The Spearman correlation coefficient of each item and the total CASP score was between 0.320 and 0.905 (p < .05), showing good content validity. Two initial factors were extracted using principal component analysis and the orthogonal rotation method, with a cumulative contribution rate of 70.100%. Except for the subitem reproducing a copy of a cube, the factor loading of all subitems was >0.5, indicating good construct validity. The total CASP score significantly correlated with the total MMSE (r = 0.796, p < .001) and total MoCA (r = 0.816, p < .001) scores, indicating good concurrent validity. Cronbach’s α of the CASP was 0.812, showing good internal consistency. The interrater consistency (ICC > 0.85) and retesting reliability (ICC = 0.7–0.951) were good. The Chinese version of the CASP has good reliability and validity and can play a good auxiliary role in evaluating cognitive dysfunction in patients with stroke.

Homo tolerant in the value system “essentialism - existentialism”

The article is based on the data of the comparative sociological study of the latest wave of the EVS and WVS (2017-2022) and considers values through the opposition “essentialism - existentialism”. The authors use the methodological approach to identifying a system of values, which was developed by R. Inglehart and K. Welzel. According to the level of tolerance, 82 countries were placed on the “essentialism - existentialism” scale: in most cases, intolerance to the other is poorly differentiated. Intolerance extends to all objects that differ from the accepted standard. The authors identify two groups of indicators of tolerance - to origin (racial or ethnic) and to behavior patterns - based on correlation and factor analysis. To identify the number of factors, the authors used the procedure based on the values of the correlation matrix, then the orthogonal rotation method (varimax). The resulting model has high quality characteristics and shows a strong connection between the level of tolerance to other behavior patterns and the level of economic well-being of the country. The level of social trust also affects the level of tolerance: the higher the level of social trust, the higher the tolerance to other behavior patterns, and, on the contrary, the higher the level of distrust (disunity), the higher the level of intolerance to differences, i.e., disunity, atomization and mistrust determine intolerance to others. People supporting the existentialist principle are more tolerant to differences in the worldview, lifestyle, behavior and customs. The dominance of essentialism or existentialism in society leads to specific legal consequences, for example, in the state migration, marriage-family and religious policies. Thus, the study of tolerance allows to locate the country on the “essentialism - existentialism” scale.

Impact of laser scanning strategies on microstructure in laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) of nanoparticle-infused pre-alloyed water-atomized iron powder

This study investigates how two scan strategies impact the microstructural and tensile properties of nanoparticle-infused pre-alloyed water-atomized low-alloy iron powder (Fe-1.50Cu-1.75Ni-0.50Mo) during Laser Powder Bed Fusion (LPBF) under uniform volumetric energy density laser conditions. The two strategies were the rotation method (ROT), in which the laser scan vector was rotated by 67° for each layer (10°, 77°, 144°, 211°, …), and the zig-zag method (ZZ), in which the vector was rotated by 90° for each layer (45°, −45°, …). As a result, the relative density of the ROT specimens was measured to be 95.61 ± 1.01 %, while that of ZZ specimens was 99.76 ± 0.17 %. Furthermore, the surface roughness of ROT specimens was higher than that of ZZ specimens (24.05 μm vs. 10.30 μm). It was found that the scan strategy influences not only the bulk characteristics but also the microstructural changes of the specimens, due to variations in intrinsic heat treatment (IHT). In the ZZ specimens, the regular laser scanning direction resulted in a uniform microstructure across different heights. However, in the ROT specimens, the laser scanning direction varied from layer to layer, with fluctuating heat dissipation influencing the melt pool structure, recrystallized grain distribution, sub-grain cellular structure, and precipitation behavior to obtain lower density and higher surface roughness than those of ZZ samples. Therefore, the samples printed using the ZZ method are found to be advantageous for printing pre-alloyed WA iron powders with uniform microstructure and reliable tensile properties.

A splitting discontinuous Galerkin projection method for the magneto-hydrodynamic equations

This paper is focused on the numerical approximations of the incompressible magneto-hydrodynamic equations. Our interest is to develop a novel decoupled, linear and unconditional energy stable fully-discrete scheme, which is achieved by the interior penalty discontinuous Galerkin (DG) method for spatial discretization, the stabilizing strategy and implicit-explicit (IMEX) scheme used to handle the nonlinear coupling terms, and a rotational pressure-correction method for the Navier-Stokes equations. We prove the unique solvability, unconditional energy stability and optimal error estimates of the proposed scheme rigorously. We further present several numerical examples to demonstrate the accuracy, stability, and efficiency of the proposed scheme numerically.

Agronomic and reclamation strategies to enhance soil fertility, productivity and water accessibility

IntroductionOver the last decade, yields and profitability of crops on agricultural lands in the Kyzylkum irrigation massif in the south of Kazakhstan, as well as soil fertility, have been decreasing. The Kyzylkum irrigation basin, located in the Syrdarya River basin, is affected by various factors such as agronomic practices, reclamation factors, and human activities including tourism. This study aims to monitor the yields of cotton and alfalfa in alfalfa-cotton crop rotations in the Kyzylkum irrigation massif, assess soil fertility after alfalfa and cotton cultivation under production conditions, and evaluate the profitability of water consumption.MethodsThe research methodology involved experimental and observational studies conducted on a nine-pole alfalfa-cotton crop rotation area in the Kyzylkum basin within the Syrdarya river basin. The study was conducted on three farms: Didar, Toishy, and Ali-Myrza. Productivity, soil fertility after crop cultivation, and profitability of water consumption were determined through these studies.ResultsThe study found that the Ali-Myrza farm experienced a 21% increase in cotton yield, a 24% increase in alfalfa yield, a 36% increase in profit from crop rotation, a 34% increase in profitability, and a 5-6% increase in water consumption. After alfalfa rotation, the Ali-Myrza farm recorded the highest cotton yield at 3.5 t/ha and a profit of 1,316 euros/ha. However, in the following year, cotton yields decreased to 2.52 t/ha, and profits dropped to 576 euro/ha. The first year of alfalfa cultivation resulted in a yield of 10 t/ha and a profit of 462 euro/ha, which increased to 14 t/ha and 967 euro/ha in the subsequent year. Soil analysis revealed that after two years of growing alfalfa in a six-pole rotation, the root mass in the top 20 cm of soil reached 8.89 t/ha. In contrast, rotations with seven (Toishy) and nine (Didar) crops resulted in lower root masses of 4.68 t/ha and 3.47 t/ha, respectively. The corresponding humus content was 1.65%, 1.40%, and 1.1%, respectively.DiscussionComparing the seven and nine-pole rotations of alfalfa and cotton, the six-pole rotation demonstrated significant improvements in soil fertility (30-40% increase), cotton yield (18-23% increase), alfalfa yield (20-28% increase), and water consumption (5-6% increase). These findings confirm the effectiveness of the alfalfa-cotton rotation method in enhancing soil fertility, productivity, water efficiency, and grey soil productivity in Kyzylkum irrigated fields. The results obtained from this study can be applied in cotton farms in South Kazakhstan that use nine-layer cotton and alfalfa rotations. Furthermore, the findings have implications for cotton cultivation in any country worldwide.

Digital Video Broadcasting T2 Lite Performance Evaluation Based on Rotated Constellation Rates

DVB-T2 offers the best levels of efficiency, reliability, and flexibility of any digital terrestrial broadcast technology now available. It provides the most up-to-date coding and modulation techniques to make the valuable terrestrial spectrum extremely effectively usable for many types of transmission. The mobile configuration of DVBT2 also known as T2-Lite, employs a constrained set of possible modes that are suited for movable transmission and reduce the demands placed on the receiver. This study compares the T2-Lite system's performance before and after using constellation rotation and cyclic Quadrature (Q) delay methods among different types of constellations, coding rates, and fading channels. Results show a significant improvement in T2-Lite system performance while using a rotating constellation in a bad fading environment. Moreover, the utilization of this technique enhances DVB-T2 Lite gain. All simulation of system components and channels were carried out in MATLAB R2021a software.