Rotary Plane Research Articles

Optimization and experiment on key structural parameters of no-tillage planter with straw-smashing and strip-mulching

Accelerate the quality of smashed-straw laying and enhance the effect of seed-bed arranging for no-tillage planter with straw-smashing and strip-mulching in full stubble covered paddy have become imperative in implementing modern conservation tillage. Considering the perfect operating performance (passability and stability) of the developed no-tillage planter, this study intends to optimize the structure design of smashed-straw diversion device and strip-rotary tillage device. Dynamics equations of smashed straw and kinematics models of rotary blades were established through theoretical analysis, and the principal factors that affecting straw strip-laying quality and seed-bed arranging effect were specified. The influence of out-enlarge angle (η) and slide-push angle (γ) of the diversion device on the coefficient of variation (ζ1) of cover-straw width, and the influence of rotary tillage-blade number (N) and configuration in a single rotary plane on the broken rate (ζ2) of strip soil were completely analyzed. And then, based on the systematic analysis and integrated scheme, operating performance and field verification tests using the optimized no-tillage planter were thoroughly performed. The results of the performance tests indicated that the out-enlarge angle (η) had a highly significant influence on the coefficient of variation (ζ1), and the slide-push angle (γ) had a significant influence on (ζ1). The rotary tillage-blade number (N) had a highly significant influence on the broken rate (ζ2), and the slide-push angle (γ) had a significant influence on (ζ2). The obtained optimal combination of these key structure parameters through comprehensive analysis was η = 45°, γ = 40°, and N = 4. Field verification test results indicated that the optimized no-tillage planter achieved mean values of ζ1 = 10.47% and ζ2 = 90.95%, which satisfied the relevant operation quality and cultivation agricultural requirement of conservation tillage equipment, and provided technical references for developing the similar no-tillage planter of straw crushing and returning. Keywords: no-tillage planter, smashed-straw laying, strip rotary tillage, optimization test DOI: 10.25165/j.ijabe.20211403.5887 Citation: Shi Y Y, Wang X C, Hu Z C, Gu F W, Wu F, Chen Y Q. Optimization and experiment on key structural parameters of no-tillage planter with straw-smashing and strip-mulching. Int J Agric & Biol Eng, 2021; 14(3): 103–111.

Optimization and experiment on key structural parameters of no-tillage planter with straw-smashing and strip-mulching

Accelerate the quality of smashed-straw laying and enhance the effect of seed-bed arranging for no-tillage planter with straw-smashing and strip-mulching in full stubble covered paddy have become imperative in implementing modern conservation tillage. Considering the perfect operating performance (passability and stability) of the developed no-tillage planter, this study intends to optimize the structure design of smashed-straw diversion device and strip-rotary tillage device. Dynamics equations of smashed straw and kinematics models of rotary blades were established through theoretical analysis, and the principal factors that affecting straw strip-laying quality and seed-bed arranging effect were specified. The influence of out-enlarge angle (η) and slide-push angle (γ) of the diversion device on the coefficient of variation (ζ1) of cover-straw width, and the influence of rotary tillage-blade number (N) and configuration in a single rotary plane on the broken rate (ζ2) of strip soil were completely analyzed. And then, based on the systematic analysis and integrated scheme, operating performance and field verification tests using the optimized no-tillage planter were thoroughly performed. The results of the performance tests indicated that the out-enlarge angle (η) had a highly significant influence on the coefficient of variation (ζ1), and the slide-push angle (γ) had a significant influence on (ζ1). The rotary tillage-blade number (N) had a highly significant influence on the broken rate (ζ2), and the slide-push angle (γ) had a significant influence on (ζ2). The obtained optimal combination of these key structure parameters through comprehensive analysis was η = 45°, γ = 40°, and N = 4. Field verification test results indicated that the optimized no-tillage planter achieved mean values of ζ1 = 10.47% and ζ2 = 90.95%, which satisfied the relevant operation quality and cultivation agricultural requirement of conservation tillage equipment, and provided technical references for developing the similar no-tillage planter of straw crushing and returning. Keywords: no-tillage planter, smashed-straw laying, strip rotary tillage, optimization test DOI: 10.25165/j.ijabe.20211403.5887 Citation: Shi Y Y, Wang X C, Hu Z C, Gu F W, Wu F, Chen Y Q. Optimization and experiment on key structural parameters of no-tillage planter with straw-smashing and strip-mulching. Int J Agric & Biol Eng, 2021; 14(3): 103–111.

Friction torque analysis of high-speed spindle bearing based on the quasi-static improved model

In order to solve the problem that the quasi-static model cannot calculate the friction torque of the high-speed spindle bearing, a new improved quasi-statics analysis model which can be used to calculate the friction torque of high-speed bearing was established, in which the force balance condition of ball bearing in rotary plane was added by comprehensively considering the role of the cage and the oil films. And its correctness was verified by both theory and experiment. Based on the improved quasi-static model, the friction torque which affects the internal characteristic and service performance of high-speed spindle bearing is analyzed systematically. Results indicate that the rotation speed and axial pre-load and installation are the key factors influencing the spindle bearing internal friction torque and the friction torque inside the bearing can be effectively reduced by selecting ceramic balls and more small balls structure as well as optimizing the curvature parameters of the raceway of the bearing rings, etc. In addition, the improved quasi-static analysis method provides a new and effective analysis method for the performance analysis, structural optimization design and practical application of high-speed spindle bearing.

Research on the Numerical Simulation of Internal Flow Field and Energy Efficiency of Ventilator

In the present study, the effects of ventilator geometries on the its performance were numerically simulated using the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) program. For a certain type ventilator, three-dimensional inner flow field was derived firstly, such as local flow field at the meridional and rotary plane of ventilator, the gap flow between the impeller and air outlet, and the secondary flows in impeller channel were studied in detail, and some suggestions are given to improve the profile of velocity. The above results would be helpful to the optimization and modification of ventilator.

Stability Analysis for Horizontal Boom with Double Pulling Rods under Non-Conservative Forces

The horizontal boom of the tower crane in the rotary plane is a cantilever structure with large flexibility. Its stability analysis belongs to critical load problems under double non-conservative forces. In this paper, the second-order theory is used to establish the deflection differential equation in the rotary plane of the horizontal boom. According to the deformation compatibility conditions and the boundary conditions, the exact expression of the deflection equation and the instability characteristic equation in the rotary plane are obtained. The premise of the stability analysis is to determine the force relationship of the two pulling rods in the horizontal boom with double lifting points, which is a statically indeterminate structure. This paper is aimed at the structural characteristics and the load forms of the general boom. For the calculation of the pulling rod forces in the boom, the general expression is deduced considering the variety of the cross-section, the load and the position of lifting points. A highly efficient method for the stability analysis of the horizontal boom with double pulling rods is provided by the analytic expression of the instability characteristic equation and the internal forces in the statically indeterminate pulling rods.

Characterization of Silicon Carbide Grit for Fickerts Used in Porcelain Tile Honing and Polishing Process

This paper presents results of morphological and dimensional characterization of silicon carbide (SiC) abrasives used in production of fickerts for the rotary plane honing and polishing process of porcelain tiles. For morphological characterization scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and optical reflection microscopy images were analyzed by software to determine the circularity factor of the particles. In order to analyze the particle size dispersion sieving and laser diffraction were used. Five samples within the same batch of abrasives and with different sizes were characterized. The results show a uniform dispersion with a small variation of the particles size. Regarding the form of particles, the angularity increases in the samples with smaller size. The employed procedure for the analysis of circularity factor is a method frequently used to characterize SiC particles.

Discrete model of vibration of truck crane telescopic boom with consideration of the hydraulic cylinder of crane radius change in the rotary plane

In this paper the one degree of freedom discrete model representing the vibration of the telescopic boom of truck crane in the rotary plane has been presented. In the model the influence of the hydraulic cylinder of crane radius change has been considered. The formulation and solution of the problem has been based on the Lagrange multiplier formalism. The mathematical relations describing the equivalent mass and spring stiffness of the discrete model have been derived. The mathematical formulation is completed by the exemplary numerical results.

Synthesis of Multiple DOF Parallel Mechanism Satisfying Maximum Working Space.

In the present paper, a space-arrangement system of structural element for multiple degree-of freedom parallel mechanisms with consideration of mutual interferences among structural elements such as links and pairs is investigated. In order to determine optimum profiles of links which satisfy the maximum working space of the end effector, a rotary plane which is arbitrary fixed on one of the moving link in the mechansim is introduced, and rdative loci of intersection points of the other moving links with the plane are analyzed. Moreover, conditions to determine link arrangements avoiding mutual interferences of moving links are formulated. Applying the above-mentioned system, a spatial six-DOF parallel mechanism with consideration of interferences among moving links is synthesized as a practical example.

Response of medial medullary reticular neurons to otolith stimulation during bidirectional off-vertical axis rotation of the cat

In decerebrate cats, the extracellular activities of neurons in the medial medullary reticular formation were studied during constant velocity off-vertical axis rotations (OVAR) in the clockwise (CW) and counterclockwise (CCW) directions (at 10° tilt). Spontaneously active neurons demonstrated sinusoidal position-dependent discharge modulations to OVAR which selectively stimulates the otoliths. Two features of neuronal responses to bidirectional OVAR were identified. Within the velocity spectrum tested (1.75–15° /s), some neurons showed symmetric bidirectional response sensitivity (δ value) to CW and CCW rotations. The spread of the δ values of each of these neurons with velocity was small. This group of reticular neurons were described as exhibiting symmetric and velocity-stable bidirectional response sensitivity. The mathematically derived gain tuning ratios of these neurons were within the range of narrowly spatiotemporal-tuned neurons. Another group of reticular neurons, however, showed asymmetric bidirectional response sensitivity to CW and CCW rotations; a few of these neurons were responsive only to OVAR of one direction but not to both. For each of this second group of neurons, the spread of the δ values with velocity was large. These reticular neurons were described as exhibiting asymmetric and velocity-variable bidirectional response sensitivity. The gain tuning ratios of these latter neurons were found to be within the range of broadly spatiotemporal-tuned neurons. Single neurons of both groups displayed orientational tuning. Both the best response orientations of neurons that showed symmetric and velocity-stable bidirectional response sensitivity and the preferred orientations of neurons that showed asymmetric and velocity-variable bidirectional response sensitivity were found to point in all directions on the rotary plane. The response dynamics of the former group of neurons was also examined. All showed flat response gain across the entire velocity range. Some showed a flat response lead while others showed a progressive shift from small response lead at low velocity to phase close to zero at higher velocities. The functional significance of these medial medullary reticular neurons to the direction and orientation of head tilt is discussed.

Synthesis of Spatial Mechanisms with Consideration of Interference of Structural Elements.

In the present paper, regarding spatial mechanisms with prismatic and sphere-groove pairs on the coupler, an arrangement system of structural elements for the mechanism with consideration of mutual interferences among links is investigated. In order to determine optimum profiles of links which avoid mutual interferences among the structural elements, such as pairing shafts, pairs and links in the mechanisms, a rotary plane which is arbitrarily fixed on one of the moving links in the mechanism is introduced, and relative loci of pairing points and relative positions of each link with this plane are analyzed. Furthermore, conditions to determine arrangements of links and pairs avoiding mutual interferences of moving links are formulated. Based on the above analytical results, an element-arrangement system is constructed which obtains the optimum profiles and arrangements of links and pairs of spatial mechanisms. Applying the system, a spatial 4-bar mechanism with a prismatic and sphere-groove pairs on the coupler is synthesized as a practical example.

最小運動占有空間を満足する空間機構の総合

In the present paper, a link-arrangement system for spatial mechanisms with consideration of mutual interferences among moving links is investigated. In order to determine optimum profiles of links which satisfy the minimum moving space of the mechanisms, a rotary plane which arbitrary fixed on one of the moving link in the mechanism is introduced, and relative loci of pairing points and positions of links with this plane are analyzed. Moreover, conditions to determine link arrangements avoiding mutual interferences of moving links are formulated. Based on the above analytical results, a link-arrangement system is constructed which obtains the optimum profiles and arrangements of links of spatial mechanisms. Applying the system, a spatial 4-bar mechanism is synthesized as a practical example.

Primary internal fixation of carpal navicular fractures in the athlete.

Primary open reduction and internal fixation is an established procedure for treatment of carpal navicular fractures. With the use of an alignment device, the surgery can be performed on outpatients, under local anesthesia, in 30 to 45 min. The wrist is splinted in a protective device for approximately 6 weeks but no cast is necessary. Four of 13 patients in this series have been athletes. The procedure has allowed them to participate in sports during the healing period and to return to contact sports 6 to 8 weeks postoperatively without joint protection. These athletes have regained full range of motion in the wrist joint. Although the procedure is not recommended for hairline fractures which usually heal quickly or comminuted fractures of the navicular, it appears to be the treatment of choice for fractures of the carpal navicular bone at the level of the middle and proximal third of the bone or any displaced fragment with malposition in the axial or rotary plane.

多層すべり軸受と多層リングシールならびに金属織布軸受の研究

Recentry the author have developed new bearing and seal system, so called “Multiple Plane Bearing”, “Multiple Ring Seal” and “Wire Cloth Bearing”.The multiple plane radial bearing is consisted with concentric rings of bearing alloy and steel for example. This bearing has many sliding surfaces, and each rings round in independent speed. Then the every surface does not heat or stick, according to the oil film may not be broken. The multiple plane thrust bearing is consisted with many metalic rings that lie side by side in the same axis. Each other rings are made of bearing alloy.In the same idea the multiple ring seal has been developed. The relative speed of the each sealing surfaces may become slow.The feature of these bearings and seals may be excellent.In the next step it was developed the multiple plastic bearings, the multiple wire cloth bearings and the rotary plane bearings. The wire cloth is a very fine metalic cloth. We can use this metalic cloth as bearing metal. It has a special feature as like as oilless bearing. The rotary plane bearing is a combination of the multiple plane bearing and the ball bearing or roller bearing.At last, the fine wire cloth will be applied as sliding surface of the machine tools. The combination of the two surfaces of wire cloth and spring steel band has an interesting feature as a guide surface of the machine tools.