Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale Research Articles

Academic Stress, Self-Esteem and Non-Suicidal Self-Injury Behaviors among Hostelized Students

The aim of this research was to explore the association between academic stress, self-esteem, and non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) behaviors among hostelized students. For this study, a sample of N=300 (150 males and 150 females) was chosen using a purposive sampling technique from both public and private hostels in Faisalabad. Prior to responding to three standardized questionnaires, the Academic Stress Scale (ASS), the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSE), and the Non-Suicidal Self-Injury Behaviors Scale (INS), the participants filled out demographic form and gave their informed consent. Analysis of the data indicates that NSSI behaviors and academic stress have positive correlation. In contrast, Academic Stress was found to have a negative relationship with Self-Esteem, suggesting that as stress increases, self-esteem tends to decrease. Additionally, the findings revealed that undergraduates report lower self-esteem and engage in NSSI behaviors more frequently than graduate students, highlighting developmental differences in how academic challenges impact mental health. This research emphasizes the need for targeted interventions to reduce academic stress and improve self-esteem among hostelized students to decrease the risk of NSSI.

Exploring the Adverse Impact of Smartphone Use on Young Individuals' Self-Esteem: A Structural Equation Modeling Approach based on Five Temperaments

Excessive Smartphone Use (ESU) has emerged as a major social concern, with widespread reliance on smartphones and the Internet resulting in various detrimental effects. This research aimed to analyze the primary psychological factors that affect ESU among individuals using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). Smartphone addiction levels were evaluated using the Smartphone Addiction Scale, along with five different temperamental traits, namely, Depressive, Cyclothymic, Hyperthymic, Anxious, and Irritable, using the Affective Temperament Measure. Self-esteem was examined using the Rosenberg self-esteem scale. Of 376 participants aged 16 to 23, 88.4% showed signs of ESU, with certain temperamental traits being more prevalent. Negative impacts were especially noticeable among women. Self-esteem levels were found to be 15.7% high, 23.8% moderate, and 60.5% low. The results emphasize the harmful effects of excessive smartphone use on emotional and cognitive well-being, particularly in those with lower self-esteem. This study highlights the need to understand these relationships and create strategies to mitigate the negative effects of smartphone overuse.

Postpartum period according to Roy adaptation model: Assessment of fatigue, self-esteem, functional status, and dyadic adjustment.

The study was conducted to examine the relationship between fatigue, self-esteem, functional status, and dyadic adjustment in the postpartum period and the factors affecting them. The study was designed in cross-sectional type. It was carried out in the postpartum follow-up clinic of a hospital in the Central Anatolian Region of Turkey between November 2021 and July 2022. Responses from a total of 328 mothers in the first 6 months postpartum were analyzed. Data were collected using a "Descriptive Information Form," the "Chalder Fatigue Scale," the "Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale," the "Inventory of Functional Status after Childbirth," and the "Revised Dyadic Adjustment Scale." The mean scores of the mothers participating in the study on the total Chalder fatigue scale, Rosenberg self-esteem scale, Inventory of functional status after childbirth, and Revised dyadic adjustment scale were 13.65 ± 6.13, 1.33 ± 1.33, 10.57 ± 2.02, and 51.51 ± 9.49, respectively. It was determined that fatigue had a positive effect and dyadic adjustment had a negative effect on the postpartum self-esteem levels of the mothers. The progress of the postpartum period affects the functional status of mothers positively and significantly. According to the results of the research, the decrease in fatigue and the increase in dyadic adjustment in women positively affect the increase in self-esteem.

Intensity of using TikTok social media as a mediator of self-esteem and body image in adolescents

In the rapidly developing digital era, social media such as TikTok have become a part of adolescents' lives and have the potential to influence perceptions of body image. The intensity of TikTok use in adolescents has the potential to mediate the relationship between self-esteem and body image, as this platform is often a space for self-exploration and social comparison. This study aimed to determine the intensity of TikTok's social media use in mediating self-esteem and body image in adolescents. This study used a quantitative approach with a purposive sampling technique. The participants comprised 202 male and female adolescents aged 13 to 18 who completed the Multidimensional Body-Self Relations Questionnaire (MBSRQ-AS), the Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale (RSES), and the intensity of the TikTok social media use scale. Furthermore, a mediation analysis was conducted using Hayes' PROCESS 4 model. The results showed that self-esteem directly impacted adolescents' body image (β = 1.1324; p = 0.0000; and CI = 0.9414 - 1.3233). This finding emphasizes the role of self-esteem in adolescents' body image.

ACTION Teens Global Survey-Türkiye Report: More Worry and Less Motivation for Adolescents Living with Obesity.

ACTION Teens (NCT05013359) surveyed adolescents living with obesity (ALwO), their caregivers, and healthcare professionals (HCPs) in 10 countries to identify attitudes, perceptions, behaviors, and barriers preventing effective obesity care. This subanalysis identified key findings from Türkiye. In Türkiye, 700 ALwO (aged 12-<18 years), 700 caregivers, and 324 HCPs completed a cross-sectional survey (September-November 2021). ALwO had poor mean World Health Organization-5 Well-Being Index (36.7) and Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (14.6) scores. Most ALwO (85%) were worried about their weight, and many ALwO (92%) and caregivers (96%) worried about weight affecting their/their child's future health. Additionally, many respondents agreed weight loss is completely the ALwO's responsibility (ALwO: 70%; caregivers: 47%; HCPs: 42%). Despite this, only 24% of ALwO reported being highly motivated to lose weight, although 59% reported a weight-loss attempt in the past year. Their most common weight-loss barrier was being unable to control hunger, according to ALwO (76%) and caregivers (73%). HCPs reported discussing weight with 42% of ALwO, on average, with 34% indicating insufficient time during appointments prevents them from discussing weight. Compared with the global ACTION Teens analysis, a greater proportion of ALwO in Türkiye worried about weight impacting future health (92% vs 85%), yet a similar proportion had made a recent weight-loss attempt (59% vs 58%), perhaps due to lower motivation (24% vs 45%). Our results suggest ALwO in Türkiye require greater weight-management support, particularly support with controlling hunger; therefore, measures should be taken to reduce HCPs' time constraints.

Mindfulness and decision-making for teachers—the mediating role of self-esteem and the moderating role of experience

ObjectivesThis study aimed to determine the relationship between mindfulness, self-esteem, and decision-making. The study focused to examine the relationship primarily between mindfulness and decision-making, with self-esteem as a mediator and experience as a moderator among teachers in Saudi Arabia.MethodsA survey was conducted among teachers in Saudi Arabia and was completed by 525 teachers (67.8% were females and 32.2% were males, with an average age of 38.25 years, standard deviation [SD] = 8.72). Participants were Arabic-speaking teachers who were selected from public and private schools in Saudi Arabia. They were selected via direct contact with schools in Riyadh. Using the snowball spreading techniques, the teachers were recruited from elementary, middle, and high schools. Adolescent and Adult Mindfulness Scale (AAMS), Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES), and Decision-Making Scale were used to obtain information on the variables.ResultsMindfulness was significantly and positively correlated with decision-making and positive self-esteem and negatively correlated with negative self-esteem. Decision-making was significantly positively correlated with positive self-esteem and negatively correlated with negative self-esteem. Moreover, positive self-esteem partially mediated the relationship between mindfulness and decision-making, indirectly. However, mindfulness was not predicted by decision-making through negative self-esteem. A multigroup analysis showed that the mediational model was moderated by high teaching experience.ConclusionThe results prove that mindfulness and self-esteem are associated with decision-making. Self-esteem and mindfulness for teachers increase their awareness of the problems they face daily in the classroom. Additionally, more experienced teachers are more confident and portray better decision-making skills.

Fournier's Gangrene leads to lower Quality of Life and Self-esteem.

Fournier's gangrene (FG) is a life-threatening necrotizing infection of the perineal, genital, or perianal regions, often requiring extensive surgical intervention and prolonged recovery. Despite advances in acute management, the long-term impact of FG on patients' self-esteem and quality of life remains underexplored. This retrospective study included 48 patients treated for FG at seven urological centres in Austria between 2017 to 2022. Several in-house data were collected and patients were contacted after a mean of 4.5yrs to complete a questionnaire including the International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS), International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF-5), Short-Form (SF12) quality of life questionnaire, and the Rosenberg self-esteem scale (RSE). The study recruited 48 patients with a median age of 64 years; 58.7% required intensive care unit (ICU) stays due to infection (median duration. 6 days). The in-house mortality rate was 8.3%. Survivors (n=44) had a median hospitalization of 16 days. They were contacted by mail, 18 completed the questionnaire. There was a high prevalence of urinary symptoms and erectile dysfunction, wound pain, and impaired quality of life. Severe erectile dysfunction (IIEF-5 score ≤7) was reported by 46.2%, and 38.9% reported Visual Analog Scale (VAS) pain score ≥4. Impaired self-esteem (mean RSE score: 12.4) correlated with functional impairments, including urinary symptoms (IPSS ≥20 in 55.6%), erectile dysfunction, and wound-related pain. Physical and mental health were strongly associated with decreased self-esteem, with hypertension (61.1%) and alcohol abuse (16.7%) negatively impacting outcomes. FG negatively impacts patients' self-esteem and quality of life, particularly in the presence of pre-existing risk factors. The findings highlight the importance of integrated rehabilitation approaches to mitigate long-term psychological and functional impairments.

The parent empowerment scale: development and psychometric properties

Background Parents of trans and gender diverse (herein ‘trans’) children experience additional challenges in their parenting role relative to parents of cisgender children. Understanding and enhancing parents’ empowerment is a promising approach to support both parents and children. We aimed to develop an empowerment scale specific to parents of trans children, grounded in parents’ lived experiences. Methods Based on a previous qualitative investigation of empowerment in parents of trans children, 32 items were created and iteratively reviewed by a parent advisory group to ensure understanding, respectfulness, and comprehensiveness. Parents and caregivers of trans children 5–17 years old living in Australia, New Zealand, Canada, The Netherlands and the United Kingdom completed the scale (N = 270), as well as additional measures of parenting self-efficacy (Me as a Parent Scale – Short Form) and parent self-esteem (Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale), to assess the scale’s validity. Results Exploratory factor analysis showed a five-factor solution consisting of Acceptance and Inclusion (α = .91), Supportive Health Services (α = .95), Organizations Support the Child (α = .65), School Supports the Parents (α = .93) and Parent Supports and Advocates for their Child (α = .81). The final 22 item Parent Empowerment Scale (PES) demonstrated convergent, concurrent, and incremental validity. Conclusion This Parent Empowerment Scale is a novel measure grounded in lived experience that can be used in both clinical and research contexts to understand, assess and promote empowerment in parents of trans children.

Self-Esteem and Family Communication as Predictors of Satisfaction with Studies in University Students from the Southern Region of Peru

Family and personal factors play an essential role in the satisfaction with the studies of university students. In this sense, the objective of this research was to determine if self-esteem and family communication predict satisfaction with studies in university students from the Puno Region, Peru. The methodology consisted of a cross-sectional and predictive design; 538 Peruvian university students of both sexes participated (69.1% men and 30.09% women) in 2022, whose ages ranged between 17 and 37 years (M = 20.43 and SD = 3.22). The instruments used were the Rosenberg self-esteem scale, the Olson Family Communication Scale (FCS), and the Merino Satisfaction Scale with the study. The results show that the proposed model had a good fit (X2 = 582.26, df = 224, p &lt; .001, TLI = 941, CFI = .948, RMSEA = .055, RMR = .041), evidencing that self-esteem and family communication significantly predict (p &lt; .001) satisfaction with the studies. In the discussion it is observed that self-esteem and family communication are significant predictors of satisfaction with studies in university students. Therefore, strategies to improve satisfaction with studies should be aimed at improving the self-esteem and communication of university students.

Measurement tools used to assess individual health assets among refugee populations: a scoping review.

Forced migration is increasing globally, which has detrimental effects on the physical and mental health of refugees, who may face significant challenges accessing healthcare services. However, refugees also possess considerable strengths or assets that can protect against various health challenges. Identifying and strengthening the individual health assets of refugees is critical to promoting their health and mitigating these health challenges. Yet, there is a paucity of data on refugees' individual health assets, including tools to measure them. Therefore, this scoping review aimed to identify and summarise the available measurement tools to assess the individual health assets of refugees. We conducted a comprehensive literature search using six electronic databases and a Google search without restrictions on publication dates. We used Arksey and O'Malley's methodological framework approach to streamline the review processes. Forty-one eligible studies were included, from which 28 individual health asset tools were identified. Of these, 11 tools were tested for validity in refugee populations. Among the validated tools, thereliability scores for the measures of individual health asset outcomes, including resilience (Child and Youth Resilience Measure, Wagnild and Young's Resilience Scale, and Psychological Resilience Scale), acculturation (Vancouver Index of Acculturation and Bicultural Involvement Questionnaire), self-esteem (Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale), and self-efficacy (Generalized Self-Efficacy Scale), ranged from good to excellent. The findings provide guidance for health service planners, humanitarian organisations, and researchers regarding the appropriateness and quality of tools that can be applied to assess individual health assets, which are crucial for designing culturally sensitive asset-based health promotion interventions for refugees.

Non-Suicidal Self-Injury in College Students: Differences Between the Subject Group and Comparison Group

In recent years, self-injury attempts have accounted for 46.2% of emergency room visits by teenagers and young adults. This study aimed to explore the prevalence of non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) among Korean college students, compare the mean number of NSSI risk factors between those with a history of NSSI and a control group with no history of thoughts or experiences of self-injury, and identify which factors have a greater influence on NSSI. The participants consisted of 403 Korean college students aged 18–29 who were divided into a subject group with a history of NSSI (n = 198) and a comparison group (n = 205) with no history of NSSI. The Functional Assessment of Self-Mutilation (FASM), Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ-SF), Social Experience Questionnaire (SEQ), Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item scale (GAD-7), Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale—16 item version (DERS-16), Experiences in Close Relationship Questionnaire-Revised (ECR-R), Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES), Parents as Social Context Questionnaire-Kids (PSCQ-KA), and Barratt Impulsiveness Scale-11-Revised (BIS-11). The collected data were analyzed using SPSS 25.0. Before a regression analysis, a MANOVA was performed to examine the mean difference between groups of each dependent variable, and a multiple regression analysis was performed to confirm the influence. The mean difference in all risk factors in the subject group compared with the comparison group was found to be statistically significant, with an effect size of 0.8 or greater. As a result of examining the relative influence of each variable on NSSI, emotional dysregulation (t = 2.481, p = 0.014), anxiety (t = −2.109, p = 0.036), and adult attachment (t = 2.004, p = 0.046) were found to significantly influence NSSI (p = 0.05). These findings will serve as fundamental data for screening clients at risk of self-injury in counseling and treatment settings, in addition to providing preventive and therapeutic interventions.

Impact of Lower Limb Lengthening with Telescopic Nails on Functionality and Quality of Life in Patients with Achondroplasia.

The short stature characteristic of patients with achondroplasia can negatively affect health-related quality of life (HRQoL). Lower limb lengthening reusing telescopic intramedullary nails (TIMNs) offers an alternative to external fixators, with the potential to enhance functionality, self-esteem, and HRQoL, while reducing complication risks, which this study aims to evaluate. This retrospective study included nine patients with achondroplasia who underwent parallel transverse lengthening of femurs and/or tibias reusing a TIMN between 2015 and 2022. Functionality (Lower Extremity Functional Scale, LEFS), self-esteem (Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale), and HRQoL (Short Form-12, SF-12, and EuroQol VAS) were assessed preoperatively and at least two years post-surgery. Complications (Clavien-Dindo-Sink classification) and patient satisfaction were also recorded. The median age was 13.5 years (IQR: 12.5-17.1), with a significant height increase of +19.9 cm +19.9 cm (p<0.05). Improvements were significant in functionality (LEFS, +4.6 points; p<0.05), self-esteem (Rosenberg, +3.7 points; p<0.05), and HRQoL (SF-12 physical, +8.9 points; p<0.05; EQ-VAS, +20 points; p<0.05). A total of 22 complications were reported in 32 treated bones, most classified as grade 2 or 3B, with no significant correlation to functionality, HRQoL, or self-esteem outcomes (p > 0.05). Lower limb lengthening reusing TIMNs appears to improve functionality, HRQoL, and self-esteem in patients with achondroplasia compared to their preoperative status. High patient satisfaction and manageable complications were observed, with no negative impact on outcomes, laying the groundwork for future studies. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level IV, Retrospective case series.

The Influencing Factors of Self-evaluation in Adolescents: A Structural Equation Modeling

Background: Self-evaluation, as an expression of self-concept, becomes increasingly complex in adolescence. Parental bonding, personality traits, and psychological status were the three main determining factors of adolescents’ self-evaluation. We aimed to tested associations through a systematic approach. Methods: Data were from the 2014 Chinese Family Panel Studies (CFPS). The association of parental bonding (measured by the Parental Bonding Instrument), personality traits (the Responsibility Scale), and psychological status (the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale) with self-evaluation measured in three domains (the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, the Nowicki- Strickland Locus of Control Scale for children and the Self-Discipline Scale) were tested by the structural equation modeling (SEM) analysis. Results: A total of 892 Chinese adolescents were included. Significant positive correlations were found among self-evaluation, parental bonding, personality traits, and psychological status. The overall (direct and indirect) effect of parental bonding on adolescents’ self-evaluation was 0.49. Personality traits and psychological status were directly associated with adolescents’ self-evaluation. Conclusion: The use of SEM offered a detailed analysis of the correlations between parental bonding, personality traits, and psychological status and a systematic approach to investigate their direct and indirect effects on adolescents’ self-evaluation. The three factors directly associated with adolescents’ self-evaluation and parental bonding indirectly affected adolescents’ self-evaluation that was mediated by both personality traits and psychological status.

Upward social comparison and withdrawal behavior in scientific researchers: The roles of envy and self-esteem

To test the relationship between upward social comparison and withdrawal behavior in a Chinese research context, we administered the Upward Social Comparison Scale, the Dispositional Envy Scale, the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, and the Withdrawal Behavior Scale to 450 scientific researchers. Results showed that upward social comparison had a significantly positive predictive effect on withdrawal behavior and indirect effects on withdrawal behavior through envy; further, both stages of the mediating effect of envy were moderated by self-esteem. Specifically, for scientific researchers with low self-esteem, the indirect mediating effect of envy between upward social comparison and withdrawal behavior was significant, whereas for those with high self-esteem, the effect was not significant. This suggests that upward social comparison induces scientific researchers’ withdrawal behavior through envy, but high self-esteem can alleviate this induced effect. Our findings provide further evidence of the formation mechanism for withdrawal behavior, which have potential use in prevention and intervention programs.

Effects of Pickleball Intervention on the Self-Esteem and Symptoms of Patients with Schizophrenia.

Background: Schizophrenia is classified by the World Health Organization (WHO) as one of the top ten diseases contributing to the global medical economic burden. Some studies have pointed out that exercise is effective for physical and mental health, as well as cognition. We hypothesized that participation in pickleball intervention would lead to improved self-esteem and reduced psychiatric symptoms in schizophrenia patients. Method: We recruited participants with schizophrenia from a long-term care facility and a regional hospital, dividing them into two groups based on the institutions. The experimental group underwent a nine-week pickleball exercise intervention, with sessions three times a week, each lasting 90 min, and a Dink ball test was conducted weekly. Questionnaires on self-esteem and the short-form health survey were collected both before and after the intervention. Result: This trial included 30 patients, divided equally into the experimental group (n = 15) and the control group (n = 15). After the nine-week pickleball intervention, there were no significant differences between the experimental and control groups in the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) (p = 0.153) or the Brief Symptom Rating Scale (BSRS-5) (p = 0.289). However, the Dink test scores in the experimental group showed significant improvements in physical activity capabilities and attention over time, with average hit counts increasing from 5.3 ± 1.5 to 10.7 ± 2.3 (p < 0.01). Conclusions: Although the pickleball intervention did not yield significant differences in self-esteem and symptom measures between groups, the improvements observed in physical performance and attention in the experimental group suggest that exercise remains a feasible complementary approach for managing schizophrenia symptoms. Further research with larger sample sizes is recommended.

Moderating effect of attachment to parents on the association between bullying and self-esteem among early adolescents aged 10 to 12.

The aim of this study was to examine whether attachment to each parent moderates the relationship between bullying victimisation and self-esteem. The sample consisted of 250 junior high school students (114 males, 136 females; mean age: 11.3 years). The administered scales were the Bully/Victim Questionnaire Revised, the Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment for Children and the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale. Results showed that early adolescents subjected to bullying had lower self-esteem than non-bullied peers. For girls, attachment to mother also accounted for self-esteem over and above the effect of bullying. For boys, attachment with the father appeared as a pure moderator of the effect of bullying as the association with self-esteem was non-significant when attachment scores were high. The findings suggest that attachment to same sex parents may foster better self-esteem in the face of bullying. Parents' participation in preventive measures could be encouraged.

Current situation of central nervous system tumour survivors in a spanish hospital.

Despite the increasing number of central nervous system (CNS) tumour survivors, long-term (LT) sequelae remain a substantial burden on their health through various life stages. The aim of our study was to evaluate late morbidity, health-related quality of life (HRQoL), self-esteem, functional status, adaptive behaviour, physical activity and social outcomes such as education, employment, relationship status and possession of a driver's license, in addition to the role of LT effects of radiotherapy (RTx) on these outcomes. The study included 111 CNS tumour survivors with a minimum of 10 years of follow-up. The assessment of patients included a comprehensive clinical evaluation and psychological questionnaires: SF-36 for HRQoL and Rosenberg self-esteem scale. Functional status was assessed with the Lansky/Karnosky scales and adaptive behaviour with the Vineland-II scale. Patients also completed one questionnaire that assessed physical activity and another that assessed other social variables. The mean current age of CNS tumour survivors was 20 years (range, 12-34). The median time since diagnosis was 13 years (range, 10-26). The median age at diagnosis was 6 years (range, 1-18). The most prevalent LT sequelae were neurologic (55%), followed by neuropsychiatric (53.1%) and endocrine (49.5%) sequelae. Survivors treated with RTx (n = 52) had poorer outcomes in terms of adaptive behaviour, educational attainment and relationship status compared to those who did not receive RTx, but we did not find differences in quality of life or self-esteem scores between these groups. We found a high prevalence of long-term sequelae in CNS tumour survivors, especially in those who received RTx. In these patients, LT sequelae have a significant impact on functional status and social outcomes, but not on quality of life or self-esteem.

The Impact of Social Media on Eating Disorder Risk and Self-Esteem Among Adolescents and Young Adults: A Psychosocial Analysis in Individuals Aged 16-25.

Eating disorders (EDs) result from complex interactions of biological, psychological, social, and cultural factors, disproportionately affecting adolescents and young adults. Social media, peer pressure, and self-esteem issues contribute to ED prevalence. This study examines ED risk, eating behaviors, and self-esteem among individuals aged 16-25, exploring differences by gender, age, and social media usage. A total of 261 participants (113 high school students, 115 college students, 33 working individuals) completed the Computer-Assisted Web Interview (CAWI) between April and June 2024. This study utilized the Eating Attitudes Test-26 (EAT-26), Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (SES), and My Eating Habits (MEH) questionnaires. Statistical analyses, including chi-square tests and linear regression, assessed associations between ED risk, self-esteem, and social media activity. ED risk was identified in 47% (n = 123) of participants, with the highest prevalence in high school students (56.6%, n = 64). Significant gender differences were observed (p < 0.001), with males in the high school group showing elevated ED risk (64%, n = 32). Body dissatisfaction and frequent social media comparisons increased ED risk (p < 0.001); 45.7% (n = 102) of participants who often compared their bodies online reported heightened risk. Photo manipulation correlated with higher ED risk (p = 0.005). Regression analysis revealed a significant relationship between ED risk and restrictive dieting (estimate = 0.9239; p < 0.001), while self-esteem had no significant effect (estimate = 0.00503, p = 0.977). This study highlights high ED risk driven by social media and body dissatisfaction. Interventions should focus on body image issues, self-acceptance, and media literacy. This study focused on a specific age group (16-25) in Poland, which may limit the ability to generalize the results to other demographic or cultural groups. Future research should include more diverse populations and objective measurements.

The Relationship Between Body Composition, Physical Activity, Self-Esteem, and Body Image in Female and Male Adolescents.

The elements of body composition and their correlation with physical activity, body image, and self-esteem are aspects that require in-depth studies. This link should be seen in the context of the percentage of adipose tissue, which can be modeled via physical activity. The objective of this study is to evaluate the relationships between the parameters that define body composition, self-esteem, body image, and physical activity according to gender. This study included 100 females and 100 males with an average age of 22 years. The evaluation included anthropometric parameters, body composition, self-esteem, physical activity index, and body image perception assessment. The results show that the males exhibited a higher percentage of exceeding the upper limit of normal and average weight; in contrast, there were two times more females exhibiting normal weight than those exceeding the upper limit. Therefore, obesity was higher among males. The average fitness score values were 69.07 for females and 76.53 for males, and the mean fitness was within normal limits. Regarding body image, according to the BSQ, we observed that both groups were not satisfied with and were concerned about their body shape. With respect to the Rosenberg self-esteem scale, the average score for females was 20.27, and for males, it was 19.60; the mean self-esteem value was 66% of the maximum value. In terms of the perceived ideal body size assessed with the Silhouette scale, most of the females were placed at level 3, and the males were placed at level 4. Regarding the physical activity index, females carried out on average 1.5 days of intense physical activity over 7 days, and males were involved in intense physical activity for 2 days. Conclusions: The degree of obesity and therefore the risk of developing cardiovascular disease and metabolic syndrome were higher in males than in females. Although males have a higher degree of obesity, self-esteem is quantified at a higher level of confidence.

Hubungan Self-Esteem dengan Fear of Missing Out pada Remaja Pengguna Media Sosial di SMA Negeri 1 Muntilan Kabupaten Magelang

Adolescence is a phase that is prone to experiencing FoMO behavior. FoMO experienced by adolescence has the potential to cause feelings of loss, stress, and feeling distant if they do not know about important events of other individuals or groups. The FoMO experienced by adolescence indicates that their motivational factors are not developed optimally. The motivational factor referred to is self-esteem. Someone who has high self-esteem in general will be more able to be positive in making an assessment of himself.. This research aims to find out the relationship between self-esteem and FoMO in adolescent social media users at SMA N 1 Muntilan, Magelang Regency. The population in this study is 1056 students of SMA N 1 Muntilan. From this population, the research sample was taken using the proportionate stratified random sampling technique of 286 students based on the Isaac and Michael table formula. Data collection was carried out using a modification of the Fear of Missing Out Scale (FoMOS) and the Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale. The data was tested with product moment pearson through the SPSS 25 for windows program. The research results show that there is a significant negative relationship that is in the very weak category between self-esteem and FoMO in social media users at SMA Negeri 1 Muntilan. This means that even though adolescence have good self-esteem, it is not enough to prevent them from FoMO.