Rosa Odorata Research Articles

Comparative metabolomic analysis reveals nutritional properties and pigmentation mechanism of tea-scented rosehips.

The fruits of the genus Rosa, commonly known as rosehips, have attracted significant attention owing to their rich content of various bioactive compounds. However, their utility is generally secondary to the ornamental appeal of their flowers. This study aimed to explore the quality differences among tea-scented rosehips found in Yunnan, China, including those of Rosa odorata var. odorata (RO), Rosa odorata var. gigantea (RG), and Rosa yangii (RY). Morphological characteristics, chemical composition, and antioxidant activity of their fruits were evaluated. The study revealed significant variability in composition and biological activities based on fruit color. RO exhibited the highest levels of polyphenols, flavonoids, anthocyanins, carotenoids, and vitamin C, with the strongest antioxidant activity (10.99 μmol Trolox·g-1 ), followed by RG (7.91 μmol Trolox·g-1 ) and RY (6.52 μmol Trolox·g-1 ). This supports RO's potential as a functional food source. Untargeted metabolomics identified and quantified 502 metabolites, with flavonoids (171) and phenolic acids (147) as the main metabolites. The differential metabolites among the fruits are primarily enriched for flavonoid biosynthesis and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathways. Insights into color formation supported the role of anthocyanins, flavones, and flavonols in fruit color variation. Tea-scented rosehips offer vibrant colors and high nutritional value with potent biological activities. Rosa odorata var. odorata stands out as a functional food source owing to its rich bioactive compounds. These findings lay the groundwork for utilizing rosehips in functional foods, health supplements, and food additives, emphasizing the practical and beneficial applications of Rosa spp. independent of their ornamental value. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.

Sericic Acid Ameliorates DSS-induced Ulcerative Colitis in Mice by Modulating the NF-κB and Nrf2 Pathways.

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic non-specific inflammatory bowel disease. In previous studies, we found extracts from the roots of Rosa odorata Sweet var. gigantea (Coll.et Hemsl.) Rehd. et Wils have a therapeutic effect on UC. Furthermore, sericic acid (SA) is a pentacyclic triterpenoid isolated from this plant that is being used for the first time. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether SA has anti-inflammatory and therapeutic effects on UC and its underlying mechanisms. In this study, we used a dextran sulfate-induced UC mouse model and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory cell model along with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to quantify the abundance of inflammatory factors and oxidative stress factors in tissues and cells. HE staining was used to analyze the therapeutic effect of the drugs on the UC mouse model. The expression levels of oxidative stress-related proteins were detected using immunoblotting and immunohistochemistry. The anti-inflammatory targets of SA were screened using protein chip arrays and verified by immunoblotting. We found that SA had anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects in animal and cellular inflammation models. SA inhibited the levels of NO, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, and MDA in tissues and cells and upregulated the expression level of SOD. Animal experiments showed that SA alleviated the shortening of colon length and colon pathological damage caused by DSS. The antiinflammatory targets of SA were screened using protein chip arrays, and SA was found to inhibit proteins related to the NF-κB signaling pathway. Finally, immunoblotting and immunohistochemistry showed that SA downregulated the expression of p-IKKα/β and its downstream protein p-NF-κB, while promoting the expression of Nrf2 and its downstream protein HO-1. The above results indicated that SA alleviated DSS-induced colitis by inhibiting NF-κB signaling pathway and activating Nrf2 pathway.

Transmission of Flower Traits and Fertility in Black Rose x Hybrid Tea Rose Cross Combination

Breeding studies of scented cut roses have gained significance recently. The Black rose, a naturalized old garden rose in Türkiye, is a valuable genetic resource for breeding programs due to its pleasant scent. This study investigated the fertility of the Black rose (Rosa odorata cv. Louis XIV, Halfeti rose) as a seed parent and its ability to transmit flower traits to offspring. Four commercial cut rose varieties with known pollen germination rates were used as pollen parents. Each combination underwent at least 33 pollinations, and the fruit set rate, the average seed number per fruit, and the seed germination rate were examined. Both parents and one-year-old F1 progeny were evaluated for petal number, scent, and flower color traits during two flowering periods. Cross-pollination resulted in fruit set rates ranging from 70.21% to 100.0%, average seed numbers per fruit ranging from 5.0 to 10.0, and seed germination rates ranging from 4.42% to 21.69%. Morphological characterization revealed that 5.05% of the progeny exhibited moderate to intense scent, 42.42% had sour cherry-colored petals, and petal numbers ranged from 9 to 54. Considering the overall efficiency of rose breeding programs, the findings demonstrate the promising fertility of the Black rose and its relative success in forming efficient combinations with hybrid tea roses. However, it also suggests that the Black rose is not as successful in transmitting the scent to its offspring as in transmitting the flower color.

Fruit of Rosa odorata Sweet var. gigantea (Coll. et Hemsl.) Rehd. et Wils Attenuates DSS-induced Ulcerative Colitis by Adjusting Nrf2/NF-κB Signaling Pathway

Background Rosa odorata Sweet var. gigantean (Coll. et Hemsl.) Rehd. et Wils (FOE), a sort of ethnodrug from the Yi nationality called “GU-GONG-GUO,” the root of which has been shown to have the effect of relieving diarrhea with astringents. Whether fruit extract (FOE) has therapeutic properties for related intestinal diseases is unclear. Objectives The study dedicates to expounding the results and mechanisms of FOE for treating ulcerative colitis (UC). Materials and Methods we used dextran sulfate sodium to induce UC in vivo and lipopolysaccharide to stimulate macrophage in vitro for the purpose of exploring and determining the effectiveness and potential mechanism of action of FOE. Results The weight loss ratio and Disease activity index score of FOE administration groups were obviously lower and the colon tissue morphology was significantly relieved. The levels of various proinflammatory cytokines in colon tissue were evaluated to be decreased. Meanwhile, the FOE administration group also alters oxidative stress factor levels. The levels of Nrf2 and HO-1 protein were once distinctly up-regulated, whereas the levels of NF-κB p65, p-IKK α/β, and Keap1 were dose-independently and prominently suppressed by FOE administration. In vitro, FOE significantly reduced the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines and inhibited the oxidant stress injury in macrophage cells induced by macrophage. The relative expressions of NF-κB p65, p-IKK α/β, and Keap1 proteins in FOE groups were memorably down-regulated, while the Nrf2 and HO-1 levels presented as a contrary tendency. Conclusion These results indicated that FOE has shown potential therapeutic efficacy on UC and might be considered an effective anti-inflammatory agent from natural sources.

Determination of Breeding Performance on Halfeti Rose (R. odorata Louis XIV) In Crossbreeding

One of the factors influencing rose crossbreeding success is parental selection. The success rate of a breeder is influenced by factors such as ploidy level, pollen quality, seed number per fruit, and seed germination rate, which indicate parental productivity. This study was conducted to determine the productivity of Halfeti Rose (Rosa odorata Louis XIV) as a seed parent and its compatibility with the commercial rose varieties in terms of combination. Six commercial-cut roses (Inferno, Moonlight, Tineke, Black Baccara, Lady Rose, Speelwark) were used as pollen parents. Fruit set rate, seed number per fruit, seed and fruit weight, seed germination rate, and pollen germination rate were recorded. Among the commercial-cut roses, the pollen germination rate ranged from 7.82% to 23.55%. The highest pollen germination rate was observed in the Tineke and Black Baccara varieties, respectively. The fruit set rate of combinations where Halfeti Rose was used as the seed parent was determined as 63.75%, the number of seeds per fruit was 5.05, and the seed germination rate was 31.21%. Based on PCA and Heatmap analysis, Halfeti x Speelwark, Halfeti x Black Baccara, and Halfeti, x Lady Rose were found to be the most successful combinations. Halfeti Rose exhibited values close to the overall average in terms of fruit set rate and seed germination rate among rose breeding studies. The parameters mentioned in studies on rose breeding show that the Halfeti rose has the potential to be used as a seed parent.

Thermal and gastric stability of antimicrobial activity of juices and aqueous extracts prepared from common eligible herbs and traditional medicinal plants against Burkholderia pseudomallei and other enteric bacteria

BackgroundBurkholderia pseudomallei is a causative agent of melioidosis, a fatal infectious disease highly prevalent in the tropics where traditional medicinal plants are widely used for the treatment of various human ailments. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the in vitro antibacterial activity of common eligible herbs and medicinal plants against B. pseudomallei. Thermal and gastric stability, antibacterial spectrum, bactericidal activity, and cell cytotoxicity were also tested to verify the possible usage of these plants in the treatment of melioidosis.ResultsEighteen eligible herbs and twenty-one medicinal plants were collected. Herb juices and aqueous plant samples extracted at different temperatures were prepared for antibacterial testing. A higher proportion of aqueous plant extracts (17/21; 80.9%) against B. pseudomallei was observed, in comparison with that of herb juices (8/18; 44.5%). Two herb juices and twelve aqueous plant extracts were selected for further tests. The juices of A. sativum and A. tuberosum decreased their antimicrobial activity when treated at higher temperatures whereas the aqueous plant extracts increased their antimicrobial activity when prepared at 70 and 100 °C. The herb juices showed a broader spectrum of antimicrobial activity than the aqueous plant extracts. All samples showed less cytotoxicity on the HT29, HepG2, and HEK293 cell lines. At the 2× minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC), aqueous extracts of Blechnum orientale, Breynia fruticose, Psidium guajava, Rhodomyrtus tomentosa, Rosa odorata, and Schima wallichii showed similar bactericidal activity to that of amoxicillin clavulanic acid. The antimicrobial activity of Mangifera indica, Punica granatum, and R. tomentosa remained under the stimulated gastric conditions.ConclusionOur data indicate that traditional medicinal plants prepared by decoction could be effectively used to treat melioidosis via the oral route. Further in vivo investigations are needed to explore other alternative therapies for the prevention and treatment of tested pathogenic bacterial species.

Comparison of Volatile Compounds between Wild and Cultivated Roses

Rose (Rosa L.) is an economically important ornamental genus that has been cultivated for its scent for the perfume industry since antiquity. However, most modern roses have lost their fragrance during the later stages of the breeding process. Here, 59 species of Rosa, including 24 wild Rosa species, 20 Chinese old garden roses, and 15 modern roses, were examined by headspace solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Fifty-three volatile organic compounds (VOCs), including terpenoids, benzenoids/phenylpropanoids, and fatty acid derivatives, were detected with qualitative and quantitative analyses. Thirteen common components, including geraniol, citronellol, 2-phenylethanol, 3,5-dimethoxytoluene, 1,3,5-trimethoxybenzene, germacrene D, and cis-3-hexenyl acetate, were found. Furthermore, different wild species or cultivars showed different characteristic compounds. 3,5-Dimethoxytoluene and 1,3,5-trimethoxybenzene were the main compounds in Rosa odorata and Rosa chinensis, which are the original parents of modern roses. 2-Phenylethanol, citronellol, and geraniol were the main aromatic compounds in Rosa damascene and Rosa centifolia. Methyl salicylate, eugenol, methyl eugenol, and benzyl acetate were lost during domestication and breeding of wild Rosa species to Chinese old garden roses and then to modern cultivars. Geranyl acetate, neryl acetate, and dihydro-β-ionol were gained during this time and showed higher amounts across the rose breeding process. Natural and breeding selection may have caused volatile compound gains and losses. These findings provide a platform for mining scent-related genes and for breeding improved ornamental plants with enhanced flower characteristics to develop new essential oil–producing plants.

Aroma Profile and Phenolic Content of Honey Wine Produced from Wild Rose Fruit

In this study, two chromatographic techniques were applied to determine the aroma profile and phenolic compounds of “Honey wine” produced by addition of Wild Rose Fruits ( Rosa odorata -Andrews-Sweet). In addition, another control wine was produced with sucrose and rose fruits in order to differentiate compounds produced by yeast fermentation from those originated from honey and rose fruits. After maturation aroma components, phenolic compounds and sugar composition of wines were identified. Aroma components were determined by headspace solid-phase microextraction gas chromatography mass spectrometry (HS-SPME/GC-MS) techniques in wine samples. The dominant aroma components in both wines were ethanol, ethyl acetate, isobutyl alcohol, 2-methyl-1-butanol, 3-methyl-1-butanol, ethyl caprylate, ethyl decanoate, capronate ethyl. Some minor differences in the percentage of major aroma components were determined between two wine samples. Phenolic and sugar compositions were identified by high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method in fruit extract and wine samples. While the total amount of phenolic compounds were 3604.9 mg/l in fruit juice, 74.3 mg/l in control wine and 111.8 mg/l in honey wine, the most abundant phenolics in both wines were catechin, epicatechin and routine .

Some pomological and physiological characteristics of Halfeti Rose (Rosa odorata 'Louis XIV') and different rose taxa

Bu çalışmada, Halfeti Gülü ile bazı yabani, eski bahçe gülü ve modern güllerin (R. hemisphaerica J.Herrmann, R. chinensis Jacquin ‘Old Blush’, R .canina L. ‘Yıldız’, R. pisiformis (Christ) D.Sosn., R. foetida J.Herrmann., R. heckeliana Tratt., R. damascena Miller ve R. alba L.) bazı pomolojik ve fizyolojik özelliklerinin ortaya çıkarılarak karşılaştırılması amaçlanmıştır. Halfeti Gülü’nün genelde kesme çiçekçilik veya kuru gül amacı ile kullanılması sebebi ile meyve oluşmadan çiçekleri hasat edilmekte ve pomolojik (meyve) özellikleri ile ilgili bir veri bulunmamaktadır. Bu çalışma kapsamında hem Halfeti Gülü meyveleri ile ülkemizde yaygın olarak Van ve Tokat bölgelerinde yayılış gösteren kuşburnu meyveleri ile karşılaştırılmış hem de 9 farklı gül taksonunun yaprak oransal su kapsamı, stoma yoğunluğu ve klorofil içeriği gibi fizyolojik verileri ortaya konulmuştur. Halfeti Gülü’nün yaprak oransal su kapsamı oranının düşük bulunması (40.30%) dikkat çekicidir. Halfeti Gülü’nün sadece belli bir lokasyonda ‘koyu siyah’ taç yaprak rengi alması yaprak oransal su kapsamı, stoma yoğunluğu ve klorofil içeriği gibi değerler ve abiyotik stres koşulları ile ilişkilendirilebilmekte, bu verilerin bilinmesinin peyzaj planlama ve tasarım çalışmalarında sürdürülebilir ve planlı bir bitki kullanımına olanak sağlayacağı düşünülmektedir.

Effectiveness of the fruit of Rosa odorata sweet var. gigantea (Coll. et Hemsl.) Rehd. et Wils in the protection and the healing of ethanol-induced rat gastric mucosa ulcer based on Nrf2/NF-κB pathway regulation

Ethnopharmacological relevanceRosa odorata Sweet var. gigantea (Coll. et Hemsl.) Rehd. et Wils (Rosaceae), is also known as “GU-GONG-GUO”, the root of which has been recognized as common ethnodrug from the Yi nationality for treating inflammatory bowel disease. The aim of the present study was to investigate the preventive and curative effects of extract from the fruits of Rosa odorata Sweet var. gigantea (Coll.et Hemsl.) Rehd. et Wils (FOE) in vitro and in vivo as well as elucidate the potential mechanisms of the action involved. Materials and methodsMale Wistar rats were applied to ethanol-induced gastric ulcer model. They were divided into six groups: control, model (GU), positive (Magnesium aluminate chewable tablets, 125 mg/kg), FOE low (125 mg/kg), middle (250 mg/kg) and high (500 mg/kg) doses groups. Histopathology observation of gastric tissues was detected by hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining. The expression of Nrf2, HO-1, Keap1, NF-κB p65 and IKKα/β in gastric tissues were evaluated by immunohistochemistry (IHC). The levels of cytokines in serum and tissues were measured by Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The expression of Nrf2, HO-1, Keap1, NF-κB p65, IKKα/β, PCNA and COX2 proteins were ulteriorly assessed by Western blotting to elucidate the molecular mechanism of FOE's protective effect on gastric ulcer. ResultsMTT detection showed that LPS reduced RAW264.7 cell survival, and FOE blocked the inhibition of RAW264.7 cell growth induced by LPS. When RAW264.7 cells were treated with both FOE (100 μg mL−1) and LPS (5 μg mL−1) for 24 h, compared with the model group, the level of NO, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β and MDA significantly decreased, and the activity of SOD was significantly reduced. Obvious pathological injuries in the GU model group were observed, which was improved after treatments with FOE. The contents of pro-inflammatory factors in serum and tissues were decreased by 25% whereas prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and epidermal growth factor (EGF) were increased by 30% in a dose-dependent manner after FOE (500 mg/kg) treatments. In addition to the promotion effects of superoxide dismutase (SOD), FOE (500 mg/kg) also attenuated the levels of nitric oxide (NO) and malondialdehyde (MDA) by 20%. Likewise, the expression of NF-κB p65, IKKα/β and Keap1 were suppressed after treatments with FOE whereas Nrf2 and HO-1 showed the opposite trend, which mechanisms were found to be associated with Nrf2/NF-κB signaling pathways. ConclusionThe study demonstrated that FOE is able to protect against GU via inhibiting NF-κB signaling pathway and activating Nrf2 signaling pathway, which might provide a stronger theoretical basis for the treatment of GU.

Triterpenoids from Rosa odorata Sweet var. gigantea (Coll.et Hemsl.) Rehd.et Wils and their chemotaxonomic significance

Thirty-three reported compounds were obtained for the first time from Rosa odorata Sweet var. gigantea (Coll.et Hemsl.) Rehd. et Wils and were all identified as triterpenoids. The structure of these compounds was determined by physicochemical constants and spectral analyses (NMR, MS). This is the first report on four compounds (7, 9, 10 and 22) from the family Rosaceae and thirteen compounds (2, 3, 4, 11, 17, 19, 20, 23, 24, 26, 29, 31 and 33) from the genus Rosa. Finally, the chemotaxonomic significance of these compounds is discussed.

Molecular markers from the chloroplast genome of rose provide a complementary tool for variety discrimination and profiling

The rose is one of the most important ornamental woody plants because of its extensive use and high economic value. Herein, we sequenced a complete chloroplast genome of the miniature rose variety Rosa ‘Margo Koster’ and performed comparative analyses with sequences previously published for other species in the Rosaceae family. The chloroplast genome of Rosa ‘Margo Koster’, with a size of 157,395 bp, has a circular quadripartite structure typical of angiosperm chloroplast genomes and contains a total of 81 protein-coding genes, 30 tRNA genes and 4 rRNA genes. Conjunction regions in the chloroplast genome of Rosa ‘Margo Koster’ were verified and manually corrected by Sanger sequencing. Comparative genome analysis showed that the IR contraction and expansion events resulted in rps19 and ycf1 pseudogenes. The phylogenetic analysis within the Rosa genus showed that Rosa ‘Margo Koster’ is closer to Rosa odorata than to other Rosa species. Additionally, we identified and screened highly divergent sequences and cpSSRs and compared their power to discriminate rose varieties by Sanger sequencing and capillary electrophoresis. The results showed that 15 cpSSRs are polymorphic, but their discriminating power is only moderate among a set of rose varieties. However, more than 150 single nucleotide variations (SNVs) were discovered in the flanking region of cpSSRs, and the results indicated that these SNVs have a higher divergence and stronger power for profiling rose varieties. These findings suggest that nucleotide mutations in the chloroplast genome may be an effective and powerful tool for rose variety discrimination and DNA profiling. These molecular markers in the chloroplast genome sequence of Rosa spp. will facilitate population and phylogenetic studies and other related studies of this species.

Volatile compound analysis and aroma evaluation of tea-scented roses in China

Roses with strong tea scents contain diverse volatile organic compounds (VOCs) with commercial applications. Novel wild tea scented roses were discovered in Yunnan Province, China. This study aimed to identify components extracted from tea scent roses and explore their classification status. Eighty-six VOCs were extracted by direct thermal desorption and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Sensory and incense tone compound evaluation revealed five tea scent, one wood honey scent, one damask modern scent and three fruity scent rose samples. Principal components analysis and hierarchical clustering analysis of VOCs suggested that Rosa odorata (Andrews) Sweet. and R. chinensis Jacq. may be involved in the evolution of R. sect. complexes that result in characteristic scents. This study provides a valuable reference for species identification, fragrant flower breeding, essential oil production and cultivation selection of roses.

Studies on the volatile compounds in flower extracts of Rosa odorata and R. chinensis

Roses are culturally and economically important ornamental plants in the perfume industry. Rosa odorata, the unique rose species in Yunnan region of China, with strong fragrance and abundant varieties, played a prominent role in the formation of modern roses' tea-scent. In the present study, three taxa of Rosa odorata and three taxa of R. chinensis germplasm resources were examined for their chemical profiles of volatile compounds of flower extracts at different flowering stages by sensory analysis and solid phase micro extraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (SPME-GC–MS) analysis. A total of 103 volatile organic compounds (VOC) were detected, including 33 major compounds. The release of total VOC was in the following order: OG (R. odorata var. gigantea) > CSR (R. chinensis var. spontanea Red) > CSW (R. chinensis var. Spontanea White) > COB (R. chinensis 'Old Blush') > OE (R. odorata var. erubescens) > OO (R. odorata var. odorata). The production and release of floral VOC in double flowers were delayed by those in single flowers. Principal component analysis showed that some benzodiazepines and sesquiterpenoids were their characteristic substances, which could separate R. odorata and R. chinensis. R. odorata contained more volatile compounds originated from benzodiazepine metabolic pathway, such as 3,5-dimethoxytoluene and phenyl ethanol, which were not found in R. chinensis. In addition, the release of 1,3,5-trimethoxybenzene in R. chinensis was significantly higher than that in R. odorata. This study could provide a platform for floral gene mining and floral improvement breeding of ornamental plants to develop new raw materials for plant essential oils.

Edible flowers : The rose

Besides the importance of roses in amenity horticulture, medicine, history, economics and art, we examined the use of petals in the food industry, based on professional literature data. Among the edible roses, Rosa rugosa has an extremely high natural antioxidant capacity and antiproliferative effect in case of some cancers. Rosa chinensis has a high content of soluble free Phenol and flavonoids and also has a high free radical scavenging ability. The macro- and micronutrient content is low in Rosa odorata petals, but it can be used as functional food like the other 100-200 species. Petals can be used to make jam, rose water, rose wine and sorbet, but can also be used as candy, as a jelly, for desserts and food decoration, as well as for punches, salads and fruits.

Evaluation of Rosa Species Accessions for Resistance to Eriophyid Mites1

Abstract Rose rosette disease, caused by rose rosette virus (RRV), is an epidemic affecting nearly every rose cultivar in the United States. The only hosts for Phyllocoptes fructiphilus, the eriophyid mite that vectors RRV, are Rosa species. Eighteen Rosa species were evaluated for mite resistance by collecting foliage samples from July to November in 2016 and 2017, from which mites were extracted. Mites were isolated through a series of sieves and counted using a stereomicroscope. The response variable was expressed as the number of mites per gram of optimal rose tissue. Mite data were evaluated to determine the peak week for mite populations for each year. The mite populations varied by rose species (α = 0.05) in 2016 but not 2017. Due to high variability in mite counts, the species were not as clearly distinguishable as expected. This high variability is likely due to factors such as differential growth rates of the roses, weather, presence of RRV in the rose, and the quality of the tissue collected throughout the season. Experimental design revisions are proposed for future studies looking at Rosa species resistance to eriophyid mite populations. Index words: rose rosette virus, rose rosette disease, Phyllocoptes fructiphilus Keifer, virus, vector. Species used in this study: Phyllocoptes fructiphilus (Keifer), Prairie Rose [Rosa arkansana (Porter), Forest Farm]; Carolina Rose [Rosa carolina (L.), Forest Farm]; Rosa clinophylla (Thory), Rogue Valley Rose; White Prairie Rose [Rosa foliolosa (Nutt.), Rogue Valley Rose]; White Prairie Rose [Rosa foliolosa (Nutt.) Antique Rose Emporium]; Father Hugo Rose [Rosa hugonis, Rogue Valley Rose]; Musk Rose [Rosa moschata (J. Herrm.), Antique Rose Emporium]; Multiflora Rose [Rosa multiflora (Thunb.)]; Shining Rose [Rosa nitida (Willd.), Rogue Valley Rose]; Shining Rose [Rosa nitida (Willd.), Antique Rose Emporium]; Nootka Rose [Rosa nutkana (C. Presl.), Rogue Valley Rose]; Tea Rose [Rosa odorata (Andrews), Foundation Plant Services, Davis, CA]; Swamp Rose [Rosa palustris (Marshall), Antique Rose Emporium]; Swamp Rose [Rosa palustris (Marshall), Ever Blooming Antique Rose Emporium]; Chestnut Rose [Rosa roxburghii (Tratt.), Antique Rose Emporium]; ‘Plena' Chestnut Rose [Rosa roxburghii (Tratt.), Rogue Valley Rose]; Rugosa Rose [Rosa rugosa (Thunb.), Bailey's Nursery]; ‘Alba' Rugosa Rose [Rosa rugosa (Thunb.), Bailey's Nursery]; Climbing Prairie Rose [Rosa setigera (Michx.), Antique Rose Emporium]; Rosa soulieana (Crép.), Ralph Moore; Virginia Rose [Rosa virginiana (Mill.), Forest Farm]; Porterfolia Memorial Rose [Rosa wichuraiana (Crép.), Antique Rose Emporium]; Mountain Woods' Rose [Rosa woodsii (Lindl.), Rogue Valley Rose].

Characterization of the complete chloroplast genome of Chinese rose, Rosa chinensis (Rosaceae: Rosa)

Rosa chinensis known commonly as the Chinese rose, is a member of the genus Rosa native to Southwest China. In this study, the complete chloroplast genome of R. chinensis was sequenced and analyzed. Structural analysis of the complete chloroplast (cp) genome of R. chinensis that exhibits a typical quadripartite circular structure with 155,097 bp in size, which contains a large single-copy region (LSC) of 85,911 bp, a small single-copy region (SSC) of 17,270 bp and a pair of inverted repeat (IR) regions of 25,958 bp in each one. The cp genome of R. chinensis contains 130 genes, including 85 protein-coding genes, 37 tRNA genes and 8 rRNA genes. The phylogenetic Maximum-Likelihood (ML) analysis result shown that R. chinensis and Rosa odorata formed an independent clade with a 100% bootstrap support in phylogenetic relationship.

The complete chloroplast genome sequence of Rosa banksiae var. normalis (Rosaceae)

The complete chloroplast genome of Rosa banksiae var. normalis was reconstructed by reference-based assembly using Illumina paired-end data. The assembled plastome is 156,575 base pairs (bp) in length, including a pair of inverted repeat regions (IRs) of 26,008 bp each, a large single copy region (LSC) of 85,792 bp, and a small single copy region (SSC) of 18,767 bp. A total of 129 genes were predicted from the chloroplast genome, including 84 protein coding genes, 37 tRNA genes and 8 rRNA genes. The overall GC content of Rosa banksiae var. normalis chloroplast genome was 37.22%. Phylogenetic analysis with several reported chloroplast genomes showed that Rosa banksiae var. normalis is closely clustered with Rosa odorata var. gigantea, Rosa multiflora, Rosa chinensis var. spontanea, and Rosa roxburghii. The complete chloroplast genome of Rosa banksiae var. normalis provides new insight into Rosaceae evolutionary and genomic studies.

Characterization of the complete plastid genome of an important Chinese Old Rose Rosa odorata var. pseudindica

Rosa odorata var. pseudindica is a world-famous Chinese Old Rose endemic to the northwest of Yunnan province (China). In this study, the complete plastid genome of R. odorata var. pseudindica was characterized and assembled using a high-throughput sequencing method. The complete plastid genome is a typical quadripartite circular molecule of 156,652 bp length, including a large single-copy region of 85,785 bp and a small single-copy region of 18,761 bp separated by two inverted repeat regions of 26,053 bp. Totally 130 genes were identified, including 85 protein-coding genes (PCG), 37 transfer RNA genes, and 8 ribosomal RNA genes. The phylogenetic analysis revealed that R. odorata var. pseudindica and R. odorata var. gigantea formed an independent clade with a 100% bootstrap support.

Developmental transcriptome analysis of floral transition in Rosa odorata var. gigantea.

Expression analyses revealed that floral transition of Rosa odorata var. gigantea is mainly regulated by VRN1, COLs, DELLA and KSN, with contributions by the effects of phytohormone and starch metabolism. Seasonal plants utilize changing environmental and developmental cues to control the transition from vegetative growth to flowering at the correct time of year. This study investigated global gene expression profiles at different developmental stages of Rosa odorata var. gigantea by RNA-sequencing, combined with phenotypic characterization and physiological changes. Gene ontology enrichment analysis of the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between four different developmental stages (vegetative meristem, pre-floral meristem, floral meristem and secondary axillary buds) indicated that DNA methylation and the light reaction played a large role in inducing the rose floral transition. The expression of SUF and FLC, which are known to play a role in delaying flowering until vernalization, was down-regulated from the vegetative to the pre-floral meristem stage. In contrast, the expression of VRN1, which promotes flowering by repressing FLC expression, increased. The expression of DELLA proteins, which function as central nodes in hormone signaling pathways, and probably involve interactions between GA, auxin, and ABA to promote the floral transition, was well correlated with the expression of floral integrators, such as AGL24, COL4. We also identified DEGs associated with starch metabolism correlated with SOC1, AGL15, SPL3, AGL24, respectively. Taken together, our results suggest that vernalization and photoperiod are prominent cues to induce the rose floral transition, and that DELLA proteins also act as key regulators. The results summarized in the study on the floral transition of the seasonal rose lay a foundation for further functional demonstration, and have profound economic and ornamental values.