Rosa Acicularis Research Articles

Secondary vegetation and floristic succession within a boreal aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) clearcut

The composition and abundance of vascular plants within a boreal Populus tremuloides Michx. stand in west-central Alberta were assessed three, five, nine, and 20 years after clearcutting. Rapid re-establishment of Populus tremuloides and other species such as Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer and Rosa acicularis Lindl. occurred primarily in response to vegetative propagation. Some minor compositional variability occurred among the year 3 plots (n = 88), but they were considered members of the same plant community, with 88% of the plots undergoing similar developmental processes during the course of the study. Some dominant species substantially increased in canopy cover, although most species maintained a relatively consistent level of abundance over time. Floristic richness was similar in year 3 (64 species) and year 20 (62 species) with the survival of 52 initiating species in year 20. The variability in floristic richness included the invasion of 32 species and the extirpation of 34 species. Stand development over a 20-year period best fit a tolerance model of succession because of the rapid development of dominant species, the lack of a major understory composition change, and a similar degree of dominance concentration among species. Understory vegetation growth was constrained by overstory shading.Key words: plant community, tolerance model, secondary succession.

Antioxidant Detection in Berry Samples from Alaska

Berries and vegetables can be sources of beneficial phytochemicals that may have antioxidant activity in the human diet. Information on type and quantity of phytochemicals may open new crop opportunities for berries and vegetables harvested in Alaska. A method was developed for detecting ascorbic acid and eight phenolic acids on an HPLC instrument using a reverse phase Merck Chromolith C18 column. The method used UV absorbance detection at 280nm to separate a standard solution of the following nine phytochemicals: ascorbic acid, gallic acid, protocatechuic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, p-hydroxyphenylacetic acid, caffeic acid, syringic acid, p-coumaric acid and ferulic acid. The mobile phase was a mixture (3.5% to 14% gradient) of organic solvent (5 parts acetonitrile: 2 parts methanol) and aqueous solvent (2 mmol aqueous trifluoroacetic acid - TFA) at a flow rate of 2 mL/min. In 2003, over 60 samples of berries and 60 samples of baby greens were extracted and analyzed. Plant samples were extracted by blending 10-20g of frozen plant tissue with 5 parts TFA. The extracts were centrifuged, diluted 4:1 and filtered (0.2 μm). Chromatograms from HPLC analysis for all samples were complex in peak size and number. Chromatograms for six extracts of high bush cranberries, Viburnum edule, exhibited intense peaks that indicate the presence of caffeic acid, based on retention times. Chromatograms for seven extracts of rose hips, Rosa acicularis, exhibited peaks that indicate the presence of ascorbic acid, based on retention times. Gallic acid and p-hydroxybenzoic acid are apparent minor components in the leaves of some baby greens. This research will continue in 2004 with more plant samples and further method development for detection of other phytochemicals.

Notes on Cynipid Galls, Ground Beetles and Ground-dwelling Spiders Collected at Fort Severn, Ontario

A brief collecting trip to Fort Severn, Ontario (55°59' N, 87°38' W), in May 2001 revealed galls of three species of cynipid wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) on the wild rose Rosa acicularis. Roses and cynipid galls occur along the banks of the Severn River above the tree line because of clay deposits, heat, and rafts of vegetation carried north by the river. Ground beetles and spiders were collected with pitfall traps. Our identification of 15 species of ground beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae), two of them new records for Ontario, and 11 species of ground spiders (Araneae: Lycosidae), all new records for northwestern Ontario, indicates that the invertebrate fauna in the area has been poorly studied. Roads and trails away from Fort Severn, regularly scheduled airline service, and convenient accommodations make the area ideal for biological studies.

Post-fire vegetation of the Montane natural subregion of Jasper National Park

Ecological Land Classification information gathered in the mid to late 1970s was used to predict post-fire vegetation for the Montane natural subregion of Jasper National Park. Percentage similarity indices (SI) between vegetation types based on understory species composition and cover, calculated distances ( D) generated from altitude, nutrient and moisture, broad patterns of vegetation canopy based on moisture regimes, canonical correspondence analysis (CCA), and cluster analysis were used. Of the 33 Montane plant communities, grassland, low shrub and shrub communities were considered to regenerate after fire. Nineteen percent of the area was predicted as Potentilla fruticosa/ Arctostaphylos uva-ursi/ Galium boreale (L1), and 33% of the area as Pinus contorta var. latifolia/ Shepherdia canadensis/ Aster conspicuus (C6) or Pinus contorta var. latifolia/ Shepherdia canadensis/ Linnaea borealis (C19) after fire. Dominant post-fire understory species were Juniperus communis, Sherpherdia canadensis, Rosa acicularis, Elymus innovatus and Linnaea borealis. Some closed canopy forests were assumed to open after fire, while other communities reverted to closed canopy pine forests.

ALLOCATION PATTERNS OF ORGANIC NITROGEN AND MINERAL NUTRIENTS WITHIN STEM GALLS OFDIPLOLEPIS SPINOSAANDDIPLOLEPIS TRIFORMA(HYMENOPTERA: CYNIPIDAE) ON WILD ROSES (ROSACEAE)

AbstractConcentrations of organic N and minerals Ca, Fe, K, Mg, Na, P, and S in tissues of galls induced byDiplolepis spinosa(Ashmead) andDiplolepis triformaShorthouse and Ritchie in growth and maturation phases were compared with those in ungalled tissues of host roses and tissues distal to galls to increase our understanding of nutritional relationships between gall wasps and their host plants (Rosa blandaAiton andRosa acicularisLindley, respectively). Concentrations of N and most mineral nutrients were lower in galls than in ungalled tissues, and tissues distal to galls, suggesting that cynipids regulate rather than concentrate nutrients within their galls. Concentrations of mineral nutrients within the larvae of both species of inducers, and their parasitoids, were determined for galls in the maturation phase. Absolute amounts of most minerals in gall tissues were positively correlated with the number of inhabitants, indicating that control of translocation of nutrients to galls occurs on a per inducer basis. Concentrations of nutrients in mature larvae of parasitoids were the same as concentrations in mature larvae of inducers, which explains why parasitism of gall inducers had no influence on the concentrations or amounts of nutrients in galls. Galls ofD.triformahad greater concentrations of N and most mineral nutrients than did galls ofD.spinosa. Likewise, larvae ofD.triforma, and the parasitoids feeding onD.triforma, had greater concentrations of N and mineral nutrients than did larvae ofD.spinosaand its parasitoids. Galls of both species had different concentrations of nutrients compared with ungalled tissues and tissues distal to the galls. Galls of both species also had seasonal decreases in concentrations of nutrients. Parasitoids of each species of inducer were generally similar in mineral composition to their hosts.

Seasonal changes in carbohydrate storage and regrowth in rhizomes and stems of four boreal forest shrubs: Applications in picea glauca understorey regeneration

Understorey scarification methods are used to enhance regeneration of Picea glauca; however, understorey shrubs have been identified as major competitors for regenerating tree species. To investigate the resprouting potential of rhizomes of four boreal forest shrub species in the understorey, rhizome segments (30, 15, and 10 cm in length) of Corylus cornuta, Cornus stolonifera, Rosa acicularis, and Viburnum edule were planted in five boreal mixed‐wood sites in northern Alberta at four times during the 1994 growing season. Sugar and starch concentrations in rhizome and stem pieces of these shrubs and Epilobium angustifolium were determined for each date. The segments and their regrowth were excavated in the autumn of 1995. Rhizome length had no effect on regrowth but there was a marked increase in regrowth for segments planted late in the growing season. The cryptophyte, E. angustifoUum, accumulated large amounts of carbohydrates during the growing season, i.e. 28% of dry weight compared with 6–14% of dry weight for the phanerophytic shrubs. All four shrubs had lowest regrowth when total non‐structural carbohydrate concentrations were at their lowest levels.

HOST SHIFT OF THE LEAF GALLER DIPLOLEPIS POLITA (HYMENOPTERA: CYNIPIDAE) TO THE DOMESTIC SHRUB ROSE ROSA RUGOSA

AbstractThe leaf galler Diplolepis polita (Ashmead), known only from Rosa acicularis Lindl. west of the Rocky Mountains, is recorded for the first time on the introduced, urban shrub rose Rosa rugosa Thunb. Inquilines and parasitoids commonly kill over 90% of the inducers in populations of galls found in natural habitats, whereas 55% of the galls from the urban roses contained an inducer. Differences in component communities associated with galls on domestic and wild roses are likely indicative of a recently established population in an atypical habitat. Occurrence of D. polita on this new host also provides insight into the host specificity and vagility of cynipid wasps.

ADAPTATIONS OF GALL WASPS OF THE GENUS DIPLOLEPIS (HYMENOPTERA: CYNIPIDAE) AND THE ROLE OF GALL ANATOMY IN CYNIPID SYSTEMATICS

AbstractAdaptations and attributes of gall-inducing cynipid wasps are reviewed to emphasize that differences in life cycles and anatomical features of their galls are just as useful for systematic purposes as are structural differences in the adult insects themselves. The extent to which cynipid wasps have specialized is illustrated by the genus Diplolepis, all species of which are restricted to native and introduced roses and induce structurally distinct galls. Various aspects of Diplolepis biology including life cycles, host specificity, and gall development and anatomy are reviewed. The biologies of two species of Diplolepis that commonly co-exist in the same habitat in central Ontario are then examined in detail. Diplolepis polita (Ashmead) induces a single-chambered gall on the leaves of Rosa acicularis Lindl. whereas Diplolepis spinosa (Ashmead) induces a multi-chambered gall on the stems of Rosa blanda Ait. Differences in life cycles, distribution, host and organ specificity, oviposition, gall initiation and development, along with differences in the communities of parasitoids and inquilines attracted to the galls, confirm the existence of distinct species and allow some speculation on their ecological and phylogenetic relationships.

Assessment of a Nondestructive Method for Estimating Browse Use

We measured twig basal diameters, diameters at point of browsing, and diameters of unbrowsed twig tips on 6 shrub species to estimate browse use without developing regression equations or relying upon before and after browsing measurements. Simulated browsing of twigs was predicted accurately for paper birch (Betula papyrifera), red-osier dogwood (Cornus stolonifera), prickly rose (Rosa acicularis), and Scouler's willow (Salix scouleriana). The technique adequately predicted leaf use only for Douglas maple (Acer glabrum). Minimum sample sizes to estimate total browsing of twigs appear feasible, if maximum error is expressed as percentage points around average use, rather than as percentage of average use. J. WILDL. MANAGE. 54(1):175-179 Inventory programs to estimate browsing by wildlife and livestock pose complex problems because of highly variable plant physiognomy, life history, and spatial distribution of browse species (Telfer 1981). Sampling methods range from visual assessments of shrubs use (e.g., Aldous 1944, Walmsley et al. 1980:191-194) to detailed clip-and-weigh determinations of current annual growth (CAG) or standing crop remaining in browsed compared to unbrowsed areas (Rutherford 1979). These techniques all possess inherent strengths and weaknesses depending on specific inventory objectives (Rutherford 1979, Telfer 1981, Pitt and Schwab 1988). Visual estimates offer an inexpensive and relatively easy method to assess shrub use, but are hindered by observer and statistical bias (Pechanec and Pickford 1937, Jolly 1954) and often fail to provide management agencies with verifiable levels of statistical confidence and precision. Clip-and-weigh techniques are typically expensive and tedious (Lyon 1970) and are more appropriate for intensive research than for extensive browse inventory programs (Rutherford 1979, Pitt and Schwab 1988); consequently, many compromises between visual estimates and total collection of available browse have been recommended for estimating shrub use (e.g., Shafer 1963, Halls et al. 1970). A technique commonly used to estimate browsing use is to regress twig biomass on shrub dimensions. Telfer (1969) produced generally high coefficients of determination between biomass and diameter at point of browsing for 38 shrub species and recommended that such predictive relationships be combined with twig counts to evaluate shrub use by comparing browsed and unbrowsed paired plots. Regression equations can also produce considerable savings in time, as Provenza and Urness (1981) required only 7 man-days to develop regression equations to estimate browsing use by goats, compared to 28 man-days for direct measurements of twig lengths before and after goat browsing. Other workers have produced similarly high correlations among shrub dimensions, browse production, and browse use, but cautioned that predictive equations may be highly variable depending on (1) time of year the twigs are collected (Potvin 1981), (2) geographical location (Basile and Hutchings 1966), (3) site conditions at time of sampling (Peek et al. 1971), (4) portion of shrub crown from which the sample is collected (Lyon 1970), and (5) age of twig (Telfer 1969). For example, Peek et al. (1971) regressed twig weight on diameter at point of browsing for 8 shrub species on 7 sites and reported that twig weights derived from a common equation differed from site-specific equations by more than 20% in 25 of 44 cases. They concluded that variations in overstory canopy closure, browsing intensity, and soil moisture produced sufficient variation in twig diameter relationships to preclude use of a common predictor equation of twig weight based upon twig diameter. Moreover, regressions of biomass on shrub dimensions to estimate browsing use usually required before and after browsing measurements (Lyon 1970). Jensen and Urness (1981) proposed an alternative technique for evaluating shrub use that

GALL-INDUCING CYNIPID WASPS ATTACKING Rosa rugosa

Galls of two cynipid wasps are becoming increasingly common on the shrub rose, Rosa rugosa Thunb., and its hybrids in gardens of Ontario cities. Diplolepis spinosa (Ashmead), found naturally in Ontario on Rosa blanda Ait., induces large stem galls, whereas Diplolepis radicum (Osten Sacken), found naturally in Ontario on Rosa acicularis Lindl., induces large root galls. One or two galls per plant appear to cause little damage; however, dead branches with 10–15 stem galls and hedges stunted by large root galls have been found.Key words: Rosa rugosa, Diplolepis spinosa, Diplolepis radicum, stem gall, root gall, host damage

Changes in the Yield of Forage following the Use of Herbicides to Control Aspen Poplar

Changes in the Yield of Forage following the Use of Herbicides to Control Aspen Poplar

Browse Quality and the Kenai Moose Population

The quality of moose (Alces alces) forage on the northwestern Kenai Peninsula, Alaska was evaluated by determining digestibility (as in vitro dry matter disappearance) and levels of fiber, protein, and minerals for 1 winter and 2 summer collections. There were significant changes in all parameters between summer and winter in the major browse species-paper birch (Betula papyrifera), aspen (Populus tremuloides), willow (Salix sp.), alder (Alnus sp.), and lowbush cranberry (Vaccinium vitisidaea) and significant differences among species within seasons. Considering all factors, alder and.willow ranked as the best summer browse plants and lowbush cranberry as the poorest; in winter, aspen and lowbush cranberry ranked best and paper birch poorest. However, since the different species provide different nutrients, sufficient quantities of all 5 species could better meet the needs of moose than any 1. The northern Kenai moose range, once multispecies habitat, is now dominated by paper birch; this is relatively poor winter forage, and the moose population is declining. J. WILDL. MANAGE. 41(3):533-542 The quality of plants that wild ungulates eat has been given little scrutiny. Yet, on both summer and winter range, quality is as important as quantity in maintaining healthy populations. In a study of moose forage Cowan et al. (1950) recognized the relationships between range quality, carrying capacity, and the successional stage of the forest. They noted specifically that fats (ether extracts), total carbohydrates, and proteins in the vegetation of a 6and a 20to 30-year-old forest were superior to those of a 70 plus-year-old forest; and that the most nutritious forage was found in the younger forests. Klein (1970) discussed the relationships between quantity of highquality plants and deer growth rate and body size, productivity and survival, and changes in age and sex ratio; he concluded that high-quality range is necessary for healthy deer populations. Dietz (1970) defined a high-quality plant as one that is palatable to the animal, has adequate levels of necessary nutrients in the proper ratios, has a high apparent digestibility, produces desirable proportions of volatile fatty acids, has adequate levels of minerals and vitamins, and is converted efficiently into components required by the consuming animal. Some researchers have looked at one or several of these components of quality, but no one has looked at all of them with respect to wild ungulates. This paper presents data we have collected to compare and define the quality of the important browse plants eaten by moose in summer and winter on Alaska's Kenai Peninsula. The characteristics we used to describe browse quality were: in vitro dry-matter disappearance (IVDMD), fiber content, protein content, and the concentration of 18 mineral elements. The study took place on the Kenai National Moose Range at the Kenai Moose Research Center, a cooperative research project of the Alaska Department of Fish and Game and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. The Center is located in the northwestern lowlands of the Kenai Peninsula. About 40 percent of the lowlands were burned during a 125,455-ha fire in 1947. The land is rolling and covered by podsol soils that are glacially scoured and dotted with numerous lakes and bogs. Mature white J. Wildl. Manage. 41(3):1977 533 This content downloaded from 157.55.39.92 on Wed, 22 Jun 2016 05:11:59 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms 534 KENAI MOOSE BROWSE QUALITY -Oldemeyer et al. spruce (Picea glauca), paper birch, and aspen remain as islands within the burn. Regrowth consists mostly of black spruce (P. mariana), paper birch, willow and aspen, with paper birch producing over 80 percent of the annual browse production. The major shrubs of the unburned stands are aspen saplings and highbush cranberry (Viburnum edule). Ground vegetation in both the burned and unburned stands is dominated by lowbush cranberry, bunchberry (Cornus canadensis), rose (Rosa acicularis), twinflower (Linnaea borealis), and fireweed (Epilobium angustifolium). Although woody browse is poorest in quality of the year's food supply, it is the mainstay of the moose's winter diet. LeResche and Davis (1973) studied food selection by moose at the Kenai Moose Research Center and found that paper birch and lowbush cranberry were by far the most important species eaten during the winter on normally browsed range. Willow, aspen, alder, and dwarf birch (B. nana) are sparse and thus are not as important here as in interior Alaska (Coady 1973) or other parts of the range of moose (Peek 1974). We wish to thank V. L. Burton for in vitro and fiber analyses and G. R. Smith for crude protein determinations done at the Palmer Research Center of the University of Alaska, Institute of Agricultural Science. Parts of the study were financed by Federal Aid in Wildlife Restoration Project W-17-R. A. Loren Ward, Ann H. Jones, and Charles P. Stone critically reviewed the manuscript.

Germination requirements of Alaskan Rosa acicularis

Germination requirements of Alaskan Rosa acicularis

Control of Aspen Poplar, Balsam Poplar, and Prickly Rose by Picloram Alone and in Mixtures with 2, 4-D

Highlight: Picloram alone and in combination with 2,4-D was evaluated for the control of aspen poplar (Populus tremuloides Michx.), balsam poplar (Populus balsamifera L.), and prickly rose (Rosa acicularis Lindl.) on rangeland in Saskatchewan which had alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) as an important grazing component. The addition of picloram at 0.5 lb/acre to 2,4-D amine at 2 lb or less per acre did not improve the control of aspen poplar when compared to the presently recommended treatment in Saskatchewan of 2 lb/acre of 2,4-D ester. However, there was some evidence that the addition of 1 Ib/acre of picloram to 2 lb/acre of 2,4-D amine may improve control. Picloram applied at 1 Ib/acre alone or in combination with 2 lb/acre of 2,4-D amine provided effective control of balsam poplar. There was excellent control of prickly rose for 4 to 5 years following the application of 0.5 lb/acre of picloram with or without the addition of 2,4-D. The herbicide rates that were necessary for the control of any of the woody species, almost completely removed alfalfa from the rangeland. The significance of alfalfa on rangeland and the potential loss of grazing from using or not using herbicides is discussed.

QUANTITATIVE VARIATION IN DNA AS RELATED TO PLOIDY LEVEL AND SPECIES IN SOME WILD ROSES

Relative DNA content and chromosome number and behaviour were studied in Manitoba wild roses. The hexaploid, Rosa acicularis, contained the largest amount of DNA, about three times that of the diploid, R. woodsii. Another diploid species, R. blanda, contained less DNA than R. woodsii. One specimen, identified as R. blanda with some introgression from R. woodsii, had the same amount of DNA as the latter species. R. × dulcissima, a hybrid between R. blanda and R. woodsii, had DNA contents similar to R. woodsii. The origin of a tetraploid, with DNA contents intermediate between diploid and hexaploid species, and 14 bivalents in diakinesis, was suggested to be hybridization between R. acicularis and a diploid rose. Chromosome behaviour in meiosis and DNA content were used in a discussion of interspecific relationships.

The Douglas-fir forests of Banff and Jasper National Parks, Canada

Twenty stands of uniform, mature, undisturbed Pseudotsuga menziesii var. glauca forest were selected in Banff and Jasper National Parks, using a combination of airphoto and ground surveys. Quantitative sampling methods were used to describe their floristic composition, vegetation structure, and physical habitats.Scattered trees of Pinus contorta, Picea glauca, and Populus tremuloides occurred in the Pseudotsuga forests. The poorly developed shrub strata contained Shepherdia canadensis, Rosa acicularis, Spiraea lucida, Juniperus communis. Major herb, dwarf shrub, bryophyte, and lichen species were Elymus innovatus, Calamagrostis rubescens, Fragaria virginiana, Astragalus decumbens, Aster conspicuus; Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, Linnaea borealis; Hylocomium splendens, Abietinella abietina, Tortula ruralis; Peltigera canina. A cyclical pattern of vegetation change is related to the death, replacement, and maturation of Pseudotsuga trees.Relations between vegetation and physical habitat were analyzed by simple correlation and multiple regression. Available potassium in soil, stand age, and slope exposure were most influential in regression equations for tree stratum development. Understory strata were primarily correlated with tree stratum development.A two-dimensional stand ordination based on the vegetational similarity of subordinate vascular strata showed a pronounced separation of Banff and Jasper Pseudotsuga forests, and prompted recognition of two new climax associations (sensu Daubenmire): Pseudotsuga / Elymus innovatus in Jasper; Pseudotsuga / Calamagrostis rubescens – Elymus innovatus in Banff. Habitat differences between the two associations include macroclimate, parent materials, and soil moisture.

RACIAL DIFFERENCES IN WIDESPREAD SPECIES, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THOSE COMMON TO JAPAN AND NORTH AMERICA

Hara, Hiroshi. (U. Tokyo, Hongo, Tokyo.) Racial differences in widespread species, with special reference to those common to Japan and North America. Amer. Jour. Bot. 49(6): 647–652. Illus. 1962.—Various data on morphological and chromosomal differences in widespread taxa mainly common to Japan and North America are presented. The examples given here are the groups of Anemone hepatica, Rosa acicularis, Lathyrus palustris, Ledum palustre, Triglochin maritimum, Adoxa moschatellina, Iris setosa, Cryptotaenia canadensis, etc. It is manifest that the mode of geographical variation is different in the several plant groups concerned, so its significance is not uniform, and different groups have to be treated in different ways. In Anemone hepatica, tetraploid plants have been found only in Japan, and the pattern of their pollen grains is different from that of common diploids. In several groups, highest polyploids have been recorded in Japan, while many diploid species also occur there. These facts can be explained by the antiquity of the flora as well as the complicated past history and the diversity of the habitats under the present environmental conditions of Japan.

A Monograph of the Genus Rosa in North America. I. R. Acicularis

(1) Rosa acicularis Lindl., the only species ofRosa indigenous to both North America and Eurasia, has the most extended distribution of any species in the genus. (2) The populations ofR. acicularis Lindl. in North America and Eurasia differ by nine morphological characters: pedicel glandulation, auricle width, number of serrations per half leaflet, kind of leaflet serration, serration glandulation, leaflet glandulation, petiole bristles, number of leaflets per leaf, and width of the sepal. (3) Morphologically intermediate as well as typical North American and Eurasian individuals occur in Alaska and eastern Siberia. (4) Approximately 1000 pollen grains measured for representatives of this species in both continents (North America, x = 38.5 μ.; Eurasia, x = 40.4 μ) illustrate a significant difference in size between the North American diploid (x = 27.9 μ) and tetraploid (x = 33.4 μ) species. (5) The percentage of abortive pollen for 24 individuals selected at random throughout the range of the species is low. Only one plant from Alaska, found to be morphologically intermediate between the two populations, had highly abortive pollen (65%). (6) Rosa acicularis Lindl. is hexaploid (2n = 42) in chromosome number in North America and octoploid (2n = 56) in Eurasia. (7) From gross morphological, phytogeographical, and cytological evidences,R. acicularis Lindl. has been separated into two subspecies,R. acicularis Lindl. subsp.acicularis in Eurasia andR. acicularis Lindl. subsp.sayi (Schw.) Lewis in North America. (8) The first heptaploid (2n = 49) chromosome number inRosa is recorded for an artificial hybrid from these subspecies. (9) About fifty binomials, trinomials, pre-Linnaean phrases, and misapplied species names are listed under the subspecies.

A Monograph of the Genus Rosa in North America. II. R. foliolosa

The study of Rosa foliolosa Nutt. is discussed under the disciplines of gross- and micro-morphology, phytogeography, cytology, and taxonomy. Rosa foliolosa Nutt. is a remarkably distinct species within the sec- tion Cinnamomeae and the subgenus Eurosa (Lewis 1957). First pub- lished by Torrey and Gray (1840) from a manuscript by Nuttall, the species is described with: branches slender, glabrous, armed with very weak scattered deciduous bristly prickles, and sometimes with persistent short and nearly straight stipular prickles; leaflets 7-11, linear-oblong, glabrous, shining above, sharply serrate, crowded, the lower pair close to the narrow glandular-ciliate stipules; the petiole midrib often setose and pubescent; mostly solitary and almost sessile; calyx glandular-hispid; the segments reflexed, often with lateral appendages; fruit subglobose, somewhat hispid. To Nuttall's description, Torrey and Gray added several phrases of questionable validity. One especially have created a minor intraspe- cific problem, i.e., their flowers small, apparently rose-color. The rose coloured petals have been considered typical of R. foliolosa and this quite naturally has led to the naming of the white petalled indi- viduals as var. alba Bridwell and as f. alba (Bridwell) Rehder. From the holotype collected on the 'Arkansana plains' and now housed in the Gray Herbarium, it is impossible to determine if rose or white petals were a part of the Nuttall collection. It is of interest, however, that white petalled individuals occur (as observed in Texas by Dr. L. H. Shinners and myself) more frequently than do the pink, although extremely light pink to rose colours may be discerned (especially in Oklahoma). Certainly the occurrence of white is not as a result of an 1 All techniques and methods used in this study are similar to those described for the monographic treatment of Rosa acicularis Lindl (Lewis 1959).

A Monograph of the Genus Rosa in North America. III. R. setigera

The study of Rosa setigera Michx. (a diploid species in the section Synstylae) is discussed under the disciplines of grossand micro-morphology, phytogeography, ecology (transplant experiments), cytology, and taxonomy. Walter (1788) added to his description of R. carolina L. 1762 (= R. palustris Marsh.): varietates, calycis laciniis brevibus integris; et longis laciniatis. This is a clear reference to R. setigera as named and described by Michaux (1803) from material collected in lower Carolina and Georgia. Several striking characters in his description include stems with paired prickles, glabrous leaves, each 3 to 5 foliolate, and leaflet veins, petioles and sepals, hispid. Michaux also cited a variety of R. setigera with taller stems and scattered prickles having pubescent near the below and sepals with fewer bristles. Persoon (1806) called this variation with leaflets pubescent toward the veins var. elatior. Aiton f. (1811) described R. rubifolia based upon a form with pubescent which had been introduced into the gardens of England. Lindley (1820) felt he could distinguish between R. setigera Michx. and R. rubifolia Ait. f. apart from the presence or absence of pubescence on the and established R. rubifolia var. fenestralis as a glabrous leafed form of R. rubifolia. This variety is synonymous with the typical IR. setigera. In 1820, Refinesque duplicated the work of Persoon (1806) and described R. setigera var. pubescens, a form with pubescent leaflet veins, but otherwise glabrous. He further described three species, R. kentukensis, R. cursor, and R. trifoliata, the former two descriptions approaching R. rubifolia while R. trifoliata is R. setigera. The division of this complex at the specific level into individuals with glabrous below or with leaflet pubescent (R. setigera) and into individuals with puberulent, pubescent, or to1 All techniques and methods used in this study are similar to those described for the monographic treatment of Rosa acicularis Lindl. (Lewis 1959b).