Root Type Research Articles

Determination Of Total Flavonoid Content Of Bajakah Tampala And Kalalawit Roots Using The Reflux

Bajakah is one of the plants found in the forest around Muara Badak. Bajakah root contains flavonoids which have potential as natural ingredients that have medicinal properties. Currently, there are two types of bajakah root on the market, namely tampala and kalalawit. This study aims to determine the content and total flavonoid content of the extract of the Bajakah root from the two types of Bajakah root. The research procedure was initiated by the process of extracting the roots of the Bajakah root using the reflux method using 96% ethanol. The reflux extraction results are then carried out by an evaporation process to obtain a thick extract. The second step is to test the flavone content through a color test. And the quantitative test for determining total flavonoid levels was carried out by UV-Vis Spectrophotometry. Based on the results of a qualitative test using a color reaction, it shows that the roots of the kalalawit and tampala bajakar contain flavonoids. Where the total flavonoid content in the roots of Bajakah Tampala was 59.38% and in Bajakah Kalalawi roots was 47.14%.

Single-cell RNA-seq of Lotus japonicus provide insights into identification and function of root cell types of legume.

The roots of legume plant play a crucial role in nitrogen fixation. However, the transcriptomes of different cell types of legume root and their functions remain largely unknown. Here, we performed single-cell RNA sequencing and profiled more than 22,000 single cells from root tips of Lotus japonicus, a model species of legume. We identified seven clusters corresponding to seven major cell types, which were validated by in situ hybridization. Further analysis revealed regulatory programs including phytohormone and nodulation associated with specific cell types, and revealed conserved and diverged features for the cell types. Our results represent the first single-cell resolution transcriptome for legume root tips and a valuable resource for studying the developmental and physiological functions of various cell types in legumes.

Seakeeping Behavior of Axe Bow Patrol Boat with the Variation of Waterline Spline Type and Submerged Bow Depth

As a sovereign maritime country, Indonesia has been supported with patrol boats to maintain, protect, and manage the fishery and marine resources. Therefore, enhancing the patrol boat's operability is essentially needed for improving the resources maintenance and protection system. The implementation of an advanced hull forms might be conducted for the improvement of boat performance. The axe-bow hull form is one of the advanced hull forms that might improve the patrol boat operability, especially in high-speed conditions (Fr<0.60). However, in order to determine a reliable axe bow hull form, the body lines and the submerge bow depth should be defined appropriately. Based on the condition, this study focuses on the investigation of seakeeping performance of the developed axe-bow hull forms with variations of waterline spline type and submerged bow depth (the depth of foot). The waterline spline type configurations, which consist of the concave spline, convex spline, and straight spline, have been developed. At the same time, the submerged bow depths configuration have been proposed as 30%, 40%, and 50% of the boat draught. Both parameters should be recognized for the improvement of the axe bow hull seakeeping performance. The strip theory method has been adopted for the calculation of the seakeeping behavior. The results show that the waterline spline type has influenced the heave motion behavior. Otherwise, the larger depth of root might improve the pitch motion performance. It is indicated that suitable combination of spline type and depth of root might generate a reliable seakeeping performance of the axe-bow patrol boat.

Distinctive plasticity of maize (Zea mays) root types to variable nitrate concentration

Maize roots vary their growth in response to nitrate ([Formula: see text]) concentration in the environment, but growth plasticity differs among root types. We assessed the morphological response of lateral and axial roots on the primary, seminal, and crown root types exposed to 0, 1, 2, 3.9, and 7.8 mmol L−1 [Formula: see text]. Higher [Formula: see text] concentration did not change the growth of all axial roots and laterals of primary roots but caused positive quadratic growth in laterals of the seminal and crown root types. Maize root plasticity to [Formula: see text] concentrations is the result of differential growth of laterals on seminal and crown root types.

Comparison of two methods for ginsenosides quantitation.

The present study provides a comparison of two liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry methods for ginsenosides analysis. The two methods have the same liquid chromatography separation procedure, and both use tandem mass spectrometry detection. However, one method uses multiple reaction monitoring transitions commonly recommended in the literature starting with [M + Na]+ as the molecular ions and with detection of specific fragment ions from the molecules M, while the other is an original method using [M + Cs]+ as molecular ions and Cs+ as fragment ion. The method using [M + Cs]+ as molecular ion has a very high sensitivity allowing the measurement of concentrations in the injecting solutions as low as 4ng/ml with peaks at this concentration showing signal to noise ratio of 20 or higher. The procedures were utilized for the measurement of eight ginsenosides (Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Rd, Re, Rf (S), Rg1, and Rg2), although the method using [M + Cs]+ has the potential for measuring other ginsenosides. As an application, the ginsenosides were measured in several types of ginseng root, several dietary supplements containing ginseng extracts, four energy drinks, and a sample of ashwagandha.

Karakteristik zodia (Evodia suaveolens) asal Papua berpotensi bagi industri hulu produk pertanian

The purpose of this study was to determine the types of phytochemical compounds in the organs of the bark, leaves, roots and seeds of the zodia plant. Dried materials from zodiac plant organs (roots, bark, leaves, and seeds) were macerated with ethanol compounds for 3x24 hours, then distilled so that the ethanol compounds evaporate, then macerated again with methanol solvent to obtain a clear macerate, and ended with evaporation with a rotary vacuum device at 50oC. The results of simplisia were identified various phytochemicals contained in each organ through GCMS chromatography tool type QP-2010. Types of phytochemicals are identified and what are their concentrations, as well as how their potential for the development of agricultural products from each zodiac plant organ are the objectives of this experiment. The chromatograms identified various phytochemicals, namely, 56 types of roots, 23 types of leaves, 18 types of stem bark, and 13 types of seeds. Benzene, cyclopentane, and hexane compounds were present in all four organs tested, typical compounds in roots (nonadecane), stem bark (aristolone), leaves (evodiamine and selin), and seeds (longiverbenone). Some zodia plant phytochemicals act as antimicrobials, antifungals, and antibacterials, so they have the potential to be utilized as industrial materials for upstream agricultural products.

Genome-wide identification and expression analysis of two-component system genes in sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L.).

Two-component system (TCS), which comprises histidine kinases (HKs), histidine phosphotransfer proteins (HPs), and response regulators (RRs), plays essential roles in regulating plant growth, development, and response to various environmental stimuli. TCS genes have been comprehensively identified in various plants, while studies on the genome-wide identification and analysis of TCS in sweet potato were still not reported. Therefore, in this study, a total of 90 TCS members consisting of 20 HK(L)s, 11 HPs, and 59 RRs were identified in the genome of Ipomoea batatas. Furthermore, their gene structures, conserved domains, and phylogenetic relationships were analyzed in detail. Additionally, the gene expression profiles in various organs were analyzed, and response patterns to adverse environmental stresses were investigated. The results showed that these 90 TCS genes were mapped on 15 chromosomes with a notably uneven distribution, and the expansion of TCS genes in sweet potato was attributed to both segmental and tandem duplications. The majority of the TCS genes showed distinct organ-specific expression profiles, especially in three types of roots (stem roots, fibrous roots, tuberous roots). Moreover, most of the TCS genes were either induced or suppressed upon treatment with abiotic stresses (drought, salinity, cold, heat) and exogenous phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA). In addition, the yeast-two hybrid system was used to reveal the HK-HP-RR protein-protein interactions. IbHP1, IbHP2, IbHP4, and IbHP5 could interact with three HKs (IbHK1a, IbHK1b, and IbHK5), and also interact with majority of the type-B RRs (IbRR20-IbRR28), while no interaction affinity was detected for IbHP3. Our systematic analyses could provide insights into the characterization of the TCS genes, and further the development of functional studies in sweet potato.

A quantitative trait locus conferring flood tolerance to deepwater rice regulates the formation of two distinct types of aquatic adventitious roots.

A key trait conferring flood tolerance is the ability to grow adventitious roots as a response to submergence. The genetic traits of deepwater rice determining the development and characteristics of aquatic adventitious roots (AAR) had not been evaluated. We used near-isogenic lines introgressed to test the hypothesis that the impressive shoot elongation ability of deepwater rice linked to quantitative trait loci 1 and 12 also promote the development of AAR. The deepwater rice genotype NIL-12 possessed expanded regions at the stem nodes where numerous AAR developed as a response to submergence. Two types (AR1 and AR2) of roots with distinct timing of emergence and large differences in morphological and anatomical traits formed within 3 (AR1) to 7 (AR2) d of submergence. The mechanical impedance provided by the leaf sheath caused AR2 to emerge later promoting thicker roots, higher elongation capacity and higher desiccation tolerance. Upregulation of key genes suggests a joint contribution in activating the meristem in AAR enhancing the development of these in response to submergence. The morphological and anatomical traits suggested that AR2 is better adapted to long-term flooding than AR1. We therefore propose that AR2 in deepwater rice functions as an evolutionary defence strategy to tackle periodic submergence.

Phenolic compounds from Tradescantia pallida ameliorate diabetes by inhibiting enzymatic and non-enzymatic pathways

Diabetes is a chronic metabolic disorder marked by postprandial hyperglycemia due to several etiologies including abnormal carbohydrate digestion and glycation of hemoglobin. The prolong use of synthetic drugs results in characteristic side effects which necessitates the discovery of safe and cost-effective substitutes. The aim of the current study is to isolate and evaluate the antidiabetic potential of the phenolic compounds from the leaves of Tradescantia pallida. Syringic acid, p-coumaric acid, morin and catechin (compounds 1–4) were isolated and characterized from Tradescantia pallida leaves using column chromatography and spectroscopic techniques. The in vitro antidiabetic potential of the phenolic compounds were assessed using α-amylase and non-enzymatic glycosylation of hemoglobin protein assays. A mechanistic insight of interactions between phenolic compounds and human α-amylase and hemoglobin protein were scrutinized by employing molecular docking method. Prime Molecular Mechanics/Generalized Born Surface Area (MM-GBSA) calculations were carried out to find the binding energies of the ligand-protein complexes. Morin and catechin were further analyzed to find the dynamic and thermodynamic constraints of the complexes under specific biological conditions using molecular dynamic simulation trajectories. The stability and flexibility of the complexes were justified by fluctuation of α-carbon chain, Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD), Root Mean Square Fluctuation (RMSF) and type of interactions involved which authenticated the in vitro inhibitory potential of morin and catechin against enzymatic and non-enzymatic pathways. The current study could be fruitful in rational designing of safe antidiabetic drugs of natural origin. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma

A non-weight bearing protocol after ACL reconstruction improves static anterior tibial translation in patients with elevated slope and increased weight bearing tibial anterior translation

PurposeAim of this study is to evaluate the impact of a non-weight bearing (NWB) protocol within 21 post-operative days after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction on static and dynamic anterior tibial translations (SATT and DATT, respectively). The hypothesis is that delayed WB would improve ATT at 9 months follow-up.MethodsA series of patients treated with ACL reconstruction was retrospectively reviewed, comparing a group with immediate post-operative weight bearing (WB group) and a group without post-operative weight bearing (NWB group). The NWB protocol was applied to patients with posterior tibial slope (PTS) ≥ 12°, pre-operative SATT ≥ 5 mm, and/or meniscal lesions of root or radial type. SATT, and PTS were measured on 20° flexion monopodal lateral x-rays, while DATT on Telos™ x-rays at pre-operative and 9-months follow-up.ResultsOne hundred seventy-nine patients were included (50 NWB group, 129 WB group). The SATT worsened in the WB group with a mean increase of 0.7 mm (SD 3.1 mm), while in the NWB group, the SATT improved with a mean decrease of 1.4 mm (SD 3.1 mm) from the pre-operative to 9 months’ follow-up (p < 0.001). The side-to-side Telos™ evaluation showed a significant improvement in DATT within both the groups (p < 0.001), but there was no difference between the two groups (p = 0.99).ConclusionThe post-operative protocol of 21 days without WB led to an improvement in SATT at 9 months without an influence on DATT, and it is recommended for patients with a SATT ≥ 5 mm and/or a PTS ≥ 12° as part of an “à la carte” approach to ACL reconstruction.Level of evidenceLevel IV, Retrospective case series

Evaluation of the root canal morphology variations of maxillary premolars using cone-beam computed tomography

Introduction. Maxillary premolars often undergo endodontic treatment, which requires detailed knowledge of their canal morphology. The aim of this study was to determine the most common number of roots of maxillary premolars by analyzing CBCT images, as well as to determine the most common root canal configuration in maxillary premolars in the population of Southeast Serbia using the new system for classifying root canal morphology by Ahmed et al. Material and methods. 55 CBCT images of male and 63 CBCT images of female patients were analyzed, which included 223 maxillary first premolars and 207 maxillary second premolars. The analysis was performed in the program Galileos. The number of roots of these teeth was determined and the canal morphology was classified in relation to the gender and side of maxilla. Results. The maxillary first premolars most often had two roots and configuration type 2TNB1P1, while the most maxillary second premolars had one root and configuration type 1TNB1. No significant difference was observed in the number of roots and type of configuration between male and female, as well as between left and right sides. Conclusion. The classification of the tooth canal system according to Ahmed et al. emphasizes the advantage of simultaneous classification of the number of roots and the number of canals. Although most premolars do not pose a problem for treatment, there have been registered canal configurations of maxillary premolars that can be a challenge for endodontic treatment. A detailed analysis of the canal configuration can be performed using CBCT.

Türkiye’den Noccaea Moench (Brassicaceae) Cinsi Anatomisi Üzerine Katkılar

The anatomical properties of Noccaea camlikensis and N. cariensis were determined in this study. The roots have a secondary root type. The stem cross-sections have a single-layered epidermis, parenchymatous cortex, one layered distinct endodermis, vascular bundles with sclerenchymatic caps, and parenchymatic pith cells. Equifacial and bifacial mesophyll types are observed in the leaves, with multiple-layered palisade tissue, and the spongy parenchyma is well-developed. Vascular bundles are small in the leaves except in the leaf midrib. Anisocytic stomata type are observed in the surface sections. The assessment of anatomical characteristics of the studied Noccaea species, such as the number of cortex in the stem and the shape of midvein of leaf, are of taxonomical value.

A novel application of deep learning to forensic hair analysis methodology

ABSTRACT A deep learning model called HairNet was developed to conduct forensic hair analysis, including the classification of hair as human and suitability for nuclear DNA (nDNA) analysis. The training and testing data used were microscopic images of hair features including the medulla and the hair root. The final model iterations obtained 100% accuracy on the medulla dataset to classify hair as human or non-human and between 96% and 100% accuracy on the hair root dataset to classify human hair as suitable for nDNA analysis depending on the grouping of root types. The greatest impact on accuracy was the quantity and quality of the training and testing data and therefore the critical step in model development. The application of ML to forensic methodology is a novel and innovative approach and a means to improve objectivity; however, the creation of training and testing data initially requires expert human judgement and therefore collaboration is essential in the development of benchmark datasets. This research demonstrates how deep learning can be successfully applied to forensic methodology and the possibilities for other forensic disciplines.

DETERMINATION, ANALYSIS AND SYNTHESIS OF THE ROOTS OF VALID ALGEBRAIC EQUATIONS USING LOGARITHMIC AMPLITUDE-PHASE FREQUENCY CHARACTERISTICS

The article considers the method of approximate determination, analysis and synthesis of the roots of real algebraic equations of high order. The solution of such problems is relevant in the case of designing information-measuring and control systems, studying the dynamics of movement of various mechanisms (industrial robots, quadrocopters, etc.), determining the trajectories of aircraft, etc. The analytical solution of such problems is limited to equations of the third (sometimes fourth) degree, in other cases it is necessary to use either special sequential algorithms or packages of applied computer programs such as "Wolfram.Matematica", which allow only to find the roots of the equations, but not to synthesize them. The proposed method is based on the application for the decomposition of the studied polyomial (corresponding to the equation) into the simplest multipliers corresponding to aperiodic and/or oscillatory links, asymptotic logarithmic amplitude and phase-frequency characteristics. The form and values of the roots of the equation are proposed to be judged by the slopes at the fracture points of the logarithmic amplitude and phase-frequency characteristics of the polyparticle under study. The construction of logarithmic amplitude and phase-frequency characteristics is carried out by discarding the "small" terms of the polygamy at separate frequency intervals. A feature of the method is the possibility of its use both in conjunction with the computer and without it. Manual use of the method assumes that the user has a calculator and a ruler. The method allows to determine not only the roots of real algebraic equations (both real and complex), but also to establish a visual relationship between the coefficients for the terms of the equations with the type and values of the roots and purposefully change the necessary coefficients to change the parameters and type of roots. The possibilities of the method are not limited to solving real algebraic equations with positive coefficients and integer powers, it shows quite satisfactory results for equations with mixed coefficients and fractional powers. The method is quite simple, clear, has a small error in the case of far spaced roots, but in the case of closely spaced roots, its error increases, although it remains quite acceptable. The article presents the substantiation of the method, shows numerous examples of its capabilities, compares the results obtained with the results obtained with the help of the package of applied computer programs "Wolfram.Matematica".

Dispersal limitation and host selection drive geo-specific and plant-specific differentiation of soil bacterial communities in the Tibetan alpine ecosystem

Soil bacteria, which are active in shrub encroachment, play key roles in regulating ecosystem structure and function. However, the differentiation characteristics and assembly process of bacterial communities in scrubbed grasslands remain unknown. Taking the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, a hotspot of shrub encroachment, as the study area, we collected 192 soils near nine natural typical shrubs' roots on a trans-longitude transect (about 1800 km) and investigated the bacterial communities using 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing. We found that the bacterial communities exhibited plant-specific and geographic-specific differentiation. On the one hand, bacterial communities differed significantly across plant species, with widely distributed shrubs harboring high diversity communities but few plant-specific taxa, and narrowly distributed shrubs possessing low diversity communities but more plant-specific taxa. Besides, there was a significant negative correlation between bacterial community similarity and plant phylogenetic distance. On the other hand, bacterial communities differed across geographic sites, with a significant decay in bacterial community similarity with geographic distance. The bacterial alpha diversity varied in an inverted V-shape from west to east, peaking at 91°E, which could be largely driven by mean annual temperature, soil pH and soil total carbon content. Community differentiation increased with the heterogeneity degree of assembly processes, and the dominant assembly process in these two specific differentiations differed. Dominated by stochastic and deterministic forces, respectively, geography diverged bacterial communities primarily through increased dispersal limitation, whereas plants diverged bacterial communities primarily through increased variable selection. Our study provides new insight into the characteristics and mechanisms of root-surrounding soil bacteria differentiation in scrubbed grasslands, contributing to the scientific management of degraded grasslands and the prediction of bacterial community structure and ecosystem function in response to global change.

Research on the time-varying mesh stiffness method and dynamic analysis of cracked spur gear system considering the crack position

The occurrence of a crack could change the gear mesh stiffness and consequently influence gear vibration properties. Cracks may occur on the tooth root and tooth surface, but the surface crack type has been seldomly concerned. This study proposes a comprehensive time-varying mesh stiffness (TVMS) calculation method in which the crack position is considered and emphasized. Two tooth crack types (Root crack type: the crack occurs on the root fillet; Surface crack type: the crack occurs on the tooth surface) are modeled and analyzed, and corresponding analytical calculation expressions of TVMS are derived. The finite element method is applied to validate the applicability and accuracy of the proposed analytical method for both root and surface crack types. Besides, by establishing a nonlinear dynamic model for a spur gear system, the influences of the crack depth and crack position on the gear dynamic characteristics are investigated. Several statistic parameters are also applied to evaluate the health conditions for the spur gear system. The method and analysis results reported here may be of interest to researchers and engineers attempting to handle the gear fault analysis analytically and effectively.

Maize lateral rootless 1 encodes a homolog of the DCAF protein subunit of the CUL4-based E3 ubiquitin ligase complex.

In maize (Zea mays L.), lateral roots are formed in the differentiation zone of all root types in a multi-step process. The maize mutant lateral rootless 1 (lrt1) is defective in lateral root formation in primary and seminal roots but not in shoot-borne roots. We cloned the lrt1 gene by mapping in combination with BSA-seq and subsequent validation via CRISPR/Cas9. The lrt1 gene encodes a 209 kDa homolog of the DDB1-CUL4-ASSOCIATED FACTOR (DCAF) subunit of the CUL4-based E3 ubiquitin ligase (CRL4) complex localized in the nucleus. DDB1-CUL4-ASSOCIATED FACTOR proteins are encoded by an evolutionary old gene family already present in nonseed plants. They are adaptors that bind substrate proteins and promote their ubiquitylation, thus typically marking them for subsequent degradation in the 26S proteasome. Gene expression studies demonstrated that lrt1 transcripts are expressed preferentially in the meristematic zone of all root types of maize. Downregulation of the rum1 gene in lrt1 mutants suggests that lrt1 acts upstream of the lateral root regulator rum1. Our results demonstrate that DCAF proteins play a key role in root-type-specific lateral root formation in maize. Together with its role in nitrogen acquisition in nitrogen-poor soil, lrt1 could be a promising target for maize improvement.

Slope stability analysis of riverbank in Malaysia with the effects of vegetation

Malaysia has experienced several slope failures in the past and vegetation is one of the solutions that can help to increase the stability of slopes by preventing erosion and providing interlocking forces in the soil materials. This study investigates the effect of vegetation on riverbank slope stability in Malaysia. The analysis was conducted to capture the pattern of changes in terms of the factor of safety (FOS) of slopes. Using Plaxis, a total of 24 models were constructed consisting of two methods of modelling namely node-to-node anchor and geotextile, which act as vegetation. The modelling results show that the slope safety factor changed according to the addition of vegetation to the slope. The existing slope conditions recorded a safety factor at the value of 2.97. The value then increased when plants were added by adopting the node-to-node anchor along the top of the soil with the highest factor of safety value of 2.99. On the other hand, the factor of safety of slopes with the application of geotextile also shows an increase of up to 3.185. Whereas for the slopes with the effect of rainfall, the factor of safety values dropped to 2.609 and increase to 2.96 when vegetation was applied. This study indicates that vegetation can improve slope stability and that the different types of roots can also affect slope behaviour.

Growth of the aortic root in children and young adults with Marfan syndrome

ObjectivesThe primary aim was to gain insight into the growth of the aortic root in children and young adults with Marfan syndrome (MFS). Furthermore, we aimed to identify a clinical...

Effect evaluation of different methods for removal of root canal filling materials.

This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of three methods in root canal retreatment to remove the filling material in the root canals. Ninety tooth roots filled by gutta percha or plasticized material (n=45, each) were randomly divided into three groups (n=15). WaveOne (WaveOne group), 1#P drill+WaveOne (1#P+WaveOne group), and ultrasound P5 working end ET25+ProTaper Universal (P5+ProTaper Universal group) were used to remove the root canal filling material and prepare for root canal. The operating time of each canal was recorded and the percentage of residual filling material area was measured on the root canal wall of the mesial and distal dissected root section. The degree of deviation of the root canal after operation was measured for the root samples filled by gutta percha. The type of root filling material and the method of root canal retreatment had no significant effect on the percentage of residual area of the filling material (P>0.05). However, the remaining filling material area of apical 1/3 of the root canal was significantly higher than that of cervical 1/3 of the root canal (P<0.05). The average operating times for removing gutta-percha or plasticized material in the W and 1#P+WaveOne groups were significantly less than that in the P5+ProTaper Universal group (P=0.000). The root canal retreatment methods had no significant effect on the curvature of the root canal (P=0.650). WaveOne single file's cleaning ability and center positioning ability were similar to those of ProTaper Universal. Moreover, WaveOne can be independently used for most root canals without a pathway when removing the root canal fillings, thereby simplifying the process of root canal retreatment.