Root Meaning Research Articles

EKSPRESI BAHASA EVALUATIF PADA ARTIKEL ILMIAH BERBAHASA INDONESIA

Authors of scientific articles are faced with two opposing demands: objectivity and critical evaluation when expressing reality and truth. To date, no evaluative language mapping has been performed on Indonesian scientific articles which can accurately describe an article’s degree of objectivity so that it can be used as a tool for objectivizing and negotiating truth. Using the appraisal framework, this research aims to identify and examine these two opposing orientations as they appear in Indonesian scientific articles. The qualitative approach was applied to perform in-depth analysis of interpersonal functions in scientific articles. Data in the form of Indonesian scientific articles were obtained from top ten highest impact factor journals which are accredited and indexed by the Science and Technology Index (SINTA), representing ten different scientific disciplines. Results show that the authors could not completely avoid subjectivity. However, objectivity was clearly sought through five strategies: passivation, verbalization, prioritization of verbs before explicit expressions of affect, nominalization, and prioritization of nouns before explicit expressions of affect. Using the appraisal framework, the modality theory in Indonesian (Alwi 1992), and the lexical semantic theory (Cruse 1986) as bases for data analysis, this research offers a taxonomic evaluative language map of Indonesian scientific articles. This research used the appraisal framework (Martin and White, 2005), especially the attitude and graduation system, to define boundaries while combining objective and evaluative- critical language in three parameters: (1) distance between the personal evaluation source and the evaluative item; (2) the prominence of agentivity and a person’s involvement in the actualization of events; and (3) the root meaning of evaluative lexemes.

КЫРГЫЗ ТИЛИНДЕ БИР УҢГУЛУУ СӨЗДӨРДҮН СЕМАНТИКА СТИЛИСТИКАЛЫК ФУНКЦИЯСЫ

The article is devoted to the syntactic service of words with one vowel of opposite meaning in the Kyrgyz language. Although words with the same root and opposite meanings are organized into a sentence system in a form similar in appearance, their function in linguistics is diverse. Also, words with the same root, having opposite meanings, are organized into predicative and attributive relationships and are associated with emotions, expressiveness of speakers when creating a dialogue. Therefore, the article notes that emotions, expressiveness, imagery, thrift, modality play a key role in the clear and clear allocation of single-root words in speech. In the Kyrgyz language, the ordering of words with the main meaning is carried out through an auxiliary verb in order to realize savings through nominative words through the property of creating, the pronunciation of significant words in a predicative ratio is similar to the main pronunciation, and the word pronounced in the shadow is not reported in the list, although words with repetition are used as a member of the sentence.

Nonconcatenative Morphology of MSA as Represented by Deverbal Verbs

The present paper considers how the derivation of deverbal verbs occurs in Arabic, a language with nonconcatenative morphology. As Arabic linguists have carefully investigated Arabic deverbal verbs, English literature lacks such investigations. Demonstrating how a word modifies meaning while explaining the intriguing nonconcatenative morphology of Arabic are reasons for considering deverbal verbs. To illustrate the hierarchical structure of Arabic deverbal verbs efficiently, autosegmental analysis was used. Arabic manuscripts and Modern Standard Arabic (MSA) dictionaries, using the Alshamela search engine and the Almaany search engine, were consulted to create a list of deverbal verbs. The manuscripts were utilized to find the initial lists, while the dictionaries were used to filter the list to only include the current deverbal verbs. The author found MSA deverbal verbs are derived through nonconcatenative morphology. The meanings of deverbal verb particles were concluded to belong to an additional autosegmental tier that is distinct from the tier of the root meaning. Notice how the meaning of the deverbal verb تضرّب [taDar:aba] ‘hit oneself’ as an intransitive verb retains the root meaning of ضرب [Daraba] ‘hit’ and adds the deverbal meaning indicating the action happening to oneself. It had been expected that all the verb roots would interact with the deverbal verb templates; however, this was not the case. These morphological gaps were attributed to violations of MSA phonotactics or semantic oddities. Further investigation of the deverbal verbs, considering other languages with nonconcatenative morphology, while investigating the deverbal verb meanings from an Optimality Theory perspective, presents promising plans for future research.

Stay Healthy, Stay Furbished: Investigating the Co-Created Experiences of Quarantine Hotel Stay and Implications for Post-Pandemic Era

ABSTRACT Paying a timely tribute to the ancient root meaning of “hospitale,” emblematic of granting haven for those in desperate need, this study comprehensively investigates the direct and indirect relationships constituting the co-created experiences of quarantine hotel stay, an emerging hospitality product genre in the COVID-19 era. Data on inbound quarantined hotel guests were collected in China, where a solid “Dynamic Zero Covid” policy is in place. Research results from structural equation modeling revealed customers’ value co-creation attitude and perceptions of service quality as effective predictors of their behavioral intention in the quarantine hotel scenario. This study also verified the mediation of service quality, the moderation of personal collectivism, and the moderated mediation effect of value co-creation attitude and behavioral intention via service quality. The study contributes to the extant literature by introducing community value co-creation perspective to address the innovation and resilience of hospitality products and services in the pandemic era, with practical implications duly derived.

Lexical systems with systematic gaps: verbs of falling

Abstract The paper contributes to the typology of encoding motion events by highlighting the role of the verbal root meaning in lexicalization of motion. We focus on lexical semantics of the verbs of falling, which we study on a sample of 42 languages using the frame-based approach to lexical typology. We show that, along with downward motion, the verbs of falling regularly denote adjacent situations; and vice versa, the idea of downward motion is systematically conveyed by verbs from adjacent semantic fields. These findings challenge the application of the classical parameters of motion events (e.g. Path) to any given motion event description and offer new insights into the understanding of lexicalization patterns in general.

The Influence of the Daimōn in Ancient Philosophy upon Contemporary Psychology

This paper explores the relevance of the Hellenic daimōn as the root meaning of the Latin genius or the English ‘genius’, with its influence upon contemporary psychology in the context of a wider philosophical quest to ‘know thy Self’. Sufficient evidence has emerged from multiple bodies of work by various thinkers to suggest that past and present intellectual lineages should be adequately interconnected as mutually informing outlooks. Additionally, this article points out that scholarship alone is insufficient and that it needs the practical application of philosophy in order to render more accurate perspectives on knowledge. As our predecessors have shown, appropriate educational and legal systems need to be in place to encourage and to effectively support philosophy with its interdisciplinary vision towards a new paradigm for human excellence.

WHY LATIN LANGUAGE IS FUNDAMENTAL IN STUDYING EUROPEAN LANGUAGES

The development of language is a fascinating study. The ancient Chinese and Egyptians used pictographic languages which took years for the priests and scholars to master. The common working citizen had no time for such study and so remained powerless and able to be exploited. About 1500BC the Phoenicians developed a phonetic alphabet which could be used by the common merchants to conduct their trading businesses. The Greeks learned it from them and further developed it by adding vowels. This phonetic alphabet made people think differently. It encouraged analysis and the developmentof awhole written language of interchangeable components.All the languages that developed from the Latin and Greek root vocabularies function like that. If we don’t teach the root meaning of those components, we burden ourselves with the task of learning thousands of individual English words as wholes. By studying Latin can master the components of many languages, including English.

Adaptation in Modern Times

AbstractSince the beginning of Christian mission, adaptation to local cultures (later called acculturation or inculturation) has been the main factor in mission failure or success. Placide Tempels is considered a pioneer of adaptation in modern times. He was a Flemish Franciscan missionary in Congo from 1933 to 1962 (with two breaks) and is well known for his adaptation to the Bantu worldview. Referring to spiritual and intellectual adaptation, the paper will answer the following questions: Was the adaptation of Placide Tempels successful? If it was or was not, why and in what way? The analysis will be linked to William Biernatzki's theory of root paradigms and meanings. To conclude, a connection will be made to the process of adaptation in international mission organizations today.

Chinese synthetic verbs: a further challenge to manner/result complementarity on the basis of lexical root meaning analysis

Abstract This paper introduces Chinese synthetic verbs and analyses their contributions to debates in manner/result complementarity studies and cognitive typology studies. Chinese synthetic verbs simultaneously express manner information and path/result information, but encode them into separate root slots under Beavers and Koontz-Garboden’s (2012. Manner and result in the roots of verbal meaning. Linguistic Inquiry 43(3). 331–369) scopal modifier test, so they differ from English “manner+result verbs” and further challenge the manner/result complementarity hypothesis. Synthetic verbs followed by redundant path/result verbs constitute double-framing structures that twice encode the framing information, and the non-motion case, i.e., the “synthetic verb+result verb” structure, supplements Croft et al.’s (2010. Revising Talmy’s typological classification of complex event constructions. In Hans C. Boas (ed.), Contrastive studies in construction grammar, vol. 10, 201–235. Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company) classification that only includes the motion case, so that Chinese synthetic verbs complement the discussion on double-framing structures. This paper thereby further falsifies the manner/result complementarity hypothesis and provides an overall illustration of the double-framing structure in cognitive typology. This paper also illustrates the diachronic changes of manner, which might be universal and await further investigation.

The structure of the semantic domain of modality in Russian: Modelling systemic relations between constructions (based on the Russian Constructicon)

This paper proposes an analysis of systemic relations between constructions with modal semantics in Russian. Based on the data from the Russian Constructicon resource, I build a classification of 124 constructions expressing root (dynamic and deontic) and epistemic meanings. The classification relies on the taxonomy of constructions, which is being developed in recent studies in Construction Grammar and constructicography. This taxonomy involves groups of constructions of various size (namely, families, clusters, and networks of constructions). A constructional family comprises modal constructions with similar semantic (and often also morphosyntactic) properties. Families form larger units — constructional clusters and networks, which have a radial category structure, where more central and more peripheral members can be identified. This paper pinpoints that some semantic domains are better described in terms of scalar rather than radial structures, and epistemic modal constructions serve as an example of such domain. I establish conceptual links between the families of constructions, such as specification vs. generalization strategies, contrast, intensification vs. attenuation of particular semantic components, etc. The classification proposed in the paper contributes both to typology in that it refines the existing view on the structure of modality and its linguistic expression, and to constructicography, which is concerned with the mechanisms of constructional interaction within the system of a given language.

Communism, Poetry: Communicating Vessels (Some Insubordinate Essays, 1999–2018)

Communism, Poetry: Communicating Vessels (Some Insubordinate Essays, 1999–2018)

Revisiting Cancel Culture

The combination of English letters that spells "cancel culture" is common and divisive. More people now say they are aware of this phrase, but its meaning, implication, and impact are still heavily debated. In this paper, I revisit cancel culture and discuss its impacts. I end this paper by urging application of cancel culture that reflect its root meaning and function, critical self-reflection, and restorative conversations if we are to make meaningful progress with cancel culture.

Figuring Out Root and Epistemic Uses of Modals: The Role of the Input

AbstractThis paper investigates how children figure out that modals like must can be used to express both epistemic and “root” (i.e. non epistemic) flavors. The existing acquisition literature shows that children produce modals with epistemic meanings up to a year later than with root meanings. We conducted a corpus study to examine how modality is expressed in speech to and by young children, to investigate the ways in which the linguistic input children hear may help or hinder them in uncovering the flavor flexibility of modals. Our results show that the way parents use modals may obscure the fact that they can express epistemic flavors: modals are very rarely used epistemically. Yet, children eventually figure it out; our results suggest that some do so even before age 3. To investigate how children pick up on epistemic flavors, we explore distributional cues that distinguish roots and epistemics. The semantic literature argues they differ in “temporal orientation” (Condoravdi, 2002): while epistemics can have present or past orientation, root modals tend to be constrained to future orientation (Werner 2006; Klecha, 2016; Rullmann & Matthewson, 2018). We show that in child-directed speech, this constraint is well-reflected in the distribution of aspectual features of roots and epistemics, but that the signal might be weak given the strong usage bias towards roots. We discuss (a) what these results imply for how children might acquire adult-like modal representations, and (b) possible learning paths towards adult-like modal representations.

MOTIVATIONAL FEATURES OF THE LINGUOCULTURAL CONCEPT TEXTILE IN THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE

The article is dedicated to the investigation of the motivational features of the linguocultural concept TEXTILE in the English language. The investigation has been done within the framework of the cognitive scientific paradigm, namely, linguoconceptology and linguoculturology. Despite the large number of researches devoted to the study of motivational features of concepts in the English language, it should be admitted that the concept of TEXTILE still has not been properly investigated. According to the fact that the motivational features are understood as the internal form of the word, etymological analysis based on the comparative-historical method was used to identify them. The research was based on etymological dictionaries, general explanatory dictionaries of the English language and dictionaries of textile terminology. An etymological study of the English lexeme ‘textile’ revealed that its original form was a derivative from a Pre-Indo-European root meaning “to weave”. As a result of the study of the etymological dictionaries entries of the English language, 7 main motivational features of the studied concept were identified, namely: ‘canvas’, ‘cloth’, ‘fabric’, ‘texture’, ‘tissue', ‘web’ and ‘woven’. The source of the aforementioned English lexemes was both Germanic and Romance languages. Three of these lexemes come from Old French, namely ‘canvas’, ‘fabric’ and ‘tissue’; English lexemes ‘cloth’, ‘web’ and ‘weave (woven)’ come from Proto-Germanic; and the lexeme ‘texture’ is derived from Middle French. There is also a gradual increase in the volume of the concept structure due to the emergence of new components that reflect the current understanding of the concept under study. The prospect of the research is seen in further investigation of the verbalised concept of TEXTILE in the English language.

Localizing global concepts: an exploration of Indigeneity in Cambodia

ABSTRACT Studies of Indigeneity in Southeast Asia have consistently stressed its contested nature. The relevance of the concept has been questioned by governments in this region on the basis that both majority and minority ethnic groups are equally Indigenous. An interesting divergence from this is Cambodia where the term “Indigenous” is recognized in Cambodian law. This has largely been permitted because the term in Khmer is applicable to both ethnic minorities and the Khmer majority. This raises the question of how the concept of Indigenous is interpreted and used in Khmer and other languages. This article explores the root meaning of the Khmer term. Understanding how the concept of Indigeneity has itself been indigenized opens possibilities for building nuances of the term which can provide constructive approaches to addressing majority/minority cultural dynamics. In other words, exploring how terms developed from other contexts have been transposed into local languages can allow for contextualizing concepts to address local realities. A wider understanding of the concept of Indigenous in Khmer allows for building on the concept of Indigeneity in Cambodia, and perhaps other Southeast Asian contexts.

The Bible and Women’s Subordination

Abstract Tribal Christian patriarchal societies promulgate women subordination as biblical by using the creation stories in Gen 2–3. This paper re-examines the narrative of Gen 2–3, whether women subordination is promulgated in the text. Terms and logic often used for women subjugation—such as the woman created to be ‘helper’ for the man, the woman being created later and from the man, the man to ‘rule’ the woman—are not so straightforward as they seem. A close analysis of the biblical narratives demonstrates that these terms, in their root meanings, are rather ambiguous. Rather than subordination, sameness and togetherness between the man and the woman are emphasized throughout the narrative of Gen 2–3.

Аргументи проти морального реалізму

The position of “moral realism”, in which, first, expressions defining the criterion of evaluation are treated as judgements with the meaning of “true/false”, and this criterion itself, second, is thought of as a condition which is a direct fact of independent of human decisions, defining the motive which people should follow, observing the norm-prescription which is thus a universal law, is subjected to critical scrutiny. The root meaning of moral realism is the claim that people are not responsible for moral institutions as their own decisions, they only subordinate their will to something that they must do because they have no choice, alienating their decisions. This real “moral law” is interpreted (in different versions) either as the will of a higher power, given by revelation, to whose decision-making people have nothing to do but must obey it; or as the objective conditioning of choice, learned through the reflection of experience as a natural law; or as a proven theorem whose content follows deductively as a conclusion from a priori comprehensible speculative-intuitive general principles. Despite the difference in the treatment of the ontological status and mode of knowledge of the moral law, all “moral realists” deny the relativity of moral values. However, none of the versions of moral realism clarifies in what sense value can be a value in a subject-less context (value for no one) and how it can be justified as universal by mere stating (accepting it as a condition). In this way “realism” denies itself, since it defines what is thought of as a decision-independent object by the decision to recognize it as independent of decisions (an alienated acceptance of the condition). Substantively, the proof of the existence of a real moral law as motivating is reduced to a tautological repetition of the definition and thus cannot be accepted as proof. In addition, moral realism relies on the false treatment as judgments of expressions that do not contain a description of fact (that is, they are not judgments), even though it relies on this description as a basis for considering something real.

Morpho-Semantic Evidence of Emerging Subjectivity in the Language of the Nahḍah — A Proposal

Abstract This article reviews some key concepts of the Arab(ic) Nahḍah with the aim of highlighting the usefulness of a more genuinely linguistic, i.e., grammar- and etymology-oriented approach for a deeper understanding of some basic features of the foundational period of Arab modernity. My contention and starting-point is that the Nahḍah was, among other things, an era in which the Arab subject came to sense its own agency. This is reflected not only in the many phenomena we are used to associate with the Nahḍah — the emergence of the intellectual, of critical journalism, of historicism, sentimentalism, new literary genres, etc. — but also in the morpho-semantics of key Nahḍah terminology. I argue (a) that the self-referential t-morpheme that features in many words signifying important Nahḍah concepts, such as taraqqī, taqaddum, or tamaddun, can and should be seen in the same light, i.e., as an indicator of a new emphasis on the self. Moreover, I argue that both the grammatical form of the new vocabulary (e.g., the -iyyah suffix for abstracts, verbal nouns, the causative patterns of form II and IV) and its “original”, “basic” (root) meanings underline (b) secularisation and the concomitant centrality of the human being, as well as (c) proactivity, energetic verve, and creativity, i.e., the subject’s being a cause of change in time (hence history). Thus, each new conceptual term is a little ‘Nahḍah in a nutshell,’ containing the very essence of Nahḍawi thought and the actual experience of feeling “modern”.

Review: The Guggenheim: Frank Lloyd Wright's Iconoclastic Masterpiece

Review: <i>The Guggenheim: Frank Lloyd Wright's Iconoclastic Masterpiece</i>

Revisiting the epistemic gap: It’s not the thought that counts

ABSTRACT This paper revisits the longstanding observation that children produce modal verbs (e.g., must, could) with their root meanings (e.g., abilities, obligations) by age 2, typically a year or more earlier than with their epistemic meanings (e.g., inferences). Established explanations for this “Epistemic Gap” argue that epistemic language production is delayed because small children can only reason about root meanings. However, root and epistemic uses of modal verbs also differ syntactically and in input representation. We present a corpus study on 17 English-learning children and their input, exploring early productions with both epistemic modal verbs and grammatically simpler and more frequent epistemic adverbs (e.g., maybe, probably). Results show that children use remarkably adult-like epistemic adverb sentences from even before age 2, when they are only producing modal verbs with root meanings. The Epistemic Gap is not well explained by general conceptual advancements. Instead, our data suggest input attestation and ease of form-to-meaning mapping may influence early child epistemic language. These findings are furthermore consistent with cross-linguistic differences in the timing of first epistemic uses of modal verbs, and with recent advancements in our understanding of infant and toddler modal reasoning abilities.