Root Material Research Articles

Means to Quantify Vascular Cell File Numbers in Different Tissues.

Oriented cell divisions are crucial throughout plant development to define the final size and shape of organs and tissues. As most of the tissues in mature roots and stems are derived from vascular tissues, studying cell proliferation in the vascular cell lineage is of great importance. Although perturbations of vascular development are often visible already at the whole plant macroscopic phenotype level, a more detailed characterization of the vascular anatomy, cellular organization, and differentiation status of specific vascular cell types can provide insights into which pathway or developmental program is affected. In particular, defects in the frequency or orientation of cell divisions can be reliably identified from the number of vascular cell files. Here, we provide a detailed description of the different clearing, staining, and imaging techniques that allow precise phenotypic analysis of vascular tissues in different organs of the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana throughout development, including the quantification of cell file numbers, differentiation status of vascular cell types, and expression of reporter genes.

Impact of the Hydroponic Cropping System on Growth, Yield, and Nutrition of a Greek Sweet Onion (Allium cepa L.) Landrace

Nerokremmydo of Zakynthos, a Greek landrace of sweet onion producing a large bulb, was experimentally cultivated in a glasshouse using aeroponic, floating, nutrient film technique, and aggregate systems, i.e., AER, FL, NFT, and AG, respectively. The aim of the experiment was to compare the effects of these soilless culture systems (SCSs) on plant characteristics, including fresh and dry weight, bulb geometry, water use efficiency, tissue macronutrient concentrations, and uptake concentrations (UC), i.e., uptake ratios between macronutrients and water, during the main growth, bulbing, and maturation stages, i.e., 31, 62, and 95 days after transplanting. The plants grown in FL and AG yielded 7.87 and 7.57 kg m−2, respectively, followed by those grown in AER (6.22 kg m−2), while those grown in NFT produced the lowest yield (5.20 kg m−2). The volume of nutrient solution (NS) consumed per plant averaged 16.87 L, with NFT plants recording the least consumption. The SCS affected growth rate of new roots and “root mat” density that led to corresponding nutrient uptake differences. In NFT, reduced nutrient uptake was accompanied by reduced water consumption. The SCS and growth stage strongly affected tissue N, P, K, Ca, Mg, and S mineral concentrations and the respective UC. The UC of N and Κ followed a decreasing trend, while that of Mg decreased only until bulbing, and the UC of the remainder of the macronutrients increased slightly during the cropping period. The UC can be used as a sound basis to establish NS recommendations for cultivation of this sweet onion variety in closed SCSs.

QTL mapping of seedling root traits in Synthetic W7984 × Opata M85 bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) mapping population

Root system architecture, as a complex trait, has gained attention due to climate change and abiotic stress pressure on crops. The incorporation of root traits in breeding objectives may enable new advances in climate-resilient crops. Here, the genetics of the seedling root system architecture in the Synthetic W7984 × Opata M85 Doubled Haploid mapping population was investigated. Three traits at the seedling stage and mature stage root and shoot biomass traits were mapped for quantitative trait loci (QTL) identification. A total of five different loci on chromosomes 1B, 5A, and 7D with major effects were identified for total root length, primary root length, and seminal root growth angle. Four regions on chromosomes 2A, 5A, and 7D had colocating loci for seedling and mature stage root traits. Chromosome 5A, with a locus affecting most of the seedling root traits, is promising. The correlations between seedling and mature root traits, and newly identified QTL for seedling root traits, maybe promising to unravel the genetic structure of root traits and for the marker-assisted selection.

Biogeomorphological evolution of rocky hillslopes driven by roots in campos rupestres, Brazil

The campos rupestres (rocky grassland) comprise an old-growth seasonally dry herbaceous ecosystem on mountaintops in central and eastern Brazil and in disjoint areas with sparse shrubs with high plant diversity and endemism. This ecosystem consists of sharp-edged quartzite landforms and rocky hillslopes with boulders, blocks, and sparse soil cover. The slopes in these environments have traditionally been viewed as a product of mechanical rock breakdown controlled by structural and lithological features of rocky hillslopes. In addition to the lithological effects on slope evolution, plant cover plays a pivotal role in the geomorphological process. We explored process–form relationships between plant cover and quartzite rocky hillslopes of campos rupestres, considering the functioning of root traits of rock dwelling endemic species of Velloziaceae. Velloziaceae is an iconic plant family in campos rupestres, and several species colonize quartzite rock with different biogeomorphic effects at different scales. We present a conceptual model of the evolution of quartzite hillslopes based on the arenization process driven by roots expressing a specialized nutrient-acquisition strategy: vellozioid roots. Our results show that at the outcrop scale, roots respond to previous lithological characteristics such as joints and fractures that allow root establishment, followed by the release of large quantities of carboxylates that lead to rock dissolution. The microscopic pattern of bioweathering is associated with enlargement of the quartzite secondary porosity through the formation of root microcracks. Roots that are about 100 μm thick form root mats that surround the grains and produce inter-mineral and intra-mineral porosity systems facilitating percolation of water and organic solutes increasing the weathering. This results in arenization of quartzite by grain-by-grain dissolution and reduces the rock strength, which leads to the formation of quartzite hillslopes, driven by a nutrient-acquisition strategy of vellozioid roots. The described biogeomorphic process determines trajectories of the development of landforms through time, slope-sediment production, slope morphology by the production of boulders and block fields, and sand patches that are reworked by surface runoff along the slope. The hillslopes and landforms that develop in campos rupestres are therefore products of self-reinforcing processes involving nutrient acquisition from bedrock by plants and denudation processes. Also, these positive feedbacks characterize the Velloziaceae species as ecosystem engineers.

Arabidopsis PLDζ1 and PLDζ2 localize to post-Golgi membrane compartments in a partially overlapping manner.

Arabidopsis PLDζ1 and PLDζ2 localize to the trans-Golgi network and to compartments including the trans-Golgi network, multi-vesicular bodies, and the tonoplast, respectively, depending on their N-terminal regions containing PX-PH domains. Phospholipase D (PLD) is involved in dynamic cellular processes, including membrane trafficking, cytoskeletal reorganization, and signal transduction for gene expression, through the production of phosphatidic acid in membrane compartments specific to each process. Although PLD plays crucial roles in various plant phenomena, the underlying processes involving PLD for each phenomenon remain largely elusive, partly because the subcellular localization of PLD remains obscure. In this study, we performed comparative subcellular localization analyses of the Arabidopsis thaliana PX-PH-PLDs PLDζ1 and PLDζ2. In mature lateral root cap cells, own promoter-driven fluorescence protein fusions of PLDζ1 localized to the entire trans-Golgi network (TGN) while that of PLDζ2 localized to punctate structures including part of the TGN and multi-vesicular bodies as well as the tonoplast. These localization patterns were reproduced using N-terminal partial proteins, which contain PX-PH domains. An inducibly overexpressed fluorescence protein fusion of the PLDζ2 partial protein first localized to punctate structures, and then accumulated predominantly on the tonoplast. Further domain dissection analysis revealed that the N-terminal moiety preceding the PX-PH domain of PLDζ2 was required for the tonoplast-predominant accumulation. These findings suggest that PLDζ1 and PLDζ2 play partially overlapping but nonetheless distinctive roles in post-Golgi compartments along the membrane trafficking pathway from the TGN to the tonoplast.

Can orchid mycorrhizal fungi be persistently harbored by the plant host?

The environmental distribution of non-obligate orchid mycorrhizal (OM) symbionts belonging to the ‘rhizoctonia’ complex remains elusive. Some of these fungi, indeed, are undetectable in soil outside the host rhizosphere. A manipulation experiment was performed to assess the importance of neighbouring non-orchid plants and soil as possible reservoirs of OM fungi for Spiranthes spiralis , a widespread photosynthetic European terrestrial orchid species. Fungi of S. spiralis roots were identified by DNA metabarcoding before and 4 months after the removal of the surrounding vegetation and soil. Although such a treatment significantly affected fungal colonization of newly-formed orchid roots, most OM fungi were consistently associated with the host roots. Frequency patterns in differently aged roots suggest that these fungi colonize new orchid roots from either older roots or other parts of the same plant, which may thus represent an environmental source for the subsequent establishment of the OM symbiosis. • We addressed the importance of vegetation and soil as reservoirs of orchid mycobionts. • Removal of other plants and soil impacted Spiranthes spiralis root fungal community. • Most orchid mycorrhizal fungi were consistently associated with the host roots. • Some fungi may colonize mature orchid roots from other parts of the same plant. • Our findings have implications for the interpretation of orchid distribution.

Resources of Rheum tataricum on the territory of Atyrau region

Rheum tataricumis a valuable medicinal plant, the underground organs of which are used in folk medicine. This article is devoted to the study of the resources of Rheum tataricumin the previously unsearched Atyrau region. The article presents the results of field surveys of steppe and desert territories of the Atyrau region with the identification of typical communities with the participation of Rheum tataricumand the determination of industrially valuable thickets. According to the results of field work, 12 populations with the participation of the Tatar rhubarb were identified. 3 industrial sites with a total area of 4,006 hectares were identified. The yield of raw root materials ranged from 7,320 to 11,240 kg/hectare. The total operational reserve amounted to 36,592 tons, and the volume of possible collection of raw materials — 5,489 tons. The obtained data indicates the possibility of industrial procurement of raw materials for the production of medicinal products.

Why forest fails to recover after repeated wildfires in Amazonian floodplains? Experimental evidence on tree recruitment limitation

Abstract Amazonian floodplain forests are particularly vulnerable to wildfires that spread during extreme droughts, causing large‐scale forest dieback. After a second wildfire, these forests persist trapped with low tree cover and empty seed banks, yet the mechanisms that could explain this arrested succession remain unknown. Here we use a 4‐year field experiment to test whether tree recruitment failures in burnt floodplain forests are caused by environmental filtering, limiting early seedling emergence and establishment. We sowed seeds and planted seedlings of six floodplain trees with contrasting life strategies, and tested the roles of environmental filters by comparing tree seedling performances under different habitats (i.e. unburned forest, forest edge with burnt site, forest burnt once and forest burnt twice), and by manipulating soil root mats and herbaceous cover. Our results show that seedling emergence was around 15% across all habitats. In general, seedlings performed best in burnt forests. Seedling growth was highest in forests burnt once, possibly because of high nutrient availability after fire. In forests burnt twice, tree seedlings grew relatively less, as nutrients become limiting due to flood erosion; yet, seedlings survived longer, possibly because of lower competition with sparse, naturally recruiting trees. We found similar patterns for seedlings that emerged in the field from sowed seeds. Synthesis. Our experimental evidence suggests that environmental filtering related to soil nutrient limitations may slow down forest recovery after repeated wildfires. Yet, our findings showing that floodplain trees are able to germinate from seeds and establish successfully in twice burnt forests suggest that seed limitation may be the reason why forest recovery fails persistently. A corollary to the problem is that repeatedly burnt forests seem to be trapped by a self‐reinforcing feedback, in which low tree cover reduces seed dispersal and consequently seed availability, keeping tree cover low. Overall, our findings indicate that active restoration initiatives based on seeding native tree species may help accelerating the recovery of degraded floodplain forests after repeated wildfires.

Expression Patterns of DNA Methylation and Demethylation Genes during Plant Development and in Response to Phytohormones.

DNA methylation and demethylation precisely and effectively modulate gene expression during plant growth and development and in response to stress. However, expression profiles of genes involved in DNA methylation and demethylation during plant development and their responses to phytohormone treatments remain largely unknown. We characterized the spatiotemporal expression patterns of genes involved in de novo methylation, methyl maintenance, and active demethylation in roots, shoots, and reproductive organs using β-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter lines. Promoters of DNA demethylases were generally more highly active at the mature root tissues, whereas the promoters of genes involved in DNA methylation were more highly active at fast-growing root tissues. The promoter activity also implies that methylation status in shoot apex, leaf primordia, floral organs, and developing embryos is under tight equilibrium through the activity of genes involved in DNA methylation and demethylation. The promoter activity of DNA methylation and demethylation-related genes in response to various phytohormone treatments revealed that phytohormones can alter DNA methylation status in specific and redundant ways. Overall, our results illustrate that DNA methylation and demethylation pathways act synergistically and antagonistically in various tissues and in response to phytohormone treatments and point to the existence of hormone-linked methylome regulation mechanisms that may contribute to tissue differentiation and development.

Leo Magnien: Clarières

Leo Magnien: Clarières

Early signalling processes in roots play a crucial role in the differential salt tolerance in contrasting Chenopodium quinoa accessions.

Significant variation in epidermal bladder cell (EBC) density and salt tolerance (ST) exists amongst quinoa accessions, suggesting that salt sequestration in EBCs is not the only mechanism conferring ST in this halophyte. In order to reveal other traits that may operate in tandem with salt sequestration in EBCs and whether these additional tolerance mechanisms acted mainly at the root or shoot level, two quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) accessions with contrasting ST and EBC densities (Q30, low ST with high EBC density versus Q68, with high ST and low EBC density) were studied. The results indicate that responses in roots, rather than in shoots, contributed to the greater ST in the accession with low EBC density. In particular, the tolerant accession had improved root plasma membrane integrity and K+ retention in the mature root zone in response to salt. Furthermore, superior ST in the tolerant Q68 was associated with faster and root-specific H2O2 accumulation and reactive oxygen species-induced K+ and Ca2+ fluxes in the root apex within 30 min after NaCl application. This was found to be associated with the constitutive up-regulation of the membrane-localized receptor kinases regulatory protein FERONIA in the tolerant accession. Taken together, this study shows that differential root signalling events upon salt exposure are essential for the halophytic quinoa; the failure to do this limits quinoa adaptation to salinity, independently of salt sequestration in EBCs.

Characterization of canola growth and in-vivo element fate in Canadian prairie under the interferences of tillage and residue treatment

Canola is one of the main crops produced in Canadian Prairie. It is important to provide an effective approach for improving the growth and yield of canola. The effects of tillage and residue management on the growth of canola have been analyzed in this study through evaluating physicochemical features of canola plants under the interferences of tillage and residue treatment. Synchrotron-based FTIR and X-ray Fluorescence Mapping technologies are used to examine the variation of different organisms and important metal elements in the canola plants at different stages. The effects of interactions among tillage and residue treatments on the growth state of canola plants at different growing stages are various. Content of lipid and protein in mature root are improved with the application of harrow treatment. The application of tillage management is beneficial for the content of some elements, while negatively influences the content of other metal elements.

The TCP transcription factor PeTCP10 modulates salt tolerance in transgenic Arabidopsis

PeTCP10 can be induced by salt stresses and play important regulation roles in salt stresses response in transgenic Arabidopsis. Salt stress is one of the major adverse environmental factors that affect normal plant development and growth. PeTCP10, a Class I TCP member, was markedly expressed in moso bamboo mature leaf, root and stem under normal conditions and also induced by salt stress. Overexpressed PeTCP10 was found to enhance salt tolerance of transgenic Arabidopsis at the vegetative growth stage. It was also found capable to increase relative water content, while decreasing relative electrolyte leakage and Na+ accumulation of transgenic Arabidopsis versus wild-type (WT) plants at high-salt conditions. In addition, it improved antioxidant capacity of transgenic Arabidopsis plants by promoting catalase activity and enhanced their H2O2 tolerance. In contrast to WT plants, transcriptome analysis demonstrated that multiple genes related to abscisic acid, salt and H2O2 response were induced after NaCl treatment in transgenic plants. Meanwhile, overexpressed PeTCP10 improved the tolerance of abscisic acid. Moreover, luciferase reporter assay results showed that PeTCP10 is able to directly activate the expression of BT2 in transgenic plants. In contrary, the germination rates of transgenic plants were significantly lower than those of WT plants under high-NaCl conditions. Both primary root length and survival rate at the seedling stage are also found lower in transgenic plants than in WT plants. It is concluded that overexpressed PeTCP10 enhances salt stress tolerance of transgenic plants at the vegetative growth stage, and it also improves salt sensitiveness in both germination and seedling stages. These research results will contribute to further understand the functions of TCPs in abiotic stress response.

Semantic segmentation model of cotton roots in-situ image based on attention mechanism

The growth and distribution of root system in the soil has an important influence on the growth of plants and is one of the important factors affecting crop production. However, the root system of plants is located in the dark and closed soil. Even if we can obtain high-definition root image from the complex soils, the interference of the soil particles on root system and the small difference of color between them will pose challenges for further root segmentation. In this experiment, the cotton mature root system is used as the research object. Based on the introduction of sub-pixel convolution DeepLabv3+ semantic segmentation model, we further added the attention mechanism to the model, assigning more weight to the pixel points of fine roots and their root hairs, and designed a semantic segmentation model of cotton roots in-situ image based on the attention mechanism. The experimental results show that the model has higher segmentation accuracy and operational efficiency than only introduces sub-pixel convolution DeepLabv3+ model, U-Net model and SegNet model. The precision value, recall value and F1-score are 0.9971, 0.9984 and 0.9937 respectively, and the IoU value of 161 untrained root image segmentation tasks was 0.9875. At the same time, we also performed segmentation experiments on the early cotton root images. The results show that the DeepLabv3+ model which only introduces sub-pixel convolution, U-Net model and SegNet model have poor segmentation effects. The semantic segmentation model based on attention mechanism proposed in this paper can be segmented accurately. The above results show that the proposed model can distinguish the cotton root system from the complex soil background accurately and has good segmentation effect. It can realize the accurate segmentation of root image in early and mature period in the process of cotton root growth, and provide important theoretical value and practical application reference for deep learning in plant root segmentation.

A single-cell morpho-transcriptomic map of brassinosteroid action in the Arabidopsis root

The effects of brassinosteroid signaling on shoot and root development have been characterized in great detail but a simple consistent positive or negative impact on a basic cellular parameter was not identified. In this study, we combined digital 3D single-cell shape analysis and single-cell mRNA sequencing to characterize root meristems and mature root segments of brassinosteroid-blind mutants and wild type. The resultant datasets demonstrate that brassinosteroid signaling affects neither cell volume nor cell proliferation capacity. Instead, brassinosteroid signaling is essential for the precise orientation of cell division planes and the extent and timing of anisotropic cell expansion. Moreover, we found that the cell-aligning effects of brassinosteroid signaling can propagate to normalize the anatomy of both adjacent and distant brassinosteroid-blind cells through non-cell-autonomous functions, which are sufficient to restore growth vigor. Finally, single-cell transcriptome data discern directly brassinosteroid-responsive genes from genes that can react non-cell-autonomously and highlight arabinogalactans as sentinels of brassinosteroid-dependent anisotropic cell expansion.

An Investigation of Pull-Out Force of Semi-Buried Lotus Roots after Hydraulic Scouring

Hydraulic scouring is the most effective approach to harvest lotus roots, but its application is largely restricted by the low harvesting rate. After hydraulic scouring, some mature lotus roots are still partially buried in the soil. Therefore, it is highly necessary to develop an appropriate approach to harvest semi-buried lotus roots. In this work, we for the first time studied the interaction between semi-buried lotus roots and soil, as well as analyzing the pull-out process and the factors affecting the pull-out force of semi-buried lotus roots. Firstly, a simple testing platform was designed based on the virtual prototype technology and the tests on pull-out force were conducted on five lotus roots with similar shape but different weights, with the burial depth and pull-out speed as the experimental factors. The results revealed that the maximum pull-out force is not significantly affected by the pull-out speed, whereas it is significantly influenced by the burial depth and the surface area of lotus roots. The maximum pull-out force increased with increasing lotus root surface area and burial depth. In addition, the discrete element method was employed to simulate the pull-out process of lotus root at different pull-out speeds. The simulation results indicated that a higher pull-out speed would result in a greater pull-out force at the same displacement of the lotus root from the soil. Both experimental and simulation results revealed that soil adhesion contributes the most to the pull-out resistance. It was also observed that a slight loosening of semi-buried lotus roots could drastically reduce the pull-out force. These results suggest that some kind of mechanical structure or improvement of water flow can be applied to the existing lotus root harvester to reduce the adhesion between lotus roots and soil. Overall, our findings provide a novel direction for optimizing hydraulic harvesting machines of lotus roots.

Intentional Replantation of a Second Premolar with Internal Resorption and Root Fracture: A Case Report

This case aims to detail intentional replantation as a last resort to save an otherwise hopeless premolar with perforated internal resorption and root fracture. Internal root resorption, progressive destruction of intraradicular dentin, is a condition that sometimes renders a tooth non-restorable. In the rare cases reported where severe internal resorption leads to root fracture, extraction of the tooth seemed to be a common treatment of choice, and a few literatures had reported endodontic surgery as an alternative treatment option. To date, there had been no report of treating internal root resorption using intentional replantation. A 20-year-old male presented swelling at the buccal region of his left maxillary second premolar (#13). Clinical examination revealed a sinus tract and fractured dens evaginatus at the occlusal surface of the tooth. Radiographically, a large area of radiolucency was detected within the middle third of the root, where root fracture was present, leaving a triangular-shaped mature root apex. The condition was diagnosed as internal root resorption and root fracture. Endodontic surgery was excluded from treatment choices due to potential damage of periodontal bone. Instead, intentional replantation was performed, with the application of biomaterials including mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) and platelet-rich fibrin (L-PRF). The tooth achieved satisfactory healing and remained asymptomatic after 2 years of follow-up. The successful outcome of the case suggests that intentional replantation could preserve a fractured tooth caused by internal root resorption. Incorporated application of biomaterials, such as MTA and L-PRF, might as well improve the chances of saving this otherwise hopeless tooth. Through careful planning and execution, intentional replantation is a viable alternative treatment option to preserve a fractured tooth caused by internal root resorption, while leaving periodontal bone architecture almost intact. How to cite this article: Yang Y, Zhang B, Huang C, et al. Intentional Replantation of a Second Premolar with Internal Resorption and Root Fracture: A Case Report. J Contemp Dent Pract 2021;22(5):562-567.

Effects of graphene on morphology, microstructure and transcriptomic profiling of Pinus tabuliformis Carr. roots.

Graphene has shown great potential for improving growth of many plants, but its effect on woody plants remains essentially unstudied. In this work, Pinus tabuliformis Carr. bare-rooted seedlings grown outdoors in pots were irrigated with a graphene solution over a concentration range of 0–50 mg/L for six months. Graphene was found to stimulate root growth, with a maximal effect at 25 mg/L. We then investigated root microstructure and carried out transcript profiling of root materials treated with 0 and 25 mg/L graphene. Graphene treatment resulted in plasma-wall separation and destruction of membrane integrity in root cells. More than 50 thousand of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were obtained by RNA sequencing, among which 6477 could be annotated using other plant databases. The GO enrichment analysis and KEGG pathway analysis of the annotated DEGs indicated that abiotic stress responses, which resemble salt stress, were induced by graphene treatment in roots, while responses to biotic stimuli were inhibited. Numerous metabolic processes and hormone signal transduction pathways were altered by the treatment. The growth promotion effects of graphene may be mediated by encouraging proline synthesis, and suppression of the expression of the auxin response gene SMALL AUXIN UP-REGULATED RNA 41 (SAUR41), PYL genes which encode ABA receptors, and GSK3 homologs.

A multicentric survey to evaluate preclinical education in Endodontology in German-speaking countries.

To evaluate preclinical education in Endodontology at Austrian, German and Swiss dental schools using an online survey. An online survey divided into nine categories was sent using SurveyMonkey software to 37 dental schools, before the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic. The questionnaire included 50 questions to evaluate preclinical endodontic education, such as faculty-to-student ratios, topics taught and materials used, in preclinical phantom head courses. Seven and 14days after the first e-mail contact, dental schools received a reminder e-mail. After four and six weeks, the dental schools were contacted by telephone and asked to participate in the online survey. The processing time was eight weeks in total. The response rate was 89%. Preclinical endodontic education at the participating dental schools differs considerably. Theory classes ranged from 1 to 70h (15h mean), and practical classes ranged from 3 to 78h (39h mean). The faculty-to-student ratio varied between 1:4 and 1:38 (1:15mean). Forty-five per cent of the dental schools had a specialist in endodontics teaching theory. Several dental microscopes were available for preclinical teaching purposes at 82% of the dental schools. The majority (82%) taught root canal preparation with rotary or reciprocating NiTi instruments. Overall, 85% of the dental schools taught lateral compaction, amongst other methods, for canal filling. A substantial divergence amongst the dental schools regarding the time dedicated to theory and practical instruction in Endodontology was reported. However, convergence in the use of root canal treatment techniques and materials was reported.

Comparative transcriptome analysis of Rosa chinensis ‘Old Blush’ provides insights into the crucial factors and signaling pathways in salt stress response

AbstractThe growth, development, and quality production of Rosa hybrida L. are the core issues for being able to have good yields. Inadequate information on genetic background and resistance has hindered the ability to continue improving flower quality, and most cultivars continue to have lower‐than‐desired levels of resistance. Therefore, this study sequenced the transcription group of the R. chinensis Jacq. ‘Old Blush’ under high salt stress. Transcription group sequencing was carried out on root and leaf materials at different points in time (0, 2, 24, and 48 h) under a high salt stress condition of NaHCO3. The monthly salt stress recorded within 48‐h Ca2+ sensors was mainly calmodulin and calcium‐binding protein. The kinase 5 (RC2G0184500) began to show significant increase from 24‐ and 48‐h process time, respectively, within the leaf blades and the root. There was an increase of superoxide dismutase and L‐ascorbate peroxidase from the 2‐ and 48‐h processing times, respectively. Within the blades, MYB4, MYB41, MYB44, MYB20, MYB62, and MYB14 had a log2Foldchange of >4. ERF109 had a log2Foldchange of 7. NAC‐like transcription factors had more differential genes in the root than in the leaves, with a log2Foldchange of NAC67, NAC52, NAC16, and NAC2 of >4. The plant hormone signal transduction‐related genes involved were abscisic acid, growth hormone, ethylene, erythromycin, jasmine acid, salbonate, and cell division. The EIN4 and EIN3 were only raised in the leaf and the serine/threonine‐protein kinase CTR1 was raised in the root, whereas the ethylene pathway was mainly in the leaves. Auxin‐responsive protein SAUR72 and SAUR50 were raised in the leaves and the other auxin‐responsive protein and SAUR expression in the root were low. The IAA2 was revised upward in the leaf and the IAA11 was revised upward in the root, whereas the rest were revised downward. In conclusion, the study revealed several genes and hormones that are key in salt stress response.