Root Length Measurements Research Articles

Cytotoxic and Genotoxic Studies on the Mucus of Indian Volute Melo broderipii (Gmelin 1758) and Spider Conch Lambis lambis (Linn 1758)

Gastropod mucus has been shown to possess antibacterial and antitumorcidal properties. Melo broderipii and Lambis lambis are two gastropods abundant in the Philippines and claimed to have antibacterial and antioxidant properties but no available data yet on its cytotoxic and genotoxic effects. The aim of this study was to evaluate, for the first time, the cytotoxic and genotoxic effect of mucus from Melo broderipii and Lambis lambis. For cytotoxic effect determination, microscopic observation for cell arrest, cell bursting and morphological distortion of the developing sea urchin embryo and quantification of affected zygotes were conducted. For genotoxic effect determination, root length measurement and microscopic observation for chromosomal aberration of onion root tip were conducted. Results for cytotoxic effect showed that Melo broderipii mucus (80% v/v) test solution (TS) had 70% cytotoxic activity while Lambis lambis (80% v/v)TS had 65% cytotoxic activity. Cell arrest (40%) was the most prominent parameter for both test solutions. For genotoxic effect, Melo broderipii mucus (100% v/v) elicited root growth of 0.244 cm while Lambis lambis mucus (100% v/v) exhibited root growth of 0.367 cm. Bridges and fragments of chromosomes were observed in 100% TS of Melo broderipii while vargrants and binucleated chromosomes in 100% TS of L. lambis. Alkaloids, terpenes and proteins present in the mucus of Melo broderipii and Lambis lambis account for the cytotoxic and genotoxic effects.

Assessment of phenolic herbicide toxicity and mode of action by different assays.

A phytotoxicity assay based on seed germination/root elongation has been optimized and used to evaluate the toxic effects of some phenolic herbicides. The method has been improved by investigating the influence of experimental conditions. Lepidium sativum was chosen as the most suitable species, showing high germinability, good repeatability of root length measurements, and low sensitivity to seed pretreatment. DMSO was the most appropriate solvent carrier for less water-soluble compounds. Three dinitrophenols and three hydroxybenzonitriles were tested: dinoterb, DNOC, 2,4-dinitrophenol, chloroxynil, bromoxynil, and ioxynil. Toxicity was also determined using the Vibrio fischeri Microtox® test, and a highly significant correlation was found between EC50 values obtained by the two assays. Dinoterb was the most toxic compound. The toxicity of hydroxybenzonitriles followed the order: ioxynil >bromoxynil >chloroxynil; L. sativum exhibited a slightly higher sensitivity than V. fischeri to these compounds. A QSAR analysis highlighted the importance of hydrophobic, electronic, and hydrogen-bonding interactions, in accordance with a mechanism of toxic action based on protonophoric uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation. The results suggest that the seed germination/root elongation assay with L. sativum is a valid tool for the assessment of xenobiotic toxicity and can be recommended as part of a test battery.

Quantifying herbicide dose–response and resistance in Echinochloa spp. by measuring root length in growth pouches

Zhang, C. J., Lim, S. H., Kim, J. W., Song, J. S., Yook, M. J., Nah, G., Valverde, N. E. and Kim, D. S. 2015. Quantifying herbicide dose–response and resistance in Echinochloa spp. by measuring root length in growth pouches. Can. J. Plant Sci. 95: 1181–1192. The aim of the presented study was to develop a bioassay for rapid diagnosis of herbicide dose–response and resistance in Echinochloa. Pre-germinated seeds of Echinochloa spp. were incubated in growth pouches (18 cm×16.5 cm) containing herbicide solutions in a range of concentrations. Shoot and root lengths were measured after 6 d of incubation. Dose–responses estimated by measuring root lengths in the growth pouches were well-described by the log-logistic dose–response model and similar to those estimated by a whole-plant assay. Accurate dose–response curves were successfully generated for several herbicides with different modes of action, suggesting that the growth pouch method can be used for herbicide bioassays. The suitability of the growth pouch method for rapid diagnosis of acetyl coenzyme-A carboxylase (ACCase) and acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibitor resistance in Echinochloa spp. was also tested. For cyhalofop-butyl, resistant and susceptible biotypes were discriminated at 180–300 mg a.i. L−1 and 80–120 mg a.i. L−1 for barnyardgrass (E. crus-galli) and late watergrass (E. oryzicola), respectively. For penoxsulam, the discriminatory dosage was 350–500 mg a.i. L−1 for barnyardgrass and 650–1000 mg a.i. L−1 for late watergrass. The method was further used to identify late watergrass biotypes resistant and susceptible to two other ALS inhibitors, azimsulfuron and bispyribac-sodium. Our results show that the growth pouch method can be reliably used in herbicide dose–response studies and to diagnose herbicide resistance in Echinochloa spp., with significant time and cost savings compared with conventional whole-plant assays.

Mandibular molar protraction as an alternative treatment for edentulous spaces: Focus on changes in root length and alveolar bone height

BackgroundThe authors conducted a retrospective cohort study to investigate external apical root resorption (EARR) and alveolar bone loss (ABL) after protraction of the mandibular molars by using miniscrews. MethodsThe authors protracted 51 mandibular molars in 37 adults into an edentulous area by using sliding mechanics with a lever arm or a miniscrew-supported root spring. The authors measured root length and alveolar bone height on panoramic radiographs and corrected according to the crown length registration method. The authors measured the amounts of crown movement (CM) and root movement (RM) on the superimposed lateral cephalometric radiographs along the mandibular occlusal plane. The authors used a linear mixed model to determine the risk factors for EARR and ABL. ResultsAll edentulous spaces closed successfully in an average of 31.7 months, and the average CM and RM were 4.97 and 8.64 millimeters, respectively, with an RM:CM ratio of 2.81. The root length decreased significantly by 0.80 mm (5.53%), but EARR of more than 2 mm occurred in only 4.0% of molars. The alveolar bone height was reduced significantly by 0.56 mm, but ABL of more than 2 mm occurred in only 2.0% of molars. Linear mixed model results revealed that EARR and ABL correlated only with RM and age, respectively. ConclusionsProtraction of the mandibular molars into an edentulous area by using miniscrews was effective and safe, especially in younger adults. Practical ImplicationsProtraction of the mandibular molars can be considered as an alternative treatment to conventional prosthetic treatment in the restoration of edentulous space, especially in young adults, if patients accept longer treatment duration.

VIGOR TESTS ASSOCIATION AS AN ALTERNATIVE FOR PRECISE AND EFFICIENT ASSESSMENT OF MAIZE SEED QUALITY

ABSTRACT: This study aimed to associate two concepts of seed vigor testing, the aging and seedling growth using image analysis, providing a feasible and time-saving way to evaluate maize seed vigor in large scale. For this purpose, five seed lots with different vigor levels from two single hybrids were used. The seeds were characterized by moisture content, germination, seedling emergence, seedling emergence speed index, accelerated aging and cold tests. The treatments were composed by varying the accelerated aging periods (0, 24, 48, 72 and 96h) and seedling growth periods (48 and 72h), before submitting the seedlings to image analysis for seedling root length measurement. Considering the results obtained, the adaptation of accelerated aging test by reducing the aging duration from 96h to 48h, and the replacement of the germination test by seedling root length measurement using image analysis could be considered a potential tool for maize seed vigor assessment. The treatments composed of 48h of seed aging followed by seedlings root length measurements using image analysis provided reliable data, compared to traditional vigor tests and it could be considered an efficient and time-saving approach, associating two different concepts of seed vigor analysis.

ALLIUM CEPA L. (AMARYLIDACEAE) KÖK UCU HÜCRELERİ ÜZERİNE ULTRAVİYOLE RADYASYONUN FİZYOLOJİK VE GENOTOKSİK ETKİLERİNİN ARAŞTIRILMASI

In this study the physiological and cytogenetic effects of different wave length of UV radiation (260, 320 and 400 nm) were investigated on Allium cepa. The physiologic changes investigated with the measurement of germination percentage, root length and weight gain, cytogenetic changes determined with micronucleus (MN) formation and chromosomal aberrations under a light microscope. Healthy and approximately equal sized Allium cepa bulbs were used in this study. All seeds of the control and treatment groups were germinated in tap water, and seeds of treatment groups treated with 260, 320 and 400 nm wave length of UV radiation. As a result, UV radiation treatment decreased the root length, weight gain and germination percentage and this increase were determined as inversely proportional to wavelength. UV radiation treatment also encougered various chromosomal aberrations and MN formation and this encouragement shows that DNA molecules absorb UV radiation at 260 nm wavelength as the best. As a result, we are constantly exposed UV radiation because of the sun's rays has toxic effects in certain wavelengths is demonstrated using the Allium cepa test material

Growth and Development of Basil Transplants (Ocimum basilicum L.)under Biostimulants Application

In this study, the influence of biostimulants Radifarm® on basil transplants (Ocimum basilicum L.) growth and development was examined.Seedlings transplanted into the PVC containers φ9 cm,the plants were tre­ated with the biostimulant concentration of 0.30% or untreated(control). During the experiment recorded the morphological indicators of growth and development of seedlings(plant height, number of leaves), and finally made measuring root length and fresh and dry weight of roots and above-groundparts.The aim of this study was to determine whether, to what extent and in what manner applied biostimulator impact on improved growth and root development of seedlings of basil, and thus improve the adaptation of the young seedlings in abiotical stress of transplanting into the open field. All the traits were affected by treatment with biostimulants a certain duration of the experiment.Research indicates that the use of biostimulants in the production of basil enhances the growth and development of roots and above-ground parts which is a prerequisite for faster plant adaptation on stress during transplanting.

Alveolar bone thickness and root length changes in the treatment of skeletal Class III patients facilitated by improved corticotomy: a cone-beam CT analysis

To evaluate the alveolar bone thickness and root length changes of anterior teeth with cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). CBCT scans were taken for 12 skeletal Class III patients who accepted the improved corticotomy (IC) procedures during pre-surgical orthodontics. The CBCT data in T1 (the maxillary dental arch was aligned and leveled) and T2 (extraction space closure) were superimposed and the alveolar bone thickness at root apex level and root length measurements were done. From T1 to T2, the buccal alveolar bone thickness for the upper lateral incisors increased from (1.89±0.83) to (2.47±1.02) mm (P<0.05), and for central incisors and for canines from (2.32±0.71) to (2.68±1.48) mm and from (2.28±1.08) to (2.41±1.40) mm, respectively. According to Sharpe Grading System, the root resorption grade for 69 teeth of 72 was located in Grade 1, two teeth in Grade 2, one tooth in Grade 3. The improved corticotomy had the potential to increase the buccal alveolar bone thickness and the root resorption in most teeth was in Grade 1 according to Sharpe grading system.

Rhizometer: An Apparatus to Observe and Measure Root Growth and Its Effect on Container Substrate Physical Properties Over Time

Container production of plants use substrates that are formulated to have adequate physical properties to sustain optimal plant growth; however, these properties can change over time as a result of substrate settling and root growth of the growing plant in the container. An apparatus (rhizometer) was developed that measures the changes caused by plant roots on physical properties of substrates during crop production in containers. The design of the rhizometer included a clear core, which allowed for observing and measuring a range of root system characteristics in situ, including total root length visible along the rhizometer. Physical properties of planted and fallow rhizometers were measured, and the effect of four species on substrate physical properties was determined. There was a general decrease in substrate total porosity and air space (AS) over time with both fallow and planted rhizometers as a result of both settling of the substrate and root growth into the substrate. Container capacity did not change over time with or without roots. Plants with large root systems such as Begonia ×hybrida acut. decreased AS over time, whereas plants of Rudbeckia hirta L. with a smaller root system did not have the same effect. Measured total root length was highly correlated to the total dry root mass of Tagetes erecta L. and Zinnia marylandica D.M. Spooner, Stimart &amp; T. Boyle plants. This may allow tracing and measuring root lengths to be another (alternative) method to measure root systems. Planted rhizometers also allowed easy access for viewing the root system non-destructively, providing the ability to observe and measure root growth.

Effects of plant roots on soil preferential pathways and soil matrix in forest ecosystems

To characterize effects of plant roots on preferential flow (PF), we measured root length density (RLD) and root biomass (RB) in Jiufeng National Forest Park, Beijing, China. Comparisons were made for RLD and RB between soil preferential pathways and soil matrices. RLD and RB declined with the increasing soil depth (0–10, 10–20, 20–30, 30–40, 40–50, 50–60 cm) in all experimental plots. RLD was greater in soil preferential pathways than in the surrounding soil matrix and was 69.5, 75.0 and 72.2 % for plant roots of diameter (d) <1, 1 < d < 3 and 3 < d < 5 mm, respectively. Fine root systems had the most pivotal influence on soil preferential flow in this forest ecosystem. In all experimental plots, RB content was the sum of RB from soil preferential pathways and the soil matrix in each soil depth. With respect to 6 soil depth gradient (0–10, 10–20, 20–30, 30–40, 40–50, 50–60 cm) in each plot, the number of soil depth gradient that RB content was greater in soil preferential pathways than in the soil matrix was characterized, and the proportion was 68.2 % in all plots.

Public-domain software for root image analysis

In the search for high efficiency in root studies, computational systems have been developed to analyze digital images. ImageJ and Safira are public-domain systems that may be used for image analysis of washed roots. However, differences in root properties measured using ImageJ and Safira are supposed. This study compared values of root length and surface area obtained with public-domain systems with values obtained by a reference method. Root samples were collected in a banana plantation in an area of a shallower Typic Carbonatic Haplic Cambisol (CXk), and an area of a deeper Typic Haplic Ta Eutrophic Cambisol (CXve), at six depths in five replications. Root images were digitized and the systems ImageJ and Safira used to determine root length and surface area. The line-intersect method modified by Tennant was used as reference; values of root length and surface area measured with the different systems were analyzed by Pearson's correlation coefficient and compared by the confidence interval and t-test. Both systems ImageJ and Safira had positive correlation coefficients with the reference method for root length and surface area data in CXk and CXve. The correlation coefficient ranged from 0.54 to 0.80, with lowest value observed for ImageJ in the measurement of surface area of roots sampled in CXve. The IC (95 %) revealed that root length measurements with Safira did not differ from that with the reference method in CXk (-77.3 to 244.0 mm). Regarding surface area measurements, Safira did not differ from the reference method for samples collected in CXk (-530.6 to 565.8 mm²) as well as in CXve (-4231 to 612.1 mm²). However, measurements with ImageJ were different from those obtained by the reference method, underestimating length and surface area in samples collected in CXk and CXve. Both ImageJ and Safira allow an identification of increases or decreases in root length and surface area. However, Safira results for root length and surface area are closer to the results obtained with the reference method.

Root length of aquatic plant, Lemna minor L., as an optimal toxicity endpoint for biomonitoring of mining effluents.

Lemna minor, a free-floating macrophyte, is used for biomonitoring of mine effluent quality under the Metal Mining Effluent Regulations (MMER) of the Environmental Effects Monitoring (EEM) program in Canada and is known to be sensitive to trace metals commonly discharged in mine effluents such as Ni. Environment Canada's standard toxicity testing protocol recommends frond count (FC) and dry weight (DW) as the 2 required toxicity endpoints-this is similar to other major protocols such as those by the US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)-that both require frond growth or biomass endpoints. However, we suggest that similar to terrestrial plants, average root length (RL) of aquatic plants will be an optimal and relevant endpoint. As expected, results demonstrate that RL is the ideal endpoint based on the 3 criteria: accuracy (i.e., toxicological sensitivity to contaminant), precision (i.e., lowest variance), and ecological relevance (metal mining effluents). Roots are known to play a major role in nutrient uptake in conditions of low nutrient conditions-thus having ecological relevance to freshwater from mining regions. Root length was the most sensitive and precise endpoint in this study where water chemistry varied greatly (pH and varying concentrations of Ca, Mg, Na, K, dissolved organic carbon, and an anthropogenic organic contaminant, sodium isopropyl xanthates) to match mining effluent ranges. Although frond count was a close second, dry weight proved to be an unreliable endpoint. We conclude that toxicity testing for the floating macrophyte should require average RL measurement as a primary endpoint.

Mannitol Application Alleviates Boron Toxicity in Wheat Seedlings

Boron (B) toxicity is a considerable mineral nutritional problem for crop production in arid and semi-arid regions worldwide. The effect of mannitol (M) in wheat seedlings that are tolerant and sensitive to excessive B was studied to reduce B toxicity symptoms. Plants were grown in a peat with different concentrations of boric acid (0, 30, 45, 60 mg kg−1) and treated additionally with M (0, 1, 5, 10 g kg−1). Seedlings grown for 8 weeks were harvested for root length, shoot length, and dry-weight measurements and analyzed for B content of leaves. Compared with control groups (no boric acid treatment), B toxicity caused reductions in root length, shoot length, and dry weight of both wheat cultivars. Significant increases on growth parameters were observed under B treatments, the greatest with 1 g kg−1 M application in a tolerant bread cultivar. On the other hand, 10 g kg−1 M application under 60 mg kg−1 B treatment gave also good results on root length in a sensitive durum cultivar. Significant decreases in leaf B content were observed under B treatments with all M applications in both wheat cultivars, the greatest with 5 g kg−1 M application. The results suggest that M applications may have a possible role in overcoming in B toxicity in wheat grown in the field.

Chemiluminescent examination of abiotic oxidative stress of watercress

Watercress (Nasturtium officinale) is an aquatic plant that readily bioaccumulates heavy metals that may be found in contaminated aquatic systems. Toxic effects of contaminants on the physiological processes cause changes in oxidase enzymatic activity in watercress, which can be measured with a luminometer. The luminometer uses the reaction produced when peroxidases break down hydrogen peroxide into water and an oxygen radical. The resulting oxyradical binds to and oxidizes phenolic groups, producing a measureable luminescent reaction. Nasturtium officinale plants were exposed to 3 different concentrations of heavy metals, including lead, nickel, copper, and manganese for 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h. Aquatic exposure to the 4 heavy metals caused a significant increase in oxidative enzyme production. Fluorometric and morphometric measurements were also conducted to compare plant stress with the oxidative enzyme analyses. Fluorometric measurements performed on plants stressed by exposure to heavy metals revealed no significant decreases in photosystem II efficiency. Morphometric measurements of root length showed decreased root growth resulting from exposures to Ni, Cu, and Mn.

Sexual dimorphism of root length on a Greek population sample

Sexual dimorphism in teeth has been an area of research for osteoarchaeologists and forensic anthropologists studying human skeletal remains. As most studies have been based on the mesiodistal and buccolingual crown measurements, sexual dimorphism from root length dimensions remains “neglected” by comparison to crown dimensions. The aim of the present study was to test the existence of sexual dimorphism in the root length of single-rooted teeth with the purpose of investigating whether maximum root length can be reliably used to determine sex. A total of 774 permanent teeth in 102 individuals (58 males and 44 females) from the Athens Collection were examined. The maximum root length of each tooth was measured on the mesial, distal, buccal, and lingual side. Almost all teeth presented a high degree of sexual dimorphism with males showing numerically higher values in root length than females. The most dimorphic teeth were the maxillary second incisors followed by maxillary canines. The percentage of sexual dimorphism reached 16.56%, with maxillary teeth showing the highest degree of dimorphism. The classification results show that the overall correctly specified group percentage ranged from 58.6% to 90.0%. The data generated from this study suggest that root length measurements offer a reliable method for determining sex and are therefore useful in osteoarchaeological studies, particularly in cases of fragmented or cremated material, but also in forensic contexts. Moreover, root length can be used to separate the remains of female and male subadult individuals with a high level of accuracy thus addressing one of the most problematic issues in human osteoarchaeology and anthropology as immature skeletons are the most difficult to sex.

Application of SmartRoot system for determining morphological parameters of fine roots of Hevea brasiliensis

Aims Our objective was to examine the possibility of using SmartRoot, free software based on ImageJ, for the measurement of fine root length, surface area, volume and diameter of Hevea brasiliensis. Methods Photos were taken at heights of 15 and 40 cm from the fine root samples before the samples were sub- jected to comparison for accuracy of measurement of fine root length, surface area, volume and diameter of H. brasiliensis. The same images were analyzed manually and semi-automatically as well. Then the results obtained from SmartRoot were compared with those from WinRhizo, an expensive, popular, professional software for root analysis. Important findings The average normal root mean square errors (NRMSE) between 15 and 40 cm height for fine root length, surface area, volume and diameter were 2.87%, 15.73%, 32.38% and 16.88%, respectively. In addi- tion, the NRMSE between manual and semi-automatic analysis for the same morphological parameters were 3.06%, 21.00%, 40.96% and 11.64%, respectively. Furthermore the NRMSE between SmartRoot and WinRhizo on fine root length, surface area, volume and diameter were 5.31%, 9.37%, 9.61% and 5.77%, respectively, signify- ing a high consistency between the two software systems. The results indicated that it is feasible to employ the SmartRoot system for determination of fine-root morphological parameters of H. brasiliensis due to its satisfac- tory accuracy, reliability, easy operation and time-saving advantages. For better accuracy, photos are recom- mended to be taken at the height of 15 cm and analyzed with the semi-automatic method.

Chemiluminescent examination of abiotic oxidative stress of watercress.

Watercress (Nasturtium officinale) is an aquatic plant that readily bioaccumulates heavy metals that may be found in contaminated aquatic systems. Toxic effects of contaminants on the physiological processes cause changes in oxidase enzymatic activity in watercress, which can be measured using a luminometer. The luminometer uses the reaction produced when peroxidases break down hydrogen peroxide into water and an oxygen radical. The resulting oxyradical binds to and oxidizes phenolic groups producing a measureable luminescent reaction. N. officinale plants were exposed to three different concentrations of heavy metals including lead, nickel, copper, and manganese for 24, 48, and 72 hour exposures. Aquatic exposure to the four heavy metals caused a significant increase in oxidative enzyme production. Fluorometric and morphometric measurements were also conducted in order to compare plant stress to the oxidative enzyme analyses. Fluorometric measurements performed on plants stressed by exposure to heavy metals revealed no significant decreases in photosystem II efficiency. Morphometric measurements of root length showed decreased root growth resulting from exposures to nickel, copper, and manganese. Environ Toxicol Chem © 2013 SETAC.

Effects of super absorbent polymers on soil microbial properties and Chinese cabbage (Brassica chinensis) growth

New water retention materials, super absorbent polymers (SAPs), have shown the potential to improve some soil physicochemical properties and promote growth of some crop species in arid and semi-arid areas. However, the impacts of SAPs on soil microbial properties are unclear. This study was conducted to clarify the effects of two SAPs on soil microbial properties and Chinese cabbage (Brassica chinensis) growth under different water conditions in the greenhouse. Experimental conditions included different irrigation conditions and different quantities of SAPs. Chinese cabbage was harvested after 1-month growth in the greenhouse. Meanwhile, soil samples were collected and sieved (<2-mm mesh). Some of the soils were kept at −4 °C for analysis of soil physicochemical properties, and some at −20 °C for analysis of soil microbial properties. Chinese cabbage samples were thoroughly washed with deionized water for the measurement of fresh weight, shoot length, and root length. The effects from SAPs were not obvious under water sufficient (WC1, watered every 2 days, and WC2, watered every 4 days) since plant properties were smaller in some SAP treatments than those in control. However, under water deficit (WC3, watered every 8 days), there were significant differences in plant shoot length and fresh weight between SAP treatments. There were also significant differences in relative soil water content between water condition (WC) or SAP treatments. The SAPs were beneficial for the formation of large aggregates. Under WC3, the soil organic matter (SOM) increased by 16.9 and 11.5 %, soil microbial biomass C (SMBC) by 32.5 and 19.3 %, and soil microbial respiration (SMR) by 52.1 and 37.2 % with Jaguar C (JC) and Jaguar S (JS), respectively. Under WC1 and WC2, significantly higher copy numbers of AOA in bulk treatment of JC were found compared with control treatment in this study. Under water deficit, the abundance of bacteria was significantly increased by application of SAPs. For almost every property of soil and plant, JC was showing better effects than JS. Our results showed that cabbage growth was restricted under water-deficit conditions and the application of SAPs could conserve soil water and be useful for increasing cabbage growth under water deficit, improving SOM, SMBC, and SMR under different WC, and stimulating amoA gene AOA copy numbers and bacterial gene copy numbers. Thus, there should be no adverse effects of SAP application on soil microbial environment and Chinese cabbage growth.

Grapevine rootstock effects on scion sap phenolic levels, resistance to Xylella fastidiosa infection, and progression of Pierce's disease.

The xylem-limited bacterium Xylella fastidiosa (Xf) causes Pierce's disease (PD), an important disease of grapevine, Vitis vinifera L. Grapevine rootstocks were developed to provide increased resistance to root disease, but rootstock effects on cane and vine diseases remain unclear. Grapevines that consisted of Cabernet Sauvignon or Chardonnay grafted to 13 different rootstocks were inoculated with Xf and evaluated for PD severity and Xf titer after 6 months. A subset of six rootstock/scion combinations had xylem sap phenolic levels assessed in non-infected and Xf-infected grapevines. Vigor also was analyzed by measuring root lengths and masses. Cabernet Sauvignon grafted to 101-14MG, 1103P, 420A, or Schwarzmann had reduced PD severity compared to Cabernet Sauvignon grafted to 110R, 5BB, or SO4. Chardonnay grafted to Salt Creek or Freedom had reduced PD severity compared to Chardonnay grafted to RS3 or Schwarzmann. Chardonnay grafted to RS3 had greater Xf titer than Chardonnay grafted to 101-14MG, Freedom, or Salt Creek. No other differences in Xf titer among rootstocks were observed. Of the six scion/rootstock combinations which had xylem sap phenolics analyzed, Chardonnay/RS3 had the highest levels of most phenolics whereas Cabernet Sauvignon/101-14MG had the lowest phenolic levels. However, Chardonnay/101-14MG, which had mild PD symptoms, had greater sap levels of caftaric acid than other scion/rootstock combinations. Sap levels of caftaric acid, methyl salicylate, a procyanidin trimer, and quinic acid were greater in Xf-infected vs. non-infected grapevines. Chardonnay on 101-14MG or Salt Creek had greater root mass than Chardonnay on RS3. Cabernet Sauvignon on 101-14MG had greater root mass than Cabernet Sauvignon on 110R. These results identified rootstocks with the capacity for reducing PD symptom progression. Rootstocks also were shown to affect Xf titer, xylem sap phenolic levels, and plant vigor.

Crown and root lengths of incisors, canines, and premolars measured by cone-beam computed tomography in patients with malocclusions

ObjectiveThe purposes of this study were to determine the accuracy of crown and root length measurements of premolars using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) and to generate reference CBCT-based data on incisor, canine, and premolar lengths in patients with malocclusions.MethodsImaging was performed using a CBCT scanner with a 0.292-mm voxel size and 12-bit grayscale. The CBCT-based length measurements were compared with direct measurements of 94 subsequently extracted premolars without metal restorations using the paired t-test. Furthermore, the crown and root lengths of incisors, canines, and premolars in 62 Korean patients with malocclusions were measured using CBCT, and Pearson's correlation coefficients were calculated to examine the relationship between the crown and root length measurements of each tooth type.ResultsThe differences between the CBCT-based and direct measurements of the extracted premolars were not significant, with 95% limits of agreement of -0.90 to 0.90 mm for crown length and -1.23 to 1.18 mm for root length. Weak positive correlations between the crown and root length measurements were observed for the mandibular canine and premolars.ConclusionsThe CBCT-based measurements showed a wider range of limits of agreements for root length than for crown length. The CBCT-based data can be used as a reference for evaluating root length and resorption of teeth without metal restorations in patients with malocclusions.