Room Temperature Tensile Properties Research Articles

Synergistic influence of cerium and yttrium micro-addition on microstructure and mechanical tensile properties of K465 nickel based superalloy

The microstructures and room temperature tensile properties of a nickel-based cast superalloy K465 were investigated with the cerium (Ce) and cerium + yttrium (Y) additions, respectively. In K465 superalloys, Ce element was found to distribute in the internal grains of K465. And, the Y element was shown to combine towards with the MC carbides. The tensile properties experienced increasement with the addition of Ce and Y, 0.86 % increasement for Ce addition and 8.35 % increasement for Ce + Y addition. The synergistic effect of rare earths element plays a positive role in the mechanical properties of the nickel based superalloy.

Mapping the roles of scan strategy and build orientation in predicting the crystallographic texture and yield strength of 316L stainless steel produced by laser powder bed fusion

Laser Powder Bed Fusion (L-PBF) has emerged as a leading additive manufacturing (AM) technique for manufacturing complex metal parts, with 316L stainless steel being favored for its exceptional corrosion resistance and mechanical properties. While previous studies have explored the effects of different scan strategies and build orientations on the microstructure and room temperature tensile properties of L-PBF printed 316L stainless steel, there is still a lack of a comprehensive predictive model that accurately captures the combined effects of these process parameters on the final crystallographic texture and tensile properties. This study presents a novel approach that establishes a direct correlation between process parameters, microstructure, and mechanical behavior by modeling the influence of scan strategy rotation angles and build orientations on the crystallographic texture of L-PBF-manufactured 316L stainless steel. To validate the model, a series of samples were fabricated using various scan strategy rotation angles and build orientations, enabling detailed microstructural analysis and mechanical testing. The findings demonstrate a direct relationship between the selected process parameters and the resulting mechanical properties, underscoring the importance of scan strategy and build orientation selection on mechanical response. Furthermore, our calibrated model exhibits high predictive accuracy as validated through a comparison with experimental data.

Effect of pre-precipitation thermomechanical treatment on precipitation behavior of CLAM steel

China Low Activation Martensitic steel (CLAM) is a cladding material used in thermonuclear fusion reactors. Its high temperature performance is closely related to precipitation strengthening. The MX phase with strong thermal stability is the key to improving the high temperature performance of CLAM steel, and the M23C6 phase which is easy to coarsen under long-term high temperature service conditions is one of the important factors causing creep failure. In order to increase the content of MX phase and reduce the content of M23C6 phase, this paper first pre-precipitates near the precipitation temperature of M23C6 phase (which is also close to the maximum precipitation temperature of MX phase), which limits the precipitation of M23C6 phase and promotes the maximum precipitation of MX phase. Then the subsequent thermomechanical treatment (TMT) is carried out. The results show that the content of M23C6 phase in the samples after pre-precipitation TMT is greatly reduced, and the size is slightly reduced compared with the samples with only thermal deformation. The size of the MX phase is reduced by 10.6%, the volume density is increased by 88%, the volume fraction is increased by 34.1%, and the dislocation density is slightly increased. At the same time, it was found that a large number of MX phases precipitated at the lath boundary and pinned the boundary, which delayed the coarsening of the lath during tempering. The changes of these microstructures improve the precipitation strengthening, dislocation strengthening and boundary strengthening, so the room temperature tensile properties and high temperature tensile properties are improved, but the work hardening makes the total elongation and room temperature impact properties decrease.

Effect of texture on the room temperature tensile and creep properties of Ti–6Al–4V plate with large thickness

Texture is inevitably generated during the rolling process of titanium alloys, which has a significant impact on mechanical properties. The relationship between microstructure, texture and mechanical properties of the rolled Ti–6Al–4V alloy plate with large thickness was systematically investigated in this study. The texture type varied with the thickness of the plate. The basal pole concentrated in the transverse direction (TD) at the surface of the plate and tilted from TD towards the rolling direction (RD) at the quarter thickness of the plate. For the center of the plate, the basal pole had peaks concentrated close to both TD and RD. Tensile tests indicated that TD samples not only have high strength but also maintain good plasticity compared with RD and the normal direction (ND) samples. The yield anisotropy could be explained by the difficulty of prismatic and basal dislocation slip. The cold creep behavior of the thick plate depended on both Schmid factor of dislocation slip and grain size. Moreover, the strain hardening exponent was positively correlated with cold creep strain. Abundant prismatic <a> and pyramidal <c+a> dislocations were activated, and slip transfer and cross-slip made the dislocation slip distance longer, which contributed to creep strain and thus reduced the creep resistance of ND sample.

Effect of Aging Temperature on Microstructure, Mechanical, and Wear Properties of 18Ni-300 Maraging Steel Produced by Powder Bed Fusion

Additive manufacturing technologies for metallic materials based on powder bed fusion have enormous industrial potential. In this study, we manufactured 18Ni-300 maraging steel using the powder bed fusion (PBF) process and investigated the effects of annealing temperatures of 430 °C, 490 °C, and 550 °C for 3 h on its microstructure, tensile fracture mechanism, and wear properties compared with the as-built specimen. The results show that annealing heat treatment effectively improved the dry sliding friction, wear properties, and room temperature tensile properties compared to the as-built specimen. Compared to other aging-treated samples, specimens that underwent heat treatment in optimal settings had superior properties. With optimal heat treatment, while melt pool boundaries remained, the cellular and columnar structures became finer compared to the un-treated specimens, and the number of dimples decreased. Consequently, the hardness and tensile strength improved by approximately 56.17% and 40.63%, respectively. The 18Ni-300 maraging steel sample that underwent heat treatment at optimal settings exhibited a coefficient of friction approximately 33.33% lower than the as-built alloy.

Corrosion resistance of 9–12Cr ODS steels in pressurized water for fusion application

The blanket design of Chinese fusion engineering test reactor (CFETR) may utilize pressurized water as coolant. The fusion structural materials will endure high temperature, high pressure and result in corrosion in the pressurized water. It is necessary to verify corrosion resistance of the materials. In the present study, three kinds of advanced fusion structural materials with excellent mechanical properties and neutron irradiation resistance, i.e., 9Cr-ODS steel, 9CrODS-Al steel, and 12CrODS-Al steel were immersed in pressurized water at 325 °C under the pressure of 15.5 MPa up to 859 h. Room-temperature tensile properties were investigated for the materials before and after corrosion. The oxidation layers of the steels were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The ODS steels have good corrosion resistance in the pressurized water, especially the 9CrODS-Al and 12CrODS-Al steels. The outer oxide layer is identified as Fe2O3 for all the steels. The inner layer is mainly FeCr2O4 for the 9CrODS steel, and Fe(Al,Cr)2O4 for the ODS steels with Al element which better protect the steels from further corrosion. The relevant properties data can provide reference for the blanket materials choice of CFETR and the future fusion reactors.

Effect of Mn/Ag Ratio on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Heat-Resistant Al-Cu Alloys.

This paper mainly investigated the effect of the Mn/Ag ratio on the microstructure and room temperature and high-temperature (350 °C) tensile mechanical properties of the as-cast and heat-treated Al-6Cu-xMn-yAg (x + y = 0.8, wt.%) alloys. The as-cast alloy has α-Al, Al2Cu, and a small amount of Al7Cu2 (Fe, Mn) and Al20Cu2 (Mn, Fe)3 phases. After T6 heat treatment, a massive dispersive and fine θ'-Al2Cu phase (100~400 nm) is precipitated from the matrix. The Mn/Ag ratio influences the quantity and size of the precipitates; when the Mn/Ag ratio is 1:1, the θ'-Al2Cu precipitation quantity reaches the highest and smallest. Compared with the as-cast alloy, the tensile strength of the heat-treated alloy at room temperature and high temperature is greatly improved. The strengthening effect of the alloy is mainly attributed to the nanoparticles precipitated from the matrix. The Mn/Ag ratio also affects the high-temperature tensile mechanical properties of the alloy. The high-temperature tensile strength of the alloy with a 1:1 Mn/Ag ratio is the highest, reaching 135.89 MPa, 42.95% higher than that of the as-cast alloy. The analysis shows that a synergistic effect between Mn and Ag elements can promote the precipitation and refinement of the θ'-Al2Cu phase, and there is an optimal ratio (1:1) that obtains the lowest interfacial energy for co-segregation of Mn and Ag at the θ'/Al interface that makes θ'-Al2Cu have the best resistance to coarsening.

Effect of Impurities on the Compatibility of Steels in Supercritical CO2 at 450°–650°C

Abstract Direct-fired supercritical CO2 (sCO2) power cycles are a pathway to low-CO2 fossil energy but contain O2 and H2O in the sCO2 from combustion. The effect of impurities on structural steels was investigated at 450°–650 °C in 30 MPa sCO2. The test matrix included 9 and 12%Cr ferritic-martensitic (FM) steels and conventional and advanced austenitic steels exposed for 1000–2000 h with and without additions of 1%O2 and 0.1%H2O to simulate the cycle after water removal. For FM steels, the mass gains and scale thicknesses were similar with and without impurities with the formation of thick, duplex Fe-rich scales in all cases including the observation that Fe2O3 only formed with 1%O2. For the austenitic steels, higher mass gains were observed at all temperatures with increased formation of Fe-rich oxides when impurities were added. Carbon ingress was assessed by bulk combustion analysis, glow discharge optical emission spectroscopy (GDOES) and measuring postexposure room temperature tensile properties. Bulk C content was strongly increased at 650 °C but not at 450° or 550 °C.

The microstructure effects on irradiation response of ferritic – martensitic steels

Microstructural optimization to achieve greater mechanical strength has been one of the focuses in ferritic–martensitic steels development. However, these optimized microstructures’ effects on the radiation response are not well known. In this work, two ferritic–martensitic steels (9Cr-NbMo and 9Cr-Ta) underwent neutron irradiation in the High Flux Isotope Reactor, and their room-temperature post-irradiation tensile properties and microstructure evolutions were investigated and compared. These two steels exhibit similar pre-irradiation tensile behavior, and their yield strengths are higher than that of other ferritic–martensitic steels by about 200–250 MPa. Microstructural characterization on pre-irradiated materials reveals a smaller grain size in 9Cr-Ta (2.8 ± 0.3 μm in 9Cr-Ta versus 4.3 ± 0.5 μm in 9Cr-NbMo) but higher dislocation density and precipitate density in 9Cr-NbMo. As is common for ferritic–martensitic steels at low irradiation temperatures (less than about 0.45Tm), irradiation-induced hardening at 400 °C was observed for both alloys. Irradiation at 490 °C causes the two alloys to exhibit different tensile behavior: 9Cr-Ta softens by 208 MPa in yield stress, whereas 9Cr-NbMo maintains strength. Microstructural characterizations were performed, including precipitate growth, dislocation, and defect formation. Using the barrier hardening model for microstructure–property correlation, the softening in irradiated 9Cr-Ta is primarily attributed to the significant dislocation recovery, while the strength lost from the slight dislocation recovery in 9Cr-NbMo was compensated by the additional strength from the irradiation-induced cavities. The microstructure effect (primarily precipitate, dislocation and boundary) on the radiation response is discussed herein.

Influence of Various Heat Treatments on Microstructures and Mechanical Properties of GH4099 Superalloy Produced by Laser Powder Bed Fusion.

The microstructures and mechanical properties of a γ'-strengthened nickel-based superalloy, GH4099, produced by laser powder bed fusion, at room temperature and 900 °C are investigated, followed by three various heat treatments. The as-built (AB) alloy consists of cellular/dendrite substructures within columnar grains aligning in <100> crystal orientation. No γ' phase is observed in the AB sample due to the relatively low content of Al +Ti. Following the standard solid solution treatment, the molten pool boundaries and cellular/dendrite substructures disappear, whilst the columnar grains remain. The transformation of columnar grains to equiaxed grains occurs through the primary solid solution treatment due to the recovery and recrystallization process. After aging at 850 °C for 480 min, the carbides in the three samples distributed at grain boundaries and within grains and the spherical γ' phase whose size is about 43 nm ± 16 nm develop in the standard solid solution + aging and primary solid solution + aging samples (SA and PA samples) while the bimodal size of cubic (181 nm ± 85 nm) and spherical (43 nm ± 16 nm) γ' precipitates is presented in the primary solid solution + secondary solid solution + aging sample (PSA samples). The uniaxial tensile tests are carried out at room temperature (RT) and 900 °C. The AB sample has the best RT ductility (~51% of elongation and ~67% of area reduction). Following the three heat treatments, the samples all acquire excellent RT tensile properties (>750 MPa of yield strengths and >32% of elongations). However, clear ductility dips and intergranular fracture modes occur during the 900 °C tensile tests, which could be related to carbide distribution and a change in the deformation mechanism.

Study on the Forming Process and Properties of AlSi60 Alloy by Selective Laser Melting

Hypereutectic Al-Si alloys, which have a silicon content ranging from 12% to 70%, are a new generation of casing materials for chip packaging. They have broad applications in aerospace, weaponry, and civilian communications. Selective Laser Melting (SLM) offers significant advantages in achieving near-net shaping of complex casings. This paper presents a study on the formation defects, microstructure, and room temperature tensile properties of AlSi60 alloy prepared by SLM. The results indicate that the primary forming defects in the SLM AlSi60 alloy are balling, lack of fusion, and porosity. These defects are mainly influenced by the volumetric energy density. Samples of good quality can be produced within the range of 150 J/mm3 to 250 J/mm3. However, the same volumetric energy density can result in differences in sample quality due to various combinations of process parameters. Therefore, it has been determined that a well-formed AlSi60 alloy can be obtained within a laser power range of 300 W–350 W, scanning speed of 400 mm/s–800 mm/s, and hatch spacing of 0.09 mm–0.13 mm, with a density close to 98%. The microstructure of the SLM AlSi60 alloy consists of primary Si phases with irregular shapes and sharp edges measuring 5–10 μm, eutectic Si particles of 0.5 μm, and α-Al phases, with eutectic Si dispersed within the α-Al. The SLM AlSi60 alloy exhibits fine and evenly distributed primary Si phases with an average hardness of 203 HV. No significant anisotropy in hardness values was observed in the X and Y directions. The tensile strength of the alloy reached an average of 219 MPa, with an average elongation of 2.99%. During the tensile process, cracks initiated by the primary Si phases rapidly expanded, exhibiting minor ductile fracture characteristics in the Al phases. Due to the high volume fraction of Si phases, the tensile test was dominated by brittle fracture. The tensile curve only exhibited the elastic stage.

Evaluation of coated steels in supercritical CO2

AbstractThe carburizing supercritical CO2 (sCO2) environment limits the use of lower cost steels in the lower temperature (450–650°C) portions of the sCO2 Brayton cycle because of concerns about internal carburization and embrittlement. Results on a ferritic–martensitic steel and conventional and advanced austenitic steels at 450–650°C in 30 MPa sCO2 with and without 1% O2 and 0.1% H2O additions have indicated that sCO2 environments will have lower maximum operating temperatures compared to steam plants. Pack Al and Cr coatings were evaluated at 650°C on T91 and 316H substrates and showed some benefit for up to 2000 h at 650°C, especially without impurities. However, characterization indicated Al2O3 was not formed and Cr‐rich carbides formed in the Cr coatings. With the addition of impurities in the sCO2, the coatings were less protective at 650°C. Subsequent exposures at 600°C in sCO2 showed similar behavior. Postexposure evaluations included measuring the bulk C content and room temperature tensile properties. Improvements were indicated but the tensile results were complicated by the high temperature pack coating process affecting the substrate properties.

Effect of Al−10Nb−3Ce−2.5B inoculant on microstructures, damping and tensile mechanical properties of Zn−Al eutectoid alloy

A novel Al−10Nb−3Ce−2.5B inoculant was prepared, and its effect on microstructures, damping and tensile mechanical properties of Zn−Al eutectoid (ZA22) alloy was systematically studied. It was found that the inoculant had an effective refining effect on the α-phase in the ZA22 alloy (α-phase could be refined to 16 μm), and the morphology of the α-phase could also change from coarse dendrite to small petal. Orientation relationships (ORs) between the α-phase and the CeB6 and NbB2 particles in the inoculant were established by the edge−edge matching model (E2EM), and based on the E2EM, the refining mechanism of the inoculant on the ZA22 alloy was revealed. Compared with the uninoculated ZA22 alloy, the high temperature damping of the inoculated ZA22 alloy, especially the damping peak arising from the reverse eutectoid transformation, was significantly improved. Moreover, the room temperature tensile mechanical properties of the inoculated ZA22 alloy were also significantly improved. The tensile strength and elongation of the ZA22 alloy with the best refining effect were 18.56% and 119.04% higher than those of the unrefined ZA22 alloy, respectively. Correlated mechanisms were discussed.

Microstructures and mechanical properties of a γ-TiAl alloy modified by Gd additions

The microstructural evolutions and room-temperature tensile properties of Ti-45Al-2.5Nb-1.5Mo-(0-0.2)Gd were investigated in details. Experimental result revealed that there were precipitated particles, involving Gd2TiO5 and GdAl3, distributing within the microstructure of the Gd-containing TiAl alloys, and the increase in the Gd addition resulted in the aggregation of Gd-containing particles, forming a network structure along grain boundary and colony boundary. The addition of Gd also had a significant refining effect on the average inter-lamellar spacing. The ultimate/yield strength and elongation increased first and then decreased with the content of Gd. Gd addition did not change the mixed fracture mode of crack propagation along and across the lamellae. In the plastic deformation process of Gd-containing sample, except for dislocation gliding, twinning-controlled deformation mode occurred, contributing to the improvement of mechanical properties. Moreover, dislocations could directly cut through the small-size Gd-containing particle, while some dislocations would continue to slip via bypassing the large-size Gd-containing particle.

The role of the post-heat treatment on the Cr-based precipitates and related room temperature mechanical properties of the sintered Nb-lean Cu–Cr–Nb alloy

Nb-lean Cu–Cr–Nb alloys have been widely applied in electrical industries as the structural conductive material owing to their excellent combination of the mechanical and electrical properties at room temperature. In this work, the influence of temperature during fast sintering and post-heat treatment strategies on the precipitate evolution and room temperature mechanical properties of the Cu–3Cr-0.5Nb (wt.%) alloy was investigated. The increasing sintering temperature will improve the density and mechanical properties of the alloy without any obvious grain growth during this non-equilibrium process, while the post-aging at lower and higher temperatures can effectively control the formation and coarsening process of the Cr-based precipitates. Systematic characterization was then conducted on the microstructural evolution, especially the altering precipitates’ size and distribution, in the alloy at both as-sintered and the aged conditions, which is correlated to its room temperature tensile properties. Lower aging temperature will induce the nucleation of the new Cr2Nb precipitates without causing a significant coarsening of the existing precipitates like aging at higher temperature. Therefore, the low-temp. aged sample exhibits the highest tensile strength and elongation due to the enhanced Orowan strengthening mechanism induced by its unique precipitate microstructure.

A novel configuration design of strong and ductile (TiC + Ti5Si3)/Ti laminated composites

To solve the low ductility of the uniformly particle-reinforced composites, novel (TiC + Ti5Si3)/Ti laminated composites are fabricated by electrophoretic deposition (EPD) silicon (Si) powders + graphene oxide (GOs) and spark plasma sintering (SPS) technology. The microstructure evolution, mechanical properties, strengthening and fracture mechanisms of laminated composites were systematically studied. Results show that the GOs and Si powders are evenly attached to Ti foils after EPD, and the (TiC + Ti5Si3) reinforcements are in situ formed at the interface after SPS. TiC phases are distributed along the original interface, and most of the Ti5Si3 reinforcements are located in the Ti foil matrix. The 50 μm - 120 s sample possesses obvious shell nacre containing particular ‘‘brick-and-mortar’’ architecture structure. And the 100 μm - 120 s sample displays excellent room temperature tensile properties, with the ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of 759 MPa, yield strength (YS) of 688 MPa and elongation (EL) of 24.3 %. The change of microstructure leads to the increase of strength, which is caused by the solid-solution strengthening, grain boundary strengthening and reinforcements strengthening. At this time, the design of laminated structure can change the crack propagation direction, extend the crack propagation path and thereby increases the energy required for crack propagation, obstructing the fracture of composites. This work provides an effective method to prepare Ti matrix composites with synergy of strength and ductility.

High wear resistance and strength of Hastelloy X reinforced with TiC fabricated by laser powder bed fusion additive manufacturing

Hastelloy X (HX) alloy as a typical solid solution strengthened nickel-based superalloy, has been widely used in the preparation of hot end components. The microstructure evolution and properties of HX alloy and nano-TiC reinforced HX alloy (TiC/HX) formed by laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) were studied. The results show that adding 3 wt% nano-TiC particles can not only inhibit the formation of cracks, but also effectively improve the dry sliding friction, wear properties and room temperature tensile properties. Nano-TiC particles can significantly promote the competitive growth of dendrites, refine the grains, and reduce the residual thermal stress. In addition, it can significantly improve the shear modulus and tensile strength. Under the same forming parameters, the wear rate of the nano-TiC/HX composite material is 51 % lower than that of the pure HX alloy, only 174.49 μm3/(N·mm). At the same time, the tensile strength of the alloy increased from 708 MPa to 1131 MPa, the yield strength increased from 619 MPa to 842 MPa, and the elongation doubled to 16 %.

Study on the effects of ultrasonic assistance and external heat dissipation on friction stir welded 7075 aluminum alloy joints

In this paper, conventional friction stir welding (C-FSW), ultrasonic assisted friction stir welding (Ua-FSW) and heat pipe assisted friction stir welding (Ha-FSW) were performed on 4 mm thick 7075 aluminum alloy. The effects of the two different types of assisted technologies on C-FSW were qualitatively compared and analyzed. The microstructure of the joints in the NZ, HAZ and other regions were primarily characterized via SEM-EBSD and TEM, and the strength of the joints were evaluated via the room-temperature tensile properties and microhardness tests. The test results showed that both Ua-FSW and Ha-FSW effectively improved the weld forming, while the surface quality of the joints fabricated by Ha-FSW was better. The acoustic flow effect from ultrasound reduced the temperature gradient, and the heat pipe provided excellent heat dissipation, which well controlled the peak heat and the rate of heat loss throughout FSW, resulting in finer grain sizes after both the Ua-FSW and Ha-FSW processes. EBSD analysis showed that the assistance of two technologies provided a greater effect on TMAZ and HAZ, the stress field generated by ultrasonic vibration favored the formation of subgrains, the heat dissipation of the heat pipe also inhibited the recrystallization, and more subgrains were retained. The assistance of ultrasonic vibration and the heat pipe was mainly in the elongation, especially the joints prepared by the Ha-FSW showed an improvement in elongation by 16.7 % and 33.3 % compared to the Ua-FSW and C-FSW, respectively. This work provides insight into improving welding efficiency and joint performance through modified FSW processes.

Enhanced strength of additively manufactured Inconel 718 by means of a simplified heat treatment strategy

This study simplified the heat treatment route and reduced the post-processing burden for laser powder bed fusion IN718 (a nickel-based superalloy). The tailored route retained advantageous microstructures and improved tensile strength when compared to the conventional post-processing strategy. The implementation of a single pre-aging step (combining the stress relief, HIP, and solution steps into one) and a single-step aging treatment (as opposed to two-step aging) resulted in a total heat treatment time of 15 h, which is far shorter than the conventional five-step strategy (42 h). The grain structure, pore structure, and room-temperature tensile properties were measured for three material conditions: the as-built condition, the baseline condition (a conventional five-step heat treatment route), and the HIP1020RQSA condition (novel high pressure rapid quenching HIP treatment followed by a single-step age). In the HIP1020RQSA condition, the high pressure (200 MPa), short hold time at a carefully selected temperature (0.5 h at 1020 °C), and rapid quenching (2150 °C/min) were implemented. Unique findings in the microstructure include generation of localized micro-scale recrystallization throughout the retained columnar grain and sub-grain structures, internal pore closure with a shortened HIP soak time, incomplete dissolution of Laves phase, and the absence of δ phase. The single step aging treatment also generated γ′ and γ′′ precipitates. The HIP1020RQSA treatment improved the yield strength of the baseline condition from 1112 MPa to 1209 MPa, decreased total elongation from 24.9% to 23.2%, and still exceeds the minimum Z direction (build direction) tensile properties outlined in ASTM F3055–14a.

Effects of friction stir processing on strength and ductility of laser directed energy deposited AerMet100 steel

Due to thick columnar crystals and obvious pores as typical defects, the mechanical properties of AerMet100 steel fabricated by laser directed energy deposition (LDED) are adversely affected, limiting its applicability in aerospace industry. Aiming at both defects, we developed friction stir processing as a post treatment to strengthen the LDEDed specimens, with two following advantages: (i) it significantly reduced the porosity and homogenized the microstructure, and the average grain size was decreased from 4.75 μm to 1.24 μm; and (ii) it significantly enhanced room temperature tensile properties by eliminating the pores, leading to the fact that the elongation increased from 3.51% to 7.38%, and the ultimate tensile strength increased from 1458 MPa to 1561 MPa. Therefore, FSP generated a simultaneous improvement in both the strength and elongation of the LDEDed AerMet100 steel.