Rooftop Of Building Research Articles

An innovative methodology for hybrid vibration control (MR+TMD) of buildings under seismic excitations

In this study, the combination of magnetorheological dampers and tuned mass dampers (MR + TMD) as a hybrid control system is investigated on a 15-story shear building where MR damper is attached to the TMD to generate active control force of TMD. The seismic responses of the structure are reduced by employing MR + TMD on rooftop of the structure. The MR damper's control voltage is generated by combining IT2FLC and FOPID. The FOPID + IT2FLC, TMD, and control voltage parameters are optimized using the observer-teacher-learner-based optimization (OTLBO) algorithm to minimize the maximum displacement of the building rooftop under far-field and near-field earthquake excitations. To conduct additional research, the same method was used to mitigate structural responses for PID, FOPID, IT2FLC, and a combination of fuzzy logic type-1 (FLC) and FOPID (FOPID + FLC). All of these controllers' performances in mitigating seismic responses are compared to those of the uncontrolled system and to each other. The results indicate that FOPID + IT2FLC outperforms PID, FOPID, and FOPID + FLC controllers. Additionally, the building's rooftop displacement was reduced by an average of 35.06% using the FOPID + IT2FLC system for sixteen far-field and near-field earthquake records. Moreover, the hybrid MR + TMD system performs better than other conventional controllers. 1 The combined application of the meta-heuristic algorithm and IT2FLC controller along with FOPID controller (FOPID + IT2FLC) to mitigate structural responses. 2 Combined application of MR damper and TMD (MR + TMD) as a hybrid control device. 3 Optimizing FOPID and IT2FLC to generate the control voltage of MR + TMD. 4 Investigating PID, FOPID, FOPID + FLC controllers to compare with the proposed method. 5 Investigating the performance of the suggested method by the aim of energy consumption and 5 novel criteria such as base shear, base moment and etc.

Photovoltaic Performance Using Modify Back Propagation Neural Network Based On 3 Different Solar Panels

Depletion of natural resources and increasing demand of power, sustainable energy sources such as photovoltaics (PV) are becoming increasingly more reliable and important. However, the production PV output power is unable to meet in terms of supply and demand due to irregular of solar irradiance and temperature daily. Therefore, a proper method/tool of prediction is very crucial to manage photovoltaic performance system and optimize the corresponding energy management system. In this paper, the modified Back Propagation Neural Network (BPNN) architecture is investigated. The investigating was conducted to provide more accurate prediction and error for short-term period prediction. The networkcompromises of 2 inputs parameter; the module temperature and solar irradiance and 1 output parameter; AC Power. Early research was conducted based on forecast time period on May 2021 starting from 7am to 8pm (14 hour) daily from 3 different panels; monocrystalline, polycrystalline and thin film, which are located on the rooftop of PEARL lab building. The result obtained shows that polycrystalline panel performed the best compare to monocrystalline and thin film panels.

Evaluation of annual performance for building‐integrated photovoltaics based on 2‐terminal perovskite/silicon tandem cells under realistic conditions

AbstractThe authors optimized the thickness of the layers in the 1.67‐eV‐bandgap‐perovskite sub‐cell of a 2‐terminal perovskite/silicon monolithic tandem solar cell under standard test conditions to get the current matching between the top and the bottom sub‐cells. Based on that optimized structure of the tandem cell, we characterized, calculated, and analyzed the annual output energy and the annual efficiency of the tandem cells on the facades and the rooftop of buildings under realistic conditions composed of module temperature, realistic illumination irradiance, and incident angle directly measured in Gifu, Japan in 2015. Consequently, the obtained annual output energy is 279.52, 238.89, 129.99, and 115.21 kWh/m2 with the corresponding annual efficiency of 22.42%, 19.70%, 10.50%, and 9.19% for the tandem solar cells mounted on the rooftop, the south, east, and west facades of the buildings, respectively. Thus, the rooftop and the south face of the buildings are the preferred directions for the BIPV application to gain higher energy.

Characteristics of Negative Lightning Return Strokes in a Tropical and Non-Tropical Region—A Comparative Perspective

Lightning is a naturally occurring phenomenon that involves a sudden electrostatic discharge caused by an imbalance between electrically charged cloud regions. Although lightning is visibly amazing, its impact can be dangerous and damaging, which many studies have carried out lightning-generated electric field measurements to assess the electrical discharge features. This study conducted the lightning-generated electric field measurement on the College of Engineering building rooftop at UNITEN from August 2019 to March 2020. A total of 115 negative lightning return strokes waveforms were recorded using a parallel plate antenna. A comparison was made between the data measured in the tropical and non-tropical regions, such as UTM, UPM, Sweden, USA, and Germany, in terms of the characteristic, mainly on the negative return strokes parameters. It was observed that data measured in the same region, either tropical or non-tropical, were consistent or almost similar. On the contrary, the results indicated a significant difference between these two regions on the negative return strokes parameters characteristics. The zero-to-peak and fast transition 10–90% rise time, as well as width dE/dt pulse at half peak value in the tropical region, were observed higher than the non-tropical region. Meanwhile, the zero-crossing time and slow front amplitude relative to the peak in the non-tropical region were averagely longer as compared to the tropical region. Therefore, dissimilarities in the characteristics of negative return stroke parameters could be attributed to the variation in the meteorological conditions, geographical locations, and climatic affection.

Vectorized rooftop area data for 90 cities in China

Reliable information on building rooftops is crucial for utilizing limited urban space effectively. In recent decades, the demand for accurate and up-to-date data on the areas of rooftops on a large-scale is increasing. However, obtaining these data is challenging due to the limited capability of conventional computer vision methods and the high cost of 3D modeling involving aerial photogrammetry. In this study, a geospatial artificial intelligence framework is presented to obtain data for rooftops using high-resolution open-access remote sensing imagery. This framework is used to generate vectorized data for rooftops in 90 cities in China. The data was validated on test samples of 180 km2 across different regions with spatial resolution, overall accuracy, and F1 score of 1 m, 97.95%, and 83.11%, respectively. In addition, the generated rooftop area conforms to the urban morphological characteristics and reflects urbanization level. These results demonstrate that the generated dataset can be used for data support and decision-making that can facilitate sustainable urban development effectively.

Framework for Mapping and Optimizing the Solar Rooftop Potential of Buildings in Urban Systems

The accurate prediction of the solar energy that can be generated using the rooftops of buildings is an essential tool for many researchers, decision makers, and investors for creating sustainable cities and societies. This study is focused on the development of an automated method to extract the useable areas of rooftops and optimize the solar PV panel layout based on the given electricity loading of a building. In this context, the authors of this article developed two crucial methods. First, a special pixel-based rooftop recognition methodology was developed to analyze detailed and complex rooftop types while avoiding the challenges associated with the nature of the particular building rooftops. Second, a multi-objective enveloped min–max optimization algorithm was developed to maximize solar energy generation and minimize energy cost in terms of payback based on the marginal price signals. This optimization algorithm facilitates the optimal integration of three controlled variables—tilt angle, azimuth angle, and inter-row spacing—under a non-linear optimization space. The performance of proposed algorithms is demonstrated using three campus buildings at the University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada as case studies. It is shown that the proposed algorithms can be used to optimize PV panel distribution while effectively maintaining system constraints.

Savonius Wind Turbine Numerical Parametric Analysis Using Space-Filling Design and Gaussian Stochastic Process

Wind energy is an alternative source of clean energy to address the growing energy demand and provide pollution-free electricity. With the rapid development of urban areas, high wind energy resources such as high-rise building rooftops are excellent locations for urban wind turbine installation. One of the practical and simple urban wind turbines is the Savonius design. It has a simple design, easy to maintain, and is very affordable. This work focuses on the design evaluation of a Savonius wind turbine (SWT) by varying the rotor diameter, rotor height, and twist angle for urban applications. A transient computational fluid dynamics (CFD) approach is applied to assess the various design treatments using a space-filling design of experiments. To address the spaces in the hypercube statistical design, a sphere packing design method was adopted which suited the evaluation of computational simulations results such as that of the CFD. The Gaussian stochastic process model was applied to establish the trend of the parametric performance of the optimized SWT design through the model fitting. The results have shown that optimized SWT performs well with its self-starting capability compared to the traditional Savonius design. In addition, the optimized SWT has shown a better peak power coefficient compared with the results of previous works on the design of SWT.

Neighbouring shading effect on photovoltaic panel system: Its implication to green building certification scheme

Nowadays, photovoltaic (PV) system is one of the commonly adopted renewable energy systems. Many countries promote the application of PV system in buildings through green building certification schemes. On a building rooftop, there are various building facilities which may cast shadow on PV panels, resulting in reduction in electricity generation. Currently, there is rare attention to the neighbouring shading effect (NSE) on the performance of rooftop PV system. This study investigates the performance of PV system under NSE, using weather data of seven cities located at different geographical latitudes. These seven cities are Singapore (1.37° N), Hong Kong (22.3° N), Shanghai (31.17° N), Beijing (39.8° N), Harbin (45.72° N), Washington, USA (38.98° N) and London, UK (51.15° N). By comparing the building cases with and without considering NSE, the results unveil a substantial percentage difference in PV electricity generation and energy payback time (EPBT) ranging from −12.62% to −28.34% and −14.43% to −39.55%, respectively. Moreover, it reveals the dependence of percentage difference in PV electricity generation and EPBT on the latitude of a city. For the current green building certification schemes, mandatory requirement to take NSE into account for assessing the performance of rooftop PV system is recommended.

Observation Experiment of Wind-Driven Rain Harvesting from a Building Wall

Rainwater harvesting is generally assumed to collect rainwater from the roof or ground. However, this study shows that this structural limitation of rainwater harvesting can be overcome by employing a building wall. The rainfall on a building wall is called wind-driven rain (WDR), which is the target for the rainwater harvesting addressed in this study. To prove the possibility of WDR harvesting, this study prepared three different gauges to collect the rainwater from a building wall. These gauges are like miniature buildings used to collect the WDR on the building wall inside a storage tank at the bottom. The WDR harvesting gauges were located on the rooftop of the Engineering Building, Korea University, and a total of 15 rainfall events were observed during the rainy season in Korea from June to September 2020. Our analysis of the collected data confirms the significant role of the building wall in rainwater harvesting. For a building height of 0.5 m, the rainwater additionally harvested from the wall was about 40% that from the roof, which became about 70% for the height of 1.0 m and about 90% for the height of 1.5 m. In addition, Cho et al. (2020)’s empirical equation for estimating the WDR is found to be useful for estimating the amount of rainwater harvested from the building wall. The correlation coefficients between the measurements and estimates were estimated to be high as 0.94, 0.92 and 0.91 for building heights of 0.5 m, 1.0 m, and 1.5 m, respectively.

Evaluating the impact of urban morphology on rooftop solar radiation: A new city-scale approach based on Geneva GIS data

Building rooftops represent one of the most valuable resources to harvest solar energy in cities. Nevertheless, this potential is limited by the urban morphology impacting the shading conditions. This study suggests a general methodology to assess the impact of urban form on solar harvesting. To this aim, a new GIS-based approach is developed to extract meaningful morphological parameters at a very large scale. The rooftop overall shading rate is here defined as a benchmark, and it is measured through a scaled insolation representing the ratio between the insolation of a surface within the urban context and its unshaded theoretical maximum. A set of 40 morphological features is calculated for 60,000 buildings in the Canton of Geneva (Switzerland), and the scaled solar insolation of about 350,000 roof pieces is derived from the Solar Cadaster of Geneva. The results outline the insolation distribution within the city and as a function of urban morphology. The rooftop overall shading rate shows moderate Pearson coefficients (r = 0.2/0.4) towards some parameters, namely building height, volume, and height difference with surroundings, while others seem irrelevant. Analysing the 48 Geneva municipalities one at a time, the denser downtown areas reach higher correlation levels (r = 0.4/0.6) compared to the suburban ones.

Experimental investigation and simulation of water cooling by natural evaporation

A setup of water cooling by natural evaporation is investigated. It includes a shallow water tank, insulated and covered with a thin aluminum plate in complete contact with the water. A dark-color fabric was fixed stretched on the plate, which was continuously wetted to cause natural evaporation by solar radiation. The setup was placed on a building rooftop of the University of Patras, Greece. Measurements during a warm period showed significant decrease in water temperature maintained lower than ambient air temperature by 2–16°C, with differences greater than 5°C with 57% probability. Moreover, a computational model was developed and implemented. It is based on energy balance of the water in the tank using local climate recordings (air temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, and solar radiation). The water temperature predictions agree very well with the measurements (3.5% normalized rms deviation). Since the water temperature was always lower than the ambient air temperature, and the operating performance of the setup was high enough, this methodology could be developed for sustainable house cooling during the warmer seasons of the year. This system is environmentally friendly, economically feasible, and sustainable, as it uses water, wind, and solar energy, without emitting greenhouse gases. Statement of Industrial Relevance The proposed technology improves the process of passive water cooling through evaporation of a continuously wetted fabric without losing the cooled water. In parallel, a software was developed that simulated satisfactorily the process. We aim to further improve this technology to make it more easily applicable for mild house cooling, as a renewable and sustainable energy source that saves cooling water and uses wind and solar energy, without emitting greenhouse gases. Moreover, it is environmentally friendly, economically feasible, and operates with high performance. This adds value to the Environmental Engineering Laboratory, the Department of Civil Engineering, and the University of Patras. Novelty or Significance This technology improves the water-cooling process through wet fabric evaporation and is suitable for sustainable house cooling. This is achieved by interposing a thin aluminum plate between fabric and cooling water, in complete contact with them. The evaporating water may be potable or not. The environmentally friendly fabric color allows installations on roofs or in gardens. The structure is simple with common materials, economically feasible with high operating efficiency. The cooling water temperature is maintained from 2 to 16°C lower than ambient air (>5°C with 57% probability). The software developed may be used for designing or assessing such systems.

Potential Electricity Production by Installing Photovoltaic Systems on the Rooftops of Residential Buildings in Jordan: An Approach to Climate Change Mitigation

Countries with limited natural resources and high energy prices, such as Jordan, face significant challenges concerning energy consumption and energy efficiency, particularly in the context of climate change. Residential buildings are the most energy-consuming sector in Jordan. Photovoltaic (PV) systems on the rooftops of residential buildings can solve the problem of increasing electricity demands and address the need for more sustainable energy systems. This study calculated the potential electricity production from PV systems installed on the available rooftops of residential buildings and compared this production with current and future electricity consumption for residential households. A simulation tool using PV*SOL 2021 was used to estimate electricity production and a comparative method was used to compare electricity production and consumption. The results indicated that electricity production from PV systems installed on single houses and villas can cover, depending on the tilt angle and location of the properties, three to eight times their estimated future and current electricity use. PV installation on apartment buildings can cover 0.65 to 1.3 times their future and current electricity use. The surplus electricity produced can be used to mitigate urban energy demands and achieve energy sustainability.

Design and transient-based analysis of a power to hydrogen (P2H2) system for an off-grid zero energy building with hydrogen energy storage

In this study, zero energy building (ZEB) with four occupants in the capital and most populated city of Iran as one of the biggest greenhouse gas producers is simulated and designed to reduce Iran's greenhouse emissions. Due to the benefits of hydrogen energy and its usages, it is used as the primary energy storage of this building. Also, the thermal comfort of occupants is evaluated using the Fanger model, and domestic hot water consumption is supplied. Using hydrogen energy as energy storage of an off-grid zero energy building in Iran by considering occupant thermal comfort using the fanger model has been presented for the first time in this study. The contribution of electrolyzer and fuel cell in supplying domestic hot water is shown. For this simulation, Trnsys software is used. Using Trnsys software, the transient performance of mentioned ZEB is evaluated in a year. PV panels are used for supplying electricity consumption of the building. Excess produced electricity is converted to hydrogen and stored in the hydrogen tank when a lack of sunrays exists and electricity is required. An evacuated tube solar collector is used to produce hot water. The produced hot water will be stored in the hot water tank. For supplying the cooling load, hot water fired water-cooled absorption chiller is used. Also, a fan coil with hot water circulation and humidifier are used for heating and humidifying the building. Domestic hot water consumption of the occupants is supplied using stored hot water and rejected heat of fuel cell and the electrolyzer. The thermal comfort of occupants is evaluated using the Fanger model with MATLAB software. Results show that using 64 m2 PV panel power consumption of the building is supplied without a power outage, and final hydrogen pressure tank will be higher than its initial and building will be zero energy. Required hot water of the building is provided with 75 m2 evacuated tube solar collector. The HVAC system of the building provided thermal comfort during a year. The monthly average of occupant predicted mean vote (PMV) is between −0.4 and 0.4. Their predicted percentage of dissatisfaction (PPD) is lower than 13%. Also, supplied domestic hot water (DHW) always has a temperature of 50 °C, which is a setpoint temperature of DHW. Finally, it can be concluded that using the building's rooftop area can be transformed to ZEB and reduce a significant amount of greenhouse emissions of Iran. Also, it can be concluded that fuel cell rejected heat, unlike electrolyzer, can significantly contribute to supplying domestic hot water requirements. Rejected heat of electrolyzer for heating domestic water can be ignored.

Quantification of ember accumulation on the rooftops of isolated buildings in an ember storm

Results are presented from a series of small-scale wind tunnel experiments to improve understanding how embers accumulate on isolated building rooftops. Non-combusting model embers were introduced into a wind tunnel and the embers that stayed on the roof were collected and weighed. The results indicate that only a small fraction of embers (typically less than 10%) remain in contact with a building rooftop compared to the mass that would have fallen on the building footprint were the building not there. Embers landed at a broad range of locations on the model rooftops. Some of those that landed did not remain in contact with the rooftop but were blown off. The vast majority that did stay on the roof moved from their landing location to the rooftop internal corners where they came to rest. The accumulation rates measured were very sensitive to the building shape and wind angle as both these parameters control the flow separation over and around the building that in turn controls the ember's path and stability. Tests run for the same geometry at different wind speeds indicate that there is a critical wind speed above which embers will no longer accumulate on the roof top.

MS-CNN: multiscale recognition of building rooftops from high spatial resolution remote sensing imagery

ABSTRACT The effective recognition and precise positioning of multiscale building rooftop is one of the key scientific problems that have yet to be resolved urgently in the current implementation of high-resolution remote sensing. In recent years, the automatic recognition of high-resolution image targets often employs convolutional neural networks to extract features. However, such traditional methods often ignore multiscale features of geographical objects, while lacking effective multiscale information extraction strategies. By utilizing the feature learning capability of deep neural networks, this study proposes a multiscale convolutional neural network named MS-CNN to recognize building rooftops from high-resolution remote sensing imagery. In addition, this study constructs a pedigree deep learning sample library based on the remote sensing Tupu theory that considers the spectral and geometric characteristics of building rooftops. Able to utilize feature segmentation mechanism and fusion enhancement strategy, MS-CNN enriches the receptive fields obtained by each convolution layer. The proposed network of this study is also compared with the famous Mask R-CNN method, proving the relative advantages of the MS-CNN method with multiscale characteristics. The experimental results show that the precision and recall metrics of the MS-CNN are 4.18% (.8655 vs. .8238) and 5.71% (.8380 vs. .7809) higher than those of the Mask R-CNN, respectively. The proposed method has been deployed in practical engineering projects in Vietnam and Myanmar, etc.

Development of a management and monitoring system for a city farm

For any manager of an agro-industrial enterprise, the use of resources is used for the efficient use of resources: labor, land, working capital and other. For this reason, the production processes of agriculture are already almost completely mechanized around the world, which is the productivity of an enterprise. The next logical step in increasing the productivity of agricultural enterprises is the automation and digitalization of agricultural production. Therefore, in order to remain competitive with the world leaders in agricultural production, it is necessary to integrate IoT technologies. It is predicted that the introduction of modern automation technologies in the agro-industrial complex will increase yields more than the inventions of the tractor, herbicides and GMOs. City farming is gradually becoming such a solution. In some megacities, urban farms are built on the rooftops of buildings, and in some places there are entire skyscra¬pers with vertical farms. Experts say that the quality and environmental friendliness of products grown in this way is much higher than that of counterparts grown in a traditional way. In this regard, the relevance in creating an application for a smart farm has been identified. Such an application will allow you to be more attentive to all parameters of plant growth thanks to sensors for humidity, light, temperature and other data that can be transmitted to a smartphone. The purpose of the study is to develop a management and monitoring system for a city farm. Materials and methods. The mobile application is implemented using the Xamarin framework in C# and JavaScript. The firmware for the microcontroller is written in C. Results. The paper provides an overview of management and monitoring systems for smart farms, a methodological comparison of advantages and disadvantages. The architecture of the control and monitoring system was also discovered. Implemented a mobile application and software. The functionality and design of the mobile application has been tested on various devices. Conclusion. The city farm management and monitoring system has been successfully developed. As further scientific work, it is planned to develop a mathematical model for more optimal farm management. This work can be useful in the field of decentralized agriculture.

アーバンエアモビリティの離着陸フェーズのための乱気流警報システム

This paper presents a new method to construct a nowcasting system for air turbulence at vertiport for safe takeoff and landing of UAM (=Urban Air Mobility). Since a vertiport is likely to be located on building rooftops, the effects of wake turbulence and downdrafts between structures may lead to serious accidents. A turbulence warning system at the vertiport would allow for the prior avoidance of hazards by shifting the timing of takeoffs and landings. Although direct observation by remote sensing devices and an advanced CFD analysis are expected to be useful for this problem, it is not easy to realize due to various uncertainties and physical constraints specific to complex urban spaces. In this study, we propose a technique to predict wind conditions and flight hazards specific to urban spaces using multi-point observation by distributed installation of low-cost small pressure sensor units.

Wind loads on roof-mounted isolated solar panels of tall buildings through wind tunnel testing

A series of pressure tests were conducted to systematically investigate the wind loads on isolated solar panels mounted on the rooftops of tall buildings. The effects of panel location, tilt angle (β = 15°, 30°, and 45°), and building height (H = 24, 48, 72, and 96 m) were examined. Peak loads from taps were found two times as large as that from modules and panels. An increase in H induced a decrease in the largest mean and negative peak net panel force coefficients, which is attributed to the enhanced two-dimensionality of flows for buildings with lower heights. Specifically, the largest most critical negative peak net panel force coefficients at H = 24 m were approximately 20% larger than those at H = 96 m. Attention should be paid to wind loads on roof-mounted solar panels attached to buildings with lower heights. Besides, buildings with lower heights tend to cause more significant fluctuations of wind pressure on solar panels. Moreover, rooftop solar panels on buildings with lower heights are likely to have positive mean panel force coefficients due to the flow reattachment over roofs.

WATER CONSERVATION INITIATIVE IN A PUBLIC SCHOOL FROM TROPICAL COUNTRY: PERFORMANCE AND SUSTAINABILITY ASSESSMENTS

Water resources are rapidly declining in Malaysia due to various challenges such as climate change, pollution, urbanisation, and high-water domestic consumption. On the other hand, water conservation initiatives in Malaysia are mainly concentrated in commercial and residential buildings while public buildings such as schools have been underutilized. Water conservation initiatives in Malaysian schools are seen to be able to conserve a significant amount of water and manage water supply responsibly, given the high annual rainfall received throughout the year and the huge rooftop catchment area. Thus, this study aims to assess the performance and sustainability assessment of water conservation initiative in Convent Infant Jesus (1) Primary School in Malacca (Malaysia). Water footprint findings demonstrated lavatory usage accounted for nearly 60% of overall water consumption in the selected primary school. The rainwater harvesting system was selected as this method enables the use of a renewable source (rainwater) and it conveniently fit with the existing building rooftop and plumbing system to engender high sustainability potential. After several months of operation, the rainwater harvesting system at school lavatory has led to significant reductions between 24m3 and 278m3 of water use along with water bill saving of USD285. Sustainable assessment has indicated that all the six dimensions were well balanced with scores greater than 50% and continued improvements will increase the project’s sustainability in the future. This water conservation initiative can be implemented in any school worldwide with a similar water footprint for significant water savings and sustainable water management.

Assessment of Solar Photovoltaic Potential of Building Rooftops Using Photogrammetry and GIS

As conventional non-renewable energy is becoming increasingly scarce, the development of renewable energies, such as solar energy, has become a major priority in today's world. In this study, it has developed an approach to simulate solar radiation on rooftops of Paschimanchal Campus and estimate the solar photovoltaic (PV) potential using Photogrammetry and GIS techniques. The object-based method was used to extract and classify buildings using very high-resolution data: orthophoto, the UAV-derived Digital Surface Model, and Digital Terrain Model raster layers. For more accurate estimation of solar panel installations, the evaluation of solar radiation is essential and the amount of solar radiation that was converted into solar PV potential depends upon the technical characteristics of the panel (technology used: monocrystalline or polycrystalline). Subsequently, the evaluated cost of solar panel installation was compared to the cost of grid-based electricity of the study area. The result obtained shows that 18 rooftops of the buildings are the most suitable place for solar panel installation and their usable area is 4303.67m². 32 For polycrystalline and monocrystalline technologies, the annual PV power generation in the study area is 868 MWh/ yr and 1274 MWh/yr respectively. It was found that 1428.42m² of the suitable area was enough to fulfill the yearly demand of Paschimanchal Campus. For polycrystalline technologies, around 876 panels costing NRS.1,57,68,000 are required. The cost analysis of 10 years concludes solar energy will be cheaper than grid-based electricity by NRS.1,04,10,785.