Roof Tiles Research Articles

A review paper on an empirical method of solar roof tiles for thermal energy analysis applied in residential structures with phase change materials

The integration of solarcellsinto construction materials, such roof tiles, isgaining traction. Nevertheless, solarcells' conversion efficiencyistemperature-dependent, and a high temperaturewouldlowerit. This study examines the functionality of mortar roof tilesthat have builtinsolarcells and safety glass. To control the temperature of the solar cells, phase modifying materials (P CM) are added to the first roof tiles at a concentration of 3% by weight.For solar roof tiles, the impact ofPhase change materials on the generation of solar-to-electrical power isassessed, and life cycle costanalysisiscarried out to determine the viabilityfrom an economicstandpoint.During six summerdays, the electricalenergy production of the solartileswith PCM appliedwas 4.1% higherthanthat of the tileswithout the component modification material. In contrast, during six winterdays, the improvementisbetween 2.2 and 4.3%. With the cost of the inverterincluded, the solar roof tileswith Phase change materials have an economicalpaybackperiod of 5.7 years. The application of Phase change materialsraises the initial cost of roof tiles by 1.2% ;nevertheless, the paybackperiodispredicted to bethreemonths shorter thanthat of the equivalentwithout PCM, given an overallimprovement in energy production of 4.1%.Whilemany countries are takingsteps to reducetheiremissions, the IEA’slatest report on global and carbonemissionsshowed an increase of 1.7 percent in emissionsyear-onyear2018 to 33.1 billion tons (IEA, 2019). Australia's 2018 increase in carbondioxideequivalentemissions of 0.7% raisesseriousconcerns about the countrysability to meetitsemissionreductioncommitmentunder the Paris Agreement (Cox, 2019).

The recycling of demolition roof tile waste as a resource in the manufacturing of fired bricks: A scale-up to the industry

This study illustrates the utilization of roof tile waste as a resource in the manufacturing of fired bricks. Although commonly referred to as demolition waste, it is technically classified as construction and demolition waste (C&D). This demolition waste was used as a partial replacement of two soils (alluvial and laterite soil) at three firing temperatures that were considered economical (700, 850, and 900 °C). The waste considered was obtained from roof tiles previously fired at a low temperature below 800 °C, thus containing residual carbonates and clay minerals. The increased waste input resulted in higher firing shrinkage, bulk density, and water absorption while decreasing loss on ignition. An increase in firing temperature led to higher firing shrinkage, loss on ignition, and bulk density, but lower water absorption. The bricks met both Indian and ASTM standards for 2nd and 3rd class by adding 20–35 wt% of roof tile waste and firing at 850–900 °C in laboratory and industrial settings. The minimum acceptable quality for the produced bricks was achieved with an addition of 35 wt% waste, resulting in a water absorption of approximately 19% and a compressive strength ranging from 6 to 9 MPa. The study suggests that incorporating waste from demolished roof tiles into the production of burned bricks can be advantageous. It can partially replace the need for soils, reduce natural resource usage, lower energy consumption during production, and decrease the carbon footprint.

Designing and constructing of a laboratory scale concrete roof tile dryer

There are some problems with the drying process in the concrete tiles local industry, especially due to uncertain weather, where the drying process relies on sunlight. In addition, roof tile dryers have not yet hit the market. A laboratory-scale dryer is needed to develop a full-scale concrete roof tile dryer. This research aims to design and manufacture a laboratory-scale concrete tile dryer. The dryer will be used to investigate the characteristics of the concrete roof drying. The design was carried out using the Pahl and Beitz method, in three stages, namely planning, conceptual design, and detailed design. In the planning stage, a requirement list was stated, in the conceptual design stage, selected tools are determined for every sub-function, while in the detail design stage, shop drawings were produced. To produce a better distribution of air velocity and temperature, at this detailed design stage, a Solidworks CFD numerical analysis was used. The dimension of the drier is 1600 x 1100 x 1100 mm³, with a capacity of 60 - 180 kg, with air velocity of 3 m/s and variable temperature. The drying chamber consists of 3 layers. The heat source is LPG flame and electric heater. The fresh air is flown to the LPG burner, through a circulating fan into the drying chamber, where the concrete roof tiles are situated. The roof tile dryer was constructed and tested. The test results show that the air velocity at the top layer accorded with the CFD result, while in the second layer and third layer of the drying chamber, the air velocity was relatively small. The temperature in each layer of the drying chamber shows the same value, in this case, the temperature for each layer is 38°C, while the set point at the thermostat was 40°C. The relative humidity of the drying air was 21.7% while the ambient air relative humidity was 52%.

Characterization and properties of Chinese red clay for use as ceramic and construction materials.

This study involves the characterization and analysis of a Chinese red clay obtained from Hunan province to determine its suitability for manufacturing ceramic products. X-ray fluorescence analysis showed the clay has high silica (63.25 weight percent) and alumina (21.38 weight percent) content along with iron oxide, alkalis, and calcium acting as fluxes. X-ray diffraction (XRD) confirmed the presence of quartz, kaolinite, illite, and hematite as the major mineralogical phases. Scanning electron microscopy revealed loosely stacked, plate-shaped kaolinite particles exhibiting pseudohexagonal morphology. Particle size distribution shows a d50 of 12.7 μm and specific surface area is 21.3 m2/g. Differential thermal analysis-thermogravimetric analysis showed mass losses between 450-600°C and 950-1050°C corresponding to dehydroxylation and formation of a liquid phase, respectively. Dilatometry traced the onset of viscous flow sintering around 1000°C. Test bars produced from the clay were fired at 800°C, 900°C, 950°C, 1000°C, and 1050°C. The firing shrinkage increased from 2.5% at 800°C to 12.8% at 1050°C. Strength improved from 11.2 megapascals at 800°C to 42.3 megapascals at 1050°C due to densification and mullite formation. Hematite content caused the color to change from orange-red at 950°C to dark red at 1050°C. XRD analysis of fired specimens confirmed the presence of hematite and newly formed mullite and cristobalite phases. The results indicate the suitability of the clay for manufacturing bricks, roof tiles, and wall tiles using appropriate firing temperatures and cycles.

Water content estimation of recycled building materials based on near-infrared spectroscopy

Recycling of construction and demolition waste (CDW) is one key component of the circular economy. Reusing construction materials opens the opportunity to preserve finite natural resources and their corresponding landscapes, and also reduces the emission of greenhouse gases.Unfortunately, recycling of CDW is challenging when the new product ought to be used on the same quality level as the demolished one and down-cycling should be avoided. Therefore, the CDW needs to be classified and impurities must be removed. The water content quantification of the recycled aggregates is important because the amount of existing water needs to be known, e.g., when calculating a mixture for recycling concrete. New developments in the classification and the sorting of CDW make use of the information from the spectral range in the visual and infrared region. Therefore, the approach of this study is to examine whether this information can be used to estimate the water content of various CDW materials. Based on reflection measurements in the near-infrared range between 1000nm and 2300nm a mathematical relationship between the spectral measurements and the water content is established. Three estimates for the water content are set up. The mean absorption, the water index, and the absorption difference are later tested on CDW material samples covering concrete, autoclaved aerated concrete, lightweight concrete, brick, roof tile, calcium silicate brick and gypsum.

New recipes of mortars for Romanian architectural heritage consolidation

For centuries, the architecture monuments consisting of masonry buildings has been built using bricks, wood, roof tiles and various mortars. The characterization of the construction materials has become of primary importance, to obtain information about the raw ingredients and building technology of the mortars, and the history of possible previous restorations. Most of these buildings support deterioration due to the environmental conditions: physical factors (temperature, wind, moisture, solar radiations, etc.), chemical factor (sulphate, nitrates, and other pollutants able to forms acid with water i.e., acid rain), and biological factor (vegetation, micro-organisms and other forms: insects, birds, animals). To find new mortar recipes, with mechanical and antimicrobial resistance, different laboratory specimens were prepared in this study, based on mortar with incorporated hydroxyapatite. They were tested from a compositional, mechanical, chromatic, and antimicrobial point of view, concluding that the best mortar is the one with 20% incorporated hydroxyapatite. Some tests as peeling, droplet water absorption, the mortar consolidant efficiency and water absorption were performed, too. The specimen surfaces were characterized by optical microscopy (OM), stereomicroscopy, mechanical measurements to evaluate the size and distribution of particles. These measurements that have been made, will serve as a critical reference for the maintenance and restoration of the buildings.

A REVIEW ON FABRICATION TYPES OF MICRO/NANO HIERARCHICAL STRUCTURES AND THEIR APPLICATIONS IN AEROSPACE ENGINEERING

This review paper discusses various nano/microstructures and fabrication techniques. The nano/ microstructure materials like nano/micropatterned polymer and hierarchical structured surfaces employ different fabrication processes which is the main purpose of this review paper to identify the best technique for Aerospace applications.. The common nano/micro patterned polymer surfaces fabrication technique is by using soft lithography. Hierarchical structured surfaces fabrication techniques are by using soft lithography, self-assembly and by drag reduction from shark skin. They have a special and excellent surface functions namely hydrophobicity, structure color, drag reduction, anti-adhesion, color camouflages and other features. Super hydrophobic surfaces are used for various applications, such as solar panels, cutlery, roof tiles, fabrics, self-cleaning windows, windshields, buildings paints, external paints for ships and others. The main applications in aerospace are the airfoil design, self-cleaning window glasses or paints and anti-corrosion metal surfaces. The methods employed to arrive on our specific applications are description on nano/micro hierarchical structures, useful natural replicas for these strictures, identifying their surface functions and unique benefits as well as the recommended fabrication processes and applications. The best application we found is the riblet fabrication used in airplanes and airfoils geometries. These hierarchical structured surfaces are fabricated by drag reduction from shark skin.

Physio-Mechanical Characterization of Recycled Polyethylene Terephthalate and Soda-Lime Glass Waste Composite for Roof Tile Application

Physio-Mechanical Characterization of Recycled Polyethylene Terephthalate and Soda-Lime Glass Waste Composite for Roof Tile Application

Review on Sisal and E Glass Fiber Composites for Roof Tiles

Composite materials have emerged as a pivotal technology in mechanical and civil engineering, with matrix and reinforcement serving as fundamental components. This dynamic interplay involves one element as the foundational material and the other as an augmenting agent, unified through epoxy resin as a bonding agent. This study focuses on a comprehensive review of hybrid composites, specifically employing sisal and E Glass fiber, for roofing tile applications. Rigorous examination of various articles from diverse journals informs the material characterization process, involving meticulous sample preparation and testing. Beyond sisal and E Glass composites, the literature also explores substitute materials, broadening the scope of potential applications. Emphasizing environmental consciousness, this research aligns with the green materials paradigm, presenting eco-friendly and sustainable solutions within the prevailing environmental context. By delving into alternative composites and their potential benefits, this work contributes to the ongoing discourse on advancing materials science for environmentally responsible applications in the fields of mechanical and civil engineering.

Feasibility Analysis of a Roof Tile Factory Business Using a Capital Budgeting Approach

Natural content that supports the need for raw materials and materials needed is provided by the nature around us, such as various plants, soil, water, natural stones, and others. Most of them can be further processed into raw materials for construction products, such as roof tiles and other infrastructure facilities. The financial feasibility aspect is important considering that the business can be categorized as a project, which requires a long payback period based on the accounting period. During this time period there are various things that are full of uncertainty which are influenced by the rate of inflation and bank interest rates, so that the value of investments issued and the income or money obtained now will be different from the value of money in the future, which is called with the value of time rather than money. It is hoped that the analytical tool will be able to provide consideration, input and anticipation for the future of the roof tile manufacturing unit project by paying attention to capital budgeting, which can then be analyzed from a financial aspect through payback period (PP), net present value (NPV), profitability index ( PI) and internal rate of return (IRR). In the roof tile manufacturing business, the PBP is 1 year, 8 months, 6 days faster than the maximum period of 8 years of the project value, positive NPV of IDR 536,821,468, PI of 2,841 greater than number 1 and IRR of 14,835 greater than the cost value of capital 12%. As a basis for decision making through a capital budgeting approach through financial analysis.

Analysis of Product Costs Using the Full Costing Method and Determining Selling Prices at CV Artha Jaya

The aim of this research is to assess the process of determining product cost prices and selling prices at CV Artha Jaya. The results of this research indicate that there are deficiencies in the company's calculation of the product cost, with it being known that the company's product cost price for Prentol roof tiles is IDR. 2,200, mantili roof tiles Rp. 2,100, trihek paving Rp. 1,300, and hexagon paving Rp. 1,200. However, after evaluation, the basic product price for Prentol roof tiles became Rp. 2,299, mantili roof tiles Rp. 2,125, trihek paving Rp. 1,343, and hexagon paving Rp. 1,581. This inaccuracy occurred because the company did not include a number of production costs in calculating the cost price, including depreciation costs for factory buildings, as well as depreciation costs for machinery and equipment

TRANSFORMATION OF BORROWED PHENOMENA: THE BUDDHIST FRESCO IN DUNGHUAN AND THE ARCHITECTURE OF THE MOSQUES OF SHAANXI PROVINCE IN CHINA

The purpose of the article is to analyze the phenomenon of borrowing without being limited by a specific style, and on the basis of this to argue at which hierarchical level the transformation took place: at the level of composition, form or decor.
 The relevance of the research topic is determined by the need to analyze how local cultural and artistic traditions influenced the transformation of borrowed styles and what exactly the phenomenon of transformation consisted of, whether it was the same for several borrowed styles.
 As a result of the study of wall paintings in different periods, it was established that, according to the figurative concept of Dunhuang, the transformation was as follows:
 – a departure from the original Indian frescoes by complicating the compositions in the direction of three-dimensionality and polymorphism, diversifying polychromy, anatomical perfection, detailing and giving the image a national color through portrait images of founders in Chinese clothes, scenes from their lives, landscape images; 
 – therefore, in the Dunhuang frescoes, the transformation was focused on the planar images of the fresco (the role of ritual sculpture in the Dunhuang sanctuaries was much smaller). 
 Despite the fact that Islam never competed with Buddhism, Taoism and Confucianism in terms of the number of believers in China, the rulers were friendly towards the construction of mosques. However, they are clearly dominated by Chinese traditions:
 – there are much more courtyards than in traditional mosques, and they are landscaped according to Chinese landscape design and have ponds with fish (this is a purely Chinese tradition);
 – the appearance of the pavilions and gates is purely Chinese: pavilions with a traditional Chinese silhouette, curved roofs with tiled roofs, complex multi-level eaves, open galleries on pillars, the use of traditional Chinese building materials (stone, brick, wood, tiles), bright polychromy, small detailing.
 So, in the case of mosques as well, Chinese culture radically changed their appearance, giving them maximum similarity with the temples of traditional religions.
 Thus, the transformation took place equally at all levels – planning, landscape design, three-dimensional form, plane with wall paintings and carvings.
 Later, this style manifested itself in the transformation of European Art Nouveau, which was also superimposed on local traditions.

Internalization of Magelang' Local Wisdom in STEM Learning: Analysis of Pottery Making as a Science Learning Resource

The context in science learning needs to be linked contextually and be interdisciplinary so that learning becomes more meaningful. This research aims to analyze the local wisdom of the people of Magelang Regency in making pottery as a science learning resource containing STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics) on temperature and heat. The subjects of this study were pottery artisans in Kragilan, Donorojo, Mertoyudan, Magelang, Central Java. The research design used is descriptive qualitative with data collection techniques in literature and field studies (interviews and documentation). The data in the research is qualitative, namely the results of interviews and identification of local wisdom in making pottery in Magelang Regency, which can be used as a science learning resource with STEM content. In addition, qualitative data analyses local wisdom in making pottery in science learning resources with STEM content on science material. This research shows that local wisdom in making Magelang pottery, especially roof tiles and braziers, is appropriate to the science learning context. The process of making pottery can be internalized in science learning as a science learning resource containing STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) for teaching Temperature and Heat material.

Crumb Rubber in Alkaline Activated Clay Roof Tiles at Low Temperature

The continuous increase in vehicle uptake escalates the number of rubber tyre waste to avoid landfilling and stockpiling. The present research focused on the sustainable use of crumb rubber in clay roof tiles. Tile samples were fabricated by heating the compacted mixtures at 50°C for 72 h, followed by increasing the temperature to 200°C for 24 h. Clay, crumb rubber, NaOH, and Na2SiO3 with a 10% alkaline activator were adopted. The weight of the crumb rubber was 0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, 2%, and 2.5%. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analyses to study the phases and microstructures of the samples. The present study found that the optimum crumb rubber concentration was 0.5%, and 1% satisfied the standard requirement for the roof tiles.

Main characteristics of 11th -15th centuries bricks from monumental buildings of the Pechersk monastery in Kyiv

The relevance of the proposed work lies in the fact that the powerful collection of building materials has been assembled in the scientific funds of the National Preserve „Kyiv-Pechersk Lavra” over a 100-year history of archaeological research into architectural monuments from the 11th-15thcenturies (the Dormition Cathedral, chapel of St. John the Baptist, Trinity Gatech church, a brick refectory, and a stonewall from the 12thcentury). It consists of bricks (plinthois), ceramic tiles and stone floor slabs, roof tiles, glass hutters, frescoes, mosaics, samples of stones and solutions, marble decorative elements, etc. Among the most massive and informative materials is a plinthoi. The study of its characteristics and historical and cultural significance is aimed at acquiring a body of knowledge about building materials. M. Kholostenko, G. Ivakin, O. Syromyatnikov, and D. Jolshin were engaged in the study of bricks from the Pechersk monastery. However, no generalizing work on construction materials of the 11th-15th centuries of these monuments of ancient Kyiv has been carried out till now.

Modelling and analysis of rooftop PV as an energy optimization of flat roof and gable roof mounting system

Photovoltaic (PV) systems are designed for both communal and self-installation. PV systems are intended for both communal and standalone installations. Installation is required not only in industry and commerce, but also in the growth of energy potential at Universitas Jenderal Achmad Yani. The focus of this research is rooftop PV modelling and analysis at Universitas Jenderal Achmad Yani. Because the ground mounting system could not be done due to limited land, a rooftop solar power-producing system was created. Data gathering is done as part of unique research that takes into account numerous technological criteria for efficiency. System analysis conducted by modelling and simulation, which will make use of a variety of tools linked to this PV system. Data was gathered from similar studies while accounting for numerous technological variables such as modelling and efficiency. K2Base system was used to model flat roofs with concrete roof types and gable roofs with tile roof types. The mounting type, wind load, truss load, and ballast were all taken into account in the design. This article also calculates PV panel configurations and component capacities. There are many different panels that can be constructed from each model. With a maximum roof area of 837.52 m2, 33 to 350 PV panels may be used. The number of inverters is changed to provide outputs of 10 kW, 25 kW, and 50 kW based on the calculations' findings. With differences in autonomous days, the number of batteries obtained has an average of more than 200 batteries.

Evaluasi Kemampuan Fisik Pengangkatan Secara Manual Berdasarkan Pedoman NIOSH

Manual lifting activities are still often used in the industrial world, both small and large industries. Occupational safety and health need to be considered because things caused by errors in material handling and excessive loads can cause injuries. This research was carried out in roof tile making activities in Godean. The activities carried out still use human power in flowing materials with the process flow. If this activity is carried out continuously, it is feared that it will cause accidents. Therefore, there is a need for evaluation, namely energy consumption by measuring heart rate, determining optimal rest time, Recommended Weight Limit (RWL) is a recommendation for the limit of weight that can be lifted by humans without causing injury even if done repetitively and over a long period of time. This RWL is determined by NIOSH and the Job Severity Index (JSI). This research is useful for providing information and input about the importance of health and safety as well as providing information and insight for workers to pay more attention to occupational health and safety.

PARAMETER OPTIMIZATION FOR A THERMAL SIMULATION OF AN URBAN AREA

Abstract. Urban heat island (UHI) phenomenon is a significant challenge in urban planning, and accurate temperature predictions are crucial for effective decision-making. The choice of material parameters is crucial to simulate a realistic temperature distribution and identify potential UHIs. This paper introduces a framework for optimizing the material properties based on sensors boxes placed upon surfaces made up by different materials. The methodology covers an optimization approach for the material properties to achieve accurate surface temperature simulation. The results, which involved close-range validation and macro-scale validation, show a significant improvement in the agreement between the simulated and measured temperature time series, especially for tiled roofs and asphalt roads. However, the accuracy for grassland areas decreased, possibly due to differences in soil moisture. Overall, the proposed framework shows promising results for future work in improving the accuracy of thermal simulation of urban areas.

Undecorated Roman-Period Roof Tiles – An Old Material Providing New Results

Abstract Undecorated ceramic roof tiles and their fragments are one of the most enduring and numerous remains of the earthen architecture of the Roman period to survive to us from many parts of the Roman world, especially from the Mediterranean region. Despite this, we have huge gaps in our knowledge regarding this material due to the sparsity in specialist studies and published excavation or survey records. The most detrimental gap is a lack of sufficiently fine-grained tile typology to easily situate and compare any tile material found. This work will outline the methodology used in the author’s recent research concerning Roman-period ceramic roof tiles in the Eastern Mediterranean and discuss the different ways we can approach undecorated roof tiles as material to gain valuable data. The work will also touch on the current limitation we have for further research in using this material as a dataset based on the status of research (limited and biased), the methodologies that would be most valid for research (e.g. is typology still a valid tool?), and the means we have in increasing the value of this material as a source for knowledge (better documentation). Such research allows us to gain meaningful and interesting new information on style, production, and transfer of knowledge and technology, which ultimately will help us to better understand how past societies functioned and interacted.

The Utilization of Silica Fume in Mortar Mixed with Rubber Crumb

This study looks closely at how rubber crumbs and additives might improve the mechanical properties of mortar concrete. It is focused to help the concrete industry transition this form of mortar concrete from a research laboratory level to a more useful usage. On the compressive strength, density, and water absorption of mortar concrete, the effects of various mixing techniques, mechanical which was before mostly on crumb rubber, and the use of fiber additions have been investigated. Mixing duration and order were two factors in the mixing technique. The replacement of fine aggregate with rubber crumb in the mortar was conducted from 0% (control sample), 5%, 10%, and 15% with fixed 5% of silica fume (replaced cement amount). A size of 50mm x 50mm x 50mm was used as a designing size cube sample in the current study. All blends should be subjected to a slump test before being used to determine the combination's level of durability. The water absorption and density value showed a good result giving benefits and advantages on increases of crumb rubber amount. However, compressive strength decreased when the amount of crumb rubber increased. In the application of roof tiles, lower density values provide an advantage for workability during installation.