Roof Garden Research Articles

르 코르뷔제의 주택 작품에 나타난 건축적 산책 분석

Purpose: Le Corbusier addressed the dom-ino system that was the fabulous structural system in those days and the five principles of architecture such as pilotis, free plan, ribbon window, free facade and roof garden from his position of functionalism. He also suggested ‘The Architectural Promende’ in pursuit of the pure geometrical formation and his own original architectural aesthetics. Methods: This study was conducted in three stages: the first step of theoretical reviews about the meaning of the architectural promenade, and the second step of analysis about two houses - Villa la Loche and Villa Savoye - that the concept of the architectural promenade applied, the third step of comparative analysis about the architectural components applied to two cases in order to achieve the architectural promenade. Results: As a result of this study, the concept of the architectural promenade as one of important principles in his architectural works interconnects spaces by predicting human movements over time from the outside to the inside. It presents a completed static space, inducing the human movements to the intended spaces by natural light.

Business Hotel and Shopping Mall in Science & Technopark Universitas Sumatera Utara Kwala Bekala

Business Hotel and Shopping Mall are buildings that used as a place to stay, especially for those who in a business trip and grocery facility for guests in the hotel and people around. The exists of hotel and mall in an area usually can attract people to visit that area and used as a place to rest and to gather, this is the main reason on choosing Hotel and Mall to be one of the facilities in supporting area of Science and Technopark in campus USU Kwala Bekala. Based on the USU Kwala Bekala masterplan, the site with 1,6 Ha area is located in the entrance zone, which is the gateway area of USU Kwala Bekala, so that the concept of the mass was building as a gate. This building is expected to be one of the areas that can integrate users with all of the facilities in Science & Techno Park of Campus USU Kwala Bekala. From the analysis that has done, the final design was the buildings are separated into two mass and connected with a sky bridge with the implementation of green architecture. The application of this concept seen in the use of windows, skylight, and the inner court as natural lighting and ventilation, roof garden to recycle rainwater, and secondary skin as a sunlight buffer. These applications are expected to help in reducing the use of water and electricity.

Selection and Application of Garden Plants in the Construction of Sponge City in Northwest China

Li, R. and Zhang, C., 2020. Selection and application of garden plants in the construction of sponge city in Northwest China. In: Yang, Y.; Mi, C.; Zhao, L., and Lam, S. (eds.), Global Topics and New Trends in Coastal Research: Port, Coastal and Ocean Engineering. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 103, pp. 1139–1143. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.Since the development of sponge city construction in my country, most of the research on sponge city construction has focused on the engineering level. The research on the selection and application of plants is relatively lagging, making it impossible to reasonably choose plants during the construction of sponge cities. The lack of “localization” of the design and the lack of systematic and targeted consideration and design of the plant landscape configuration have restricted the construction and development of the sponge city to some extent. The purpose of this article is to solve the problem of the selection and application of garden plants in the construction of sponge cities in the northwestern region. Through the literature review method, field survey method, and case comparison analysis method, the roof garden, residential area green space, road green space, and landscape in the sponge city in northwestern China Selection and arrangement of plants in green space and park green space. Finally, combined with the problem analysis, the principles of sponge city plant selection and allocation were put forward. At the same time, the sponge city plants that can be applied to the northwestern region were summarized based on the survey results and related literature reading. The research results show that the satisfaction of the open layout is 81.38%, and the satisfaction of the enclosed layout is 79.30%. The open layout is more popular in use. The selection and application of garden plants in Northwest China based on the construction function of sponge cities proposed in this paper has positive significance for sustainable urban development.

Urban Resident Views About Open Green Spaces: A Study in Güzelyurt (Morphou), Cyprus

A dramatic demographic shift regarding urbanization is occurring globally. Between 2000 and 2050, the ratio of individuals in urban spaces is projected to rise from 46.6 % to 69.6%. Environmental pollution, urban heat island effect and climate change are among the hazardous effects of urbanization. Critical ecosystem services can be provided with urban green areas such as parks, roof gardens, streams, forests and community gardens etc. Walking, running or biking activities, psychological well-being and public health of urban inhabitants can also be supported via green space. Urban landscape areas are also significant for Cyprus as there is an on-going remarkable urbanization. Particularly, due to urbanization, the importance of green spaces in cities is becoming important. During this study, open and green space as urban landscape areas in Güzelyurt (Morphou) was investigated. This is the first study to examine user satisfaction and views of open and green spaces in Güzelyurt (Morphou) region, Cyprus. A questionnaire with 60 participants were conducted in order to understand respondents’ suggestions about several aspects of existing open and green spaces in Güzelyurt, north Cyprus. According to the findings, respondents were mostly dissatisfied about urban and open spaces in the city. Our results indicate that local authorities or municipal organizations should legalize the planning of urban parks, open spaces and green areas with long term perspective. Keywords: Urbanization, Green space, urban park, landscape, Güzelyurt, Cyprus

Performance of six different soilless green roof substrates for the Mediterranean region

The objectives of this research were to assess the physical properties of six different growing substrate mixtures destined for roof gardens and determine the influence of these substrates on the morphology, physiology, growth and flower quality of pansy (Viola × wittrockiana), Madagascar periwinkle (Catharanthus roseus), and Pavia lily (Longiflorum×Asiatic lilies (Lilium) ‘Pavia’). Six green roof growing substrate mixtures (by volume) were used [T1: coarse tuff+fine tuff+cocopeat (5:1:4), T2:coarse tuff+medium tuff+fine tuff+cocopeat (5:5:2:8), T3: medium tuff+fine tuff+cocopeat (5:1:4), T4:medium tuff+fine tuff + peat moss (5:1:4), T5: perlite+medium tuff+fine tuff+cocopeat (5:5:2:8), and T6: lightweight expandable clay aggregates+fine tuff+cocopeat (5:1:4)]. The T6 (LECA-cocopeat) had the lowest weight at field capacity and good aeration and WHC to sustain optimal plant growth. Medium tuff-peat moss (T4) produced the highest pansy flowers number per plants. However, peat moss (T4) has been identified by environmentalists as an unsustainable media. LECA-cocopeat (T6) had a higher number of lily flowers and leaf area than T1-T4. The cost of the LECA substrate ($US 215 m−3, T6) is extremely higher than that of volcanic tuff ($US 36 m−3, T1-T4), and perlite ($US 100 m−3, T5). Overall, T6 can be an ideal option in terms of physical properties of growing substrate and flower quality but it might not be the best option for green roofs when cost is the primary concern. In addition, certain growing substrates could be used to satisfy specific growing requirements without sacrificing performance. For example, the combination of medium tuff and peat moss (T4) produced the highest pansy flower numbers per plant but required a longer period to flower (95 days). So, this growing substrate could be used where plentiful blooms are desired and the time to bloom is not a concern.

Leaves anatomical and physiological adaptations of Vinca major ‘Variegata’ and Hedera helix L. to specific roof garden conditions

Urban agglomerations create extreme microclimates for plants, in which growth, development and survival means adaptation. Plantations expansions beyond the typical gardens to buildings, walls or other build structures were realized in many cities with a rigorous selection of plant species. Although the number of woody species well adapted to the urban environmental conditions is quite large, few species manage to grow and develop on the roofs. Two species - Vinca major ‘Variegata’ and Hedera helix, regularly used for this type of plantations in Bucharest, were selected to understand their mechanism of adaptation. A comparative study was conducted on these species, growing on a rooftop garden and at the ground level into a typical garden. Both species revealed considerable anatomical differences of the leaves. In addition, physiological determinations revealed a stronger intensity of photosynthesis, an intense transpiration and a lower respiration rate at plants grown in the roof garden.

“Stepping Stones” in Urban Greenways: Design Strategy of Roof Garden in Jiangbei New District, Nanjing, China

This paper focuses on the design strategy of roof gardens, analyzes the relationship between aerial greening from the overall shape of urban space, and discusses the greening spots effect of “stepping stones” in urban greenways. Taking the green corrider between the green space of the Yangtze River wetland and the green space of the Laoshan Mountain as a sample, the roof garden is analyzed as the impact of the stepping stones of the birds on the urban space shape control and height control. Afterwards, it researches the modular technology which can be adapted to building various types of roof gardens.

ROOFTOP GARDENING A SOURCE OF ENVIRONMENT CONSERVATION AND CROP PRODUCTION WITH CHANGING CLIMATE FOR DHAKA CITY

The cities of the world are facing serious problems due to environmental hazards. The Department of Agricultural Extension has been implementing a pilot project on expansion of roof gardening in the Dhaka city since 2018 to reduce the increasing temperature, air pollution and for food production. However, no study has been conducted to find out the suitable technologies for producing fresh, safe and nutritious foods in the roof garden and to investigate the role of this roof garden on environment conservation for the Dhaka city dwellers with changing climate. Therefore, a research based roof garden model was developed at Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University with the financial help of NATP-2 project. The experimental results showed that roof garden reduced upper surface temperature of roof more than 9°C and lower surface temperature of roof by 1.74°C and believe to reduce the electricity consumption for cooling the room of the top floor of the building during summer season. The oxygen and carbon dioxide percent were higher and lower, respectively in the garden than the bare roof. Therefore, the results suggest that urban crop production and environmental balance can be achieved to a certain extent by increasing the intensity of roof gardening in the Dhaka city

Farming Bot: Precision Agriculture System in Limited Land Based On Computer Numerical Control (CNC)

Indonesia is a vast country both sea and land, but as population development and growth continues to increase, the land that is usually used for agricultural land is now changing into residential land. This narrowing land is the biggest challenge that must be faced today. Basically, farming activities require a knowledge base that is land use, seeds/seedlings, cultivation, processing, to marketing. However, cultivation on land is limited by several methods of land use such as the use of roof gardens need to be considered well because it requires a large investment and careful planning. One way that can be done is through modern technology for energy efficiency and time. In this study, a precision farming system was created using Computer Numerical Control (CNC) technology. CNC is a machine tool automation system that is operated by command, randomly programmed and stored in storage media. By using CNC technology, it allows the machine to follow the coordinate points that are entered into the system accurately. The command to drive a CNC machine is usually called the G-Code. The accuracy of the machine motion using a stepper motor can reach 1 mm. The system is made, similar to the control system on a 3D Printer machine with a wider work area. Later, the machine-made will be named "Farming-BOT", short for Farming Robots or robots for farming..

A Corporate Roof Garden Designed for China’s Millennials

A Corporate Roof Garden Designed for China’s Millennials

Modeling a Roof Garden to Buildings in a Smart City using Equation Weight for Calculation of Distribution of Load Live and Weight Maximum on a Roof Top

Modeling a Roof Garden to Buildings in a Smart City using Equation Weight for Calculation of Distribution of Load Live and Weight Maximum on a Roof Top

A Study of Sustainable Social Housing Community Design in Britain and China

BritainandChinahaveexperiencedperiodsofrapidpopulationgrowthandinadequate housing construction. Social housing is a form of housing tenure easing the housing pressure. It solves residential demands of different living patterns in middle to low-income groups. The sustainable strategy lies in three aspects:1. Making the utmost use of the local natural environment;2. Providing reasonable public spaceandsuitabletraffic to revitalize community awareness; and 3. The holistic design of multiple dwelling units for different people and long-term needs. This paper shows two projects – Park Hill in Sheffield, UK and Longnan Garden in Shanghai – as precedents of how to design social housing with sustainable approaches by following the local natural characteristics,by respecting traditions and the different demands of residents and the long-term housing usage. UP TO HERE Compared with China’s 20-year social housing development, that in Britain has a long history and presents complicated multiplicities, could provide significant references. This paper shows that such communities could be design in steps: using the organic gallery apartment building layout, the special corridor system connecting the public function to neighborhoods, SI House theories optimizing the hostile design of dwelling units and components. During the design, the local nature and tradition should be respected. Specifically, the Park Hill is built up along the sloping field, four types of apartment units are based on the traditional terraced house, designed holistically for different families; the deck, which is called “street in the sky”, is not only the traffic but also the active place promoting public and neighborhoods relationships; the renovation design retains the former structure and makesthemaximizationofindoorflexibility.LongnanGardenissurroundedbyexisting resident districts; the organic planning based on the traditional courtyards ensures the enough sunlight and river views in the community; the community environment is improved by the courtyards,which include the ground are and roof gardens;elevated corridors run through courtyards connecting common rooms on the second floor; the 7.6-meter-heightskeletonisinnovatedfromSIhousingandtheexperienceofEuropean social housing. The paper summarizes the development tendency of social housing and provides reference for future.

EFFECT OF BUILDING FORM WITH INNER COURT AND HEIGHT VARIATIONS ON THERMAL COMFORT OUTDOOR SPACE IN SUDIRMAN SUITES APARTMENT BANDUNG

Abstract- Designing apartment as a vertical residence should not only pay attention to aesthetics value but also aspects comfort aspects, such as thermal comfort. Apartment thermal comfort is not only limited to indoor units but also outdoor space as residents’ communal area. Sudirman Suites Apartment built in the center of Bandung City with limited land availability is selected as the research object because of the uniqueness of the building form with inner court and height variation that allows the availability of outdoor space on the floor above. Sudirman Suite Apartments’ building form and height can affect the site’s microclimate and outdoor space thermal comfort. This study aims to determine the effect of building form with inner court and height variation to thermal comfort of apartment outdoor space as well as the right solution to improve it. This study used quantitative method, with descriptive evaluative type of research. Measurements were taken on the Sudirman Suite Apartment outdoor space such as ground floor parking area, terrace, and aisle, 1st floor inner court, 2nd floor roof garden, and sky garden on 9th and 11th floor. The measurement data then calculated into thermal comfort perception and analyzed based on theories of literature study result to reach conclusion. Influence of the building form and height to outdoor space thermal comfort the thermal comfort of Sudirman Suites Apartment analysis divided into: outdoor space on the main mass with inner court and height variations, pilotis on the ground floor of the main mass, and supporting mass addition. Besides of the building form and height, environmental factors also affect the outdoor space thermal comfort such as wind and radiative temperatures in each outdoor space. Based on this study, it is known that there is significant effect of the apartment’s form with inner court, where the comparison between blocking tower height and comparable distance between towers makes inner court area air flow tend to be low. Pilotis on the ground floor increases the speed of air flow on the ground floor. Sun radiation reduction occurs in the sky garden area overshadowed by building form with height variation. Outdoor space elements optimization is considered less optimal in supporting thermal comfort, such as the lack of plants and rooftop surface area dominated by hardscape. Key Words: apartment, outdoor space, thermal comfort, Bandung Sudirman Suites

History of vegetation roofs in the Czech Republic

This article is mainly focused on the development and history of vegetation roofs in the Czech Republic. In the article is summarized history of green roofs in Czech republic from the oldest vegetation roof. Subsequently, it contains the significance of the function of vegetation roofs and the general classification according to the types of buildings including their description and price. Last but not least, there has been described the reconstruction of the oldest vegetation roof in the Czech Republic on the building. Also there has been described a modern design and reconstruction of the roof garden. At work I have been able to summarize all the advantages and disadvantages of vegetation roofs compared to classical roofs. The results of this work provide a detailed view of the development of vegetation roofs and on the basis of the work it is possible to suggest possibilities for accelerating work on vegetation roofs.

A CASE STUDY FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF SCHOOL GARDENS IN DAKAHLIA GOVERNORATE

This landscaping study for school gardens in Mansoura City was carried out in the period from 2017-2018. This study was carried out to develop the school gardens in DK Governorate. Eight school gardens located in Mansoura City and Talkha District were under investigation during 2017/2018. The study revealed that most of these school gardens have toxic plants like weed and cactus. Measurements for development of these school gardens were suggested to arrive to an ideal design of the school gardens that can be applied in practice. The obtained data showed that the utilized area of the school gardens are not correctly used and maintenance of the gardens is poor. Roof gardens for these school buildings are suggested to increase garden area for students. Also, it is recommended to improve the use of irrigation systems with the help of experts. Recycling of the residues are necessary for clean environment and designing of traffic gardens for learning traffic roles which is of a great importance.

Comprehensive Performance Evaluation System Based on Environmental and Economic Benefits for Optimal Allocation of LID Facilities

In recent years, urban flooding occurred frequently because of extreme rainstorms. Sponge city construction can effectively mitigate urban flooding and improve urban rainwater utilization. Low-impact development (LID) is regarded as a sustainable solution for urban stormwater management. In this project, a comprehensive evaluation system was developed based on environmental and economic benefits using the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) and the Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) of the United States (US) Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The performance of four LID scenarios with the same locations but different sizes of green roof, permeable pavement, concave greenbelt, and rain garden were analyzed in the Sucheng district of Jiangsu province in China. Results illustrate that the green roof performed best in reducing runoff, while the rain garden performed worst. The LID combination scenario (1) that contained more green roof, permeable pavement, and concave greenbelt facilities, but fewer rain gardens had the better comprehensive performance on the basis of environmental and economic benefits. The combined scenario (2) (LID proportion of maximum construction area was 40%) could also be an alternative. This study provides a guide to optimize LID layouts for sponge city construction, which can also provide optimal selection for other sponge city constructions.

The inspiration of rainwater utilization of foreign sponge campus landscape planning for Beijing

In this article, through selecting the good effects examples of sponge campus construction in the university of Pennsylvania, Salem State University, Arizona State University, State University of New York, and other landscape transformation as the research objects, the paper focuses on the application of sponge city concept in foreign campus landscape planning. It analysis design methods in response to the campus the ecological sustainable public green space design, the rain garden design, roof garden, ecological grass ditch and a series of soil restoration based on the sponge city idea. At the same time, it selects the construction of sponge campus of Beijing Jiaotong University as a comparative study example, in order to explore the potential rainwater utilization and development of sponge campus in China.

Analysis of Landscape Design of Roof Garden Based on Environmental Rehabilitation Concept-Discussion on the Design of Roof Rehabilitation Garden of the Second Peoples Hospital in Jingdezhen

Analysis of Landscape Design of Roof Garden Based on Environmental Rehabilitation Concept-Discussion on the Design of Roof Rehabilitation Garden of the Second Peoples Hospital in Jingdezhen

Life cycle assessment of white roof and sedum-tray garden roof for office buildings in China

White roof (WR) and Sedum lineare tray garden roof (STGR) have been convinced to improve the energy-efficiency and provide various benefits for conventional impervious grey roofs. Some national and local standards have standardized and recommended these technologies in existing building retrofits, however, they do not include assessment and choice of a particular roof retrofit in different climates. This paper presents a 40-year life-cycle cost analysis (LCCA) of an office building roof retrofitted by adding either WR or STGR over an existing grey roof in five cities, located in four Chinese climate zones. The LCCA find that the WR retrofits exhibit positive life-cycle net savings (NS) in warm winter zones, ranging 5.7–35.1 CNY/m2, and STGR retrofits have negative NS of -81.3– -16.7 CNY/m2 in all climate zones. The NS of both WR and STGR generally tend to improve as one moves from the coldest cities to the warmest cities.LCCA results suggest that adding new building codes concerning crediting or prescribing WR and STGR retrofits into office buildings with grey roofs in hot summer climate zones and warm winter zone in China, respectively. And featured by more specific requirements, the localized Technical Norms help promote the implementation of new building codes.

The Use of Native Halophytes in Landscape Design in The Central Anatolia, Turkey

In this study, the usability of some herbaceous halophytes grown naturally in salt marshes that dry most of the year in Central Anatolia Region were investigated in landscape design. Within the scope of the research, in the years of 2016 and 2017, seasonal field studies were carried out in saline habitats in the vicinity of Konya, Ankara, Aksaray and Nevşehir, and taken photographs and herbarium samples of halophytic plant species. The general botanical and ecological characteristics of the selected species are given and the values used in landscape design have been determined considering the aesthetic and functional properties. As a result of the field studies carried out during the vegetation periods, 59 halophytic plant species, belonging to 38 genera and 19 families that could be used in landscape design were identified. The most representative family was the Asteraceae with 11 species, followed by Plumbaginaceae (9 species) and Chenopodiaceae (8 species). The genus Limonium from Plumbaginaceae family is well represented with 8 species for landscape use. The endemism rate of halophytes used in landscape design is 42% (25 species) in the research area. The most common uses in landscape design are determined in roof gardens by 49 species, followed in ground conservation and erosion prevention by 31 species. Since these halophytic species, which are mostly succulent and endemic, are well adapted into both wet and dry areas. Their use in landscape design is of great importance for restoration of arid and barren land, which may increase as a result of global climate change, conservation of biodiversity as well as sustainable agricultural practices.