Roof Garden Research Articles

Effect of roof garden weight on the seismic fragility of relatively tall concrete wall buildings

Effect of roof garden weight on the seismic fragility of relatively tall concrete wall buildings

GREEN PATTERN CONCEPT FOR ROOFTOP LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE STUDY PROGRAM, TRISAKTI UNIVERSITY JAKARTA, INDONESIA

A garden is an outdoor relaxation area, set aside for the display of plants and other natural habitats solitary to human life. However, due to the reduced open space in urban areas, turning parks into gardens has become common. Therefore, a roof garden is an attractive option because it is private, and accessible to only certain people. Presently, the Study Program Landscape Architecture Universitas Trisakti, Jakarta, Indonesia, has a roof garden used to support certain subjects' practical activities. However, the concept of a green pattern applied to the roof garden of this institution is not optimal. Therefore, this study aims to determine the design principles that have not been maximized in the roof garden of Study Program Landscape Architecture due to inaccuracy in the arrangement of the green pattern. This is descriptive research intended to describe and examine the characteristics, relationships, similarities, and differences of green patterns in the roof garden with other phenomena.

RMetS Meteorological Masterclass Series: Anticipating floods, droughts and heatwaves

<scp>RMetS M</scp>eteorological <scp>M</scp>asterclass <scp>S</scp>eries: Anticipating floods, droughts and heatwaves

Symbiosis: Department Store Roof Gardens and Their Appropriation by Lower-Class Urban Women, 1917–1948

Symbiosis: Department Store Roof Gardens and Their Appropriation by Lower-Class Urban Women, 1917–1948

Analyzing the Impact of Green Roof Functions on the Citizens' Mental Health in Metropolitan Cities.

Background:The fast-growing trend of urbanizations and the dwellers’ stressful lifestyle in megacities has led to several drawbacks from the mental health perspective. Provided that there is a significant association between the green environment and mental health, we investigated different functions of a green roof from two perspectives of well-being and environment.Methods:After investigating on different functions of the green roof and classifying them into two sections, a self questionnaire survey was conducted in May 2020 on 100 citizens of the Seoul metropolitan area after, South Korea visiting the green roof. They were asked to clarify their perception of the different functions of green roof gardens. The statistical analysis was performed to show the differences in perception and how each variable can contribute to such differences.Results:The results illustrated a high satisfaction rate among the visitors of green roofs. The perception of the well-being functions was higher than those of environmental functions. However, age group can alter the perception significantly, as the senior citizens significantly perceived the well-being functions. In contrast, the awareness of the environmental functions was higher among the younger participants.Conclusion:Providing practical information about the ideal functions of green roofs, this study offered helpful insight for the planners who focus on society’s general health and work in two different sections: developing the city landscape and mental health improvement.

Catherine Seavitt Nordenson, Depositions. Roberto Burle Marx and Public Landscapes under Dictatorship, Austin, TX: University of Texas Press, 2018

In the field of modern design, Brazilian landscape architect Roberto Burle Marx (1909-1994) stands out as one of the great protagonists of the twentieth century. With designs such as the lakefront gardens of the Pampulha suite in Belo Horizonte, the spectacular Copacabana beachfront, the massive Flamengo Park and the roof garden of the Ministry of Education and Health headquarters, the latter three in Rio de Janeiro, he became instrumental in putting Brazil in the forefront of the internation...

Area of Irregular Shaped Roof

This project makes use of calculus, specifically integration, to find the exact area of a roof garden to minimize the cost of material used in flooring it. Since the roof is of irregular shape, it is divided into four sections, the integral of each section is taken, and a relationship between the integrals is generated. Positive results are found, and the data reveal that the area of the grass floor is 175.3 m2 while the area of the wooden floor is 23.4 m2 with the total price being 2472 US dollars.

Problems and Solutions for Green Roofs

Green roofs have been the standard design in many countries for hundreds of years due to the excellent thermal insulation properties of the fertile layer. A green roof is a space created by adding additional layers of fertile soil and plants over a traditional roofing system. Green roofing should not be confused with a traditional roof garden where plants are placed in free-standing containers on an exploited roof terrace. This article discusses the main advantages of roofing landscaping, the factors that influence the choice of type of roofing depending on climatic conditions and the main types of design solutions in megacities. The authors analyse the influence of the green roof on the energy efficiency of the building in the climatic conditions of Yekaterinburg. The main disadvantages of landscaped exploited coatings are considered. Also proposed is a new technology for the construction of an operated roof without a roll coating, but using penetrating waterproofing of reinforced concrete structures. It has now been proven that a properly designed and installed green roof can replace or compensate for the green environment at ground level that a large city is deprived of as a result of urbanization. The use of green roofs gives the metropolis ecological, social, economic and aesthetic benefits.

Türkiye İçin Endemik Astragalus vulnerariae DC. Taksonunun Çelikle Üretimi ve Peyzajda Kullanım Olanakları

Türkiye, bulunduğu coğrafik konumu ve arazi yapısından dolayı oldukça zengin doğal bitki çeşitliliğine sahiptir. Bu çalışmada doğal olarak yayılış gösteren Fabaceae familyasına ait endemik Astragalus vulnerariae DC. taksonunun yarı kontrollü serada ilkbahar ve sonbahar dönemlerinde çelikle üretimi yapılarak peyzaj çalışmalarında kullanım alanları belirlenmiştir. Bitki çelikleri köklendirilirken; kontrol grubu, 5.000 ppm ve 10.000 ppm‘lik IBA konsantrasyonlarıyla üç uygulama yapılmıştır. Köklenme sonrası elde edilen verilere göre uygulamalar arasında istatistiki olarak anlamlı bir fark elde edilmiştir. A. vulnerariae çeliklerinde en iyi köklenme, ilkbahar döneminde, %60 oranında 5.000 ppm‘lik IBA hormon uygulamasında görülmüştür. Hem estetik hem de fonksiyonel özellikleri ile dikkat çeken A. vulnerariae taksonunun peyzaj çalışmalarında, yer örtücü olarak kullanımı başta olmak üzere, kaya bahçeleri, çatı ve teras bahçeleri ve peyzaj onarım çalışmalarında kullanılabileceği belirlenmiştir.

Study on Ecological Landscape in Roof Garden based on Immersive Principle

Immersive design; Roof garden; Ecological landscape

Catherine Seavitt Nordenson, Depositions. Roberto Burle Marx and Public Landscapes under Dictatorship

In the field of modern design, Brazilian landscape architect Roberto Burle Marx (1909-1994) stands out as one of the great protagonists of the twentieth century. With designs such as the lakefront gardens of the Pampulha suite in Belo Horizonte, the spectacular Copacabana beachfront, the massive Flamengo Park and the roof garden of the Ministry of Education and Health headquarters, the latter three in Rio de Janeiro, he became instrumental in putting Brazil in the forefront of the internation...

Аналіз дендрофлори плоских озеленених дахів екстенсивного типу в місті Львові

Roof gardens, which perform many useful functions for humans, are one of the most modern ways to create a harmonious and aesthetic environment in cities. Therefore, the study of the list of woody plants that successfully overwinter and tolerate critical summer temperatures on the roofs with minimal tending, is an important task for green space workers. The taxonomic composition of the dendroflora of 24 flat of extensive type in the city of Lviv at heights from 5 to 40 m was studied and its system-structural analysis was performed. It was found that the dendroflora of the examined objects was composed of 167 taxonomic units of woody plants (of which 109 species, 76 cultivars, 10 hybrids). The family Rosaceae Juss is numerically superior (13 genera (21.1% of the total number of genera), 32 species and hybrids (26.9%); by the number of cultivars, the Cupressaceae family dominates - 32 cultivars (42.7%). The genus Juniperus dominates in the genus spectrum in terms of the number of species, hybrids and cultivars - 10 species (8.8% of the total number), 13 cultivars (17.1%). For greening the roofs, 93 species and cultivars of deciduous plants, 74 evergreen phanerophytes (28 mesophanerophytes, 69 microfanerophytes, 60 nanophanerophytes and 10 woody lianas) were used. According to the results of the chorological analysis, it was found that species from the East Asian region and North America predominate on the roofs, indigenous species are practically not used. The plant compositions on the roofs are dominated by species regionalized for USDA-frost resistance zones 4 and 5, while the territory of Lviv lies within zone 6. Our 4-year observations proved the success of the introduction on roofs of species of a higher USDA zone than that defined for Lviv. Further study of the dendroflora of green roofs is very important, taking into account several points: the system-structural patterns of species selection for greenery have not been fully clarified; methods of specific introduction of plants on roofs and the possibility of their acclimatization, which is different from terrestrial objects, have not been tested; the possibilities of introducing a list of plants that are not found in garden and park compositions of the city have not been fully studied. Compositional solutions of green roofs are determined by various ways of planting plants - directly into the substrate, in beds or containers raised above the surface. Such studies highlight the peculiarities of the taxonomic composition and structure of the dendroflora of green roofs, which will make it possible to significantly adjust the agronomic techniques of plant maintenance and identify the most promising group of woody plants for greening roofs.

A comparative study on the difference of CFD simulations based on a simplified geometry and a more refined BIM based geometry

A strategy of the combination of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) and Building Information Model (BIM) technology was proposed to evaluate the wind environment around a building with complex façades for green building assessment. The Science and Education Building located at the Emerald Lake Campus of the Hefei University of Technology in China was selected as a case study. Two modeling methods, refined modeling by BIM software (BIM model) and traditional simplified modeling by computer aided design software (simplified model, referred to as SM model), were considered. The differences between the CFD results from the two geometry models were carefully examined. Three typical outdoor activity areas were selected to study the wind velocity difference, including the central channel, roof garden, and overhead corridor. The pressure difference between the CFD simulation results of the BIM model and the SM model at the exterior windows of the high-rise building was compared and analyzed. The results show that when a narrow channel is formed between two buildings, the wind velocity of the BIM model at the channel will be significantly lower than that of the SM model. The large “wall-type” components of the building roof will enhance the vortex area. The average pressure difference is greater than 0.5 Pa at the external window of building façades, accounting for up to 39.6%. The maximum pressure difference is as high as 10.13 Pa. The wind velocity difference is as high as 2.65 m/s at the central channel, 4 m/s at the roof garden, and 3.69 m/s at the overhead corridor. These differences will significantly affect the evaluation of the outdoor wind environment in green building assessment.

A Study of Passive and Active Strategies through Case Studies for the Composite Climate Zone of India

There are only 4500 buildings and about 4.17 billion square feet of the area under green buildings till 2016. It is only around 5% of India's total construction, and there is considerable potential for sustainable design in the Indian market. Sustainable building design requires passive and active techniques. It is vital to design a sustainable building that uses passive strategies to its fullest because they are cheaper and more efficient than active strategies. The designer emphasizes active features and neglects passive features to obtain sustainable building ratings in the current context. The whole purpose of sustainable design has been defeated. To achieve a sustainable design in a real sense, passive strategies should be formed in response to the local climate and given primary importance. Active strategies are only bound to complement passive strategies. This study focuses on understanding the passive design strategies for India's composite climate in response to the local climate through case studies of buildings. This paper deals with passive design strategies such as orientation, fenestration, shading devices, earth touch, roof garden, water, landscaping, and active strategies, often include solar panels, solar water heaters and wind towers. The two studies, i.e., the American Institute of Indian Studies and the Solar Energy Center, use the sunken courtyard, orientation, shading devices, water bodies, a verandah inspired by traditional passive features, and another study, the PEDA Complex, use the southern dome structure, shading devices, water bodies as modern passive features. All studies use active strategies to complement passive strategies. The study concludes that all three case studies use passive strategies as primary ones, either influenced by traditional architecture or modern perception and that active strategies complement passive strategies.

New “Revolution” - Green Solutions in Urban Design

The urban environment is constantly changing, which results in the depreciation of its natural elements. Progressing urbanization means that a person ceases to perceive larger cities as an attractive place to live or relax, while the city becomes first and foremost a place of work or an economic center. The thing that may change the attitude of the inhabitants to the attractiveness of the environment is green infrastructure. Greenery in the city space plays biological, recreational and aesthetic functions. What is more, it is a habitat for animal life, increases biodiversity, improves air quality and reduces the effects of climate change. Certainly, the preservation of open spaces and greenery is justified, because of the numerous advantages. That is why innovative solutions are applied for the identification, assessment, and planning as well as management of greenery in cities. A relatively new concept, used by the authors during the research, which relates the design and management of green areas to the needs of a better life of inhabitants, is “green livability”. Thus, ecological solutions appear in space based on balancing the expected economic effects in relation to the growing social and environmental needs. The revolution in planning is also increasingly associated with climate change and the migration of the population to a previously unknown scale. This paper presents selected design trends in Poland, Slovakia, and Lithuania, covering green solutions in small scale – including roof gardens, vertical vegetation, rain gardens, community and pocket gardens in cities. In the countries analyzed, there is increasing recognition of the need to change the way of thinking about planning, which results solely from economic or aesthetic needs, towards ecological planning with the participation of society.

Degradation of Mechanical Properties of Pine Wood Under Symmetric Axial Cyclic Loading Parallel to Grain.

The mechanical properties of wood, respectively the elastic, plastic, and strength properties, depend on a large number of factors, due both to its structural and physical characteristics, as well as to the size, direction, nature, and speed of application of forces. Wood, generally considered to be a viscous-elastic material, has creep deformations over time under the effect of a constant load. In this study the behavior of pine wood samples was investigated due to its large utilization in different finished products, such as roof construction, furniture, outdoor applications, garden furniture, and toys. The paper aims to analyze the viscoelastic behavior of pine wood subjected to cyclically loading to traction-compression with different loads (1 kN; 1.5 kN; 2 kN), applied at different speeds (1 mm/min; 10 mm/min). It was observed that, at low speeds (1 mm/min) and low intensities of the applied force, it was possible to distinguish the three creep regions specific to wood: the primary area (primary flow), the secondary area, and finally the tertiary creep. As the force increases, the law of variation of the wood flow changes. The degradation of longitudinal elasticity modulus occurs with the increase of the number of cycles, so after 20 alternating symmetrical cycles of traction-compression of the pine wood samples, there is a decrease of its values by 35%.

산간지역과 주거지에 입지하는 르 코르비지에 건축의 의도된 경관특징 연구

The purpose of this study is to understand what Le Corbuiser has intended on a panoramic landscape view through his modern architectural design. This paper is willing to improve that he considered both natural and local landscape scenery, when he designed architecture with drawing images. He designed various ways to see outside scenery and community culture through ribbon windows, piloti, architectural promenade, picture frame, and rooftop garden as the angle of view inside the building, ‘designed landscape panorama’ from his architecture. Therefore the contents of the study include the analysis of the local landscapes shown through his architecture by photograph, drawing of a real scenery, and his sketches with biology to find what he has intended. The following conclusions have three points. First, Le Corbuiser has a basic idea to bear a natural and local scenery from his architecture through five points of new architecture. Second, pilotis, ribbon windows, and roof garden with picture frame and architectural promenade are pathways of his architecture to see ‘designed landscape panorama’. Third, it comes from his early architecture like Villa Savoye in 1920s to Couvent de Sainte Marie de la Tourette in 1950s, but Ronchamp church converts his idea on previous thoughts.

Temperature Reduction Effects of Rooftop Garden Arrangements: A Case Study of Seoul National University

Increasing urbanization has highlighted the need for more green spaces in built-up areas, with considerable attention of vertical installations such as green walls and rooftop gardens. This study hypothesizes that the rooftop-garden-induced temperature reduction effects vary depending on the type of arrangements. Therefore, the objective of this study is to find the most efficient arrangement of the roof gardens for temperature reduction. This paper presents the results of a quantitative analysis of the temperature reduction effect of rooftop gardens installed on structures and sites on the campus of Seoul National University. An ENVI-Met simulation is utilized to analyze the effects of roads, buildings, green areas, and vacant land on temperature and humidity. The effects of the following five rooftop garden configurations were compared: extreme, linear (longitudinal), linear (transverse), checkerboard, and unrealized rooftop gardens. The extreme and linear (longitudinal) gardens achieved the maximum temperature reduction, −0.3 °C, while the lowest maximum reduction of −0.2 °C was achieved by the checkerboard pattern. Over larger areas, the greatest impact has been recorded in the mornings rather than in the afternoons. The results of this study will be useful for those planning and installing rooftop gardens at the district and city levels.

Towards Dynamic Vertical Urbanism

Nowadays a great number of new developments are claimed in the name of “vertical city”, yet few represent this important characteristic. This paper aims to propose a novel vertical city framework, or in other words, dynamic vertical urbanism, featuring constant vertical urban transformation by applying the state-of-the-art construction technologies. First, successful and unsuccessful precedents of building complexes which inspire this novel concept will be analyzed. In addition, building technologies that are crucial for the implementation of this framework will be introduced. As a result, this vertical city concept has the ability to integrate five basic elements of a city: vertical and horizontal circulation systems as its paths, a flexible building envelope as its edges, variable mix-used functional blocks as its districts, sky bridges and roof gardens as its nodes, and the complex itself as a landmark. More importantly, it can change its size, form and function with the help of construction automation technologies, open building principles, and process information modeling. it can also responsively evolve in accordance with social, economic, and environmental shifts in a self-sufficient manner, meanwhile avoiding the risk of being homogeneous with surrounding buildings. Finally, the complex will perform as a series of interconnected components which act together to form a living organism that provides various functions such as corporate, residential, commercial, academic, medical, legal, and infrastructural. In conclusion, this paper will provide researchers, architects and urban designers with a valuable example for the future vertical city developments and beyond.

Utilization of roof garden installation to reduce rainwater runoff in urban residential

The role of natural resources is very important in fulfilling human life dan must be managed in non-destructive ways. The discoveries of technology utilized, and managed natural resources is very important and more beneficial in the future. The water resources are one of natural resources can be managed. The rainwater runoff caused a significant problem for many cities due to lack of catchment area. Roof garden becoming potential solutions in controlling the volume of rainwater runoff. Several studies, rooftop garden have not been fully implemented in developing countries due to high construction and long-term maintenance costs. The roof shape can affect to the construction and installation of a roof garden. The research is a roof garden type that can be adapted to the most used roof on the area. The method is to design, build and install the roof garden on sloping shape roofs type. By watering the roof garden, we get the result of minimum runoff according to soil condition. The water maximum infiltrated to soil and the percentage of runoff that occurs is 22% from total water. The conclusion of this research is the roof garden influences the surface runoff; this cause positive impact on reducing rainwater runoff.