Roof Form Research Articles

The Local Wisdom on Sasak Tribe Sade Hamlet Central Lombok Regency

Traditional settlements that still survive until now one of them is in Sade Hamlet, Central Lombok Regency, NTB. This settlement is now a tourist destination because of the original architectural form of outer and inner spaces. These settlements have distinctive characteristics formed by local people from the time of their ancestors. Local wisdom is seen at the macro and micro scale which is a characteristic that has an opportunity value. This value arises due to trust (watu telu and watu lima) and culture (the use of cow dung when mopping) and moral values handed down by their ancestors. This study aims to explore local wisdom in settlements inherited from their ancestors from a macro and micro scale. To find out local wisdom at the macro and micro scale, a descriptive qualitative method was used with a research paradigm with literature review. The results of this study found local wisdom from a macro and micro scale. From a macro scale there are local wisdom in the form of home orientation, locations in the hills, structuring residential patterns, marariq (eloping) and weaving. On the micro scale there are local wisdom in the form of building elements in the form of roofs, doors, and also inner space, there is a belief held in the mass of ancestors in the form of watu telu and watu lima in the present mass. DOI: https://doi.org/10.26905/lw.v11i1.2711

Atrium Form and Thermal Performance of Middle-Rise Wide Span Building in Tropics

Energy use of a building usually increases as long as an increase of the surface area of the envelope. Heat transfer of the building through the envelope can be reduced by perfect design. Right building form and materials can reduce the heat transfer. Middle rise building has a quite high surface area of the roof, and in a tropical country, roof accepts the highest irradiance thus bring much heat to the building. In the same volume, compact building form is better in thermal performance, but large building usually need an atrium to help the natural lighting in the room. The atrium uses transparent roof or skylight. This transparent roof definitely can increase the heat gain to the building significantly. So this research aims to find the best form of atrium roof in middle-rise and large span building in the tropical region. This research aims to analyse the thermal performance of middle-rise and large span buildings and its relation to the form of the atrium. A sample of middle-rise office buildings in Surabaya was taken randomly. The simulation was conducted to predict thermal and cooling energy performance. Energy performance of the building was found to bear some relations to form of roof.

DSM-to-LoD2: Spaceborne Stereo Digital Surface Model Refinement

A digital surface model (DSM) provides the geometry and structure of an urban environment with buildings being the most prominent objects in it. Built-up areas change with time due to the rapid expansion of cities. New buildings are being built, existing ones are expanded, and old buildings are torn down. As a result, 3D surface models can increase the understanding and explanation of complex urban scenarios. They are very useful in numerous fields of remote sensing applications, in tasks related to 3D reconstruction and city modeling, planning, visualization, disaster management, navigation, and decision-making, among others. DSMs are typically derived from various acquisition techniques, like photogrammetry, laser scanning, or synthetic aperture radar (SAR). The generation of DSMs from very high resolution optical stereo satellite imagery leads to high resolution DSMs which often suffer from mismatches, missing values, or blunders, resulting in coarse building shape representation. To overcome these problems, we propose a method for 3D surface model generation with refined building shapes to level of detail (LoD) 2 from stereo half-meter resolution satellite DSMs using deep learning techniques. Mainly, we train a conditional generative adversarial network (cGAN) with an objective function based on least square residuals to generate an accurate LoD2-like DSM with enhanced 3D object shapes directly from the noisy stereo DSM input. In addition, to achieve close to LoD2 shapes of buildings, we introduce a new approach to generate an artificial DSM with accurate and realistic building geometries from city geography markup language (CityGML) data, on which we later perform a training of the proposed cGAN architecture. The experimental results demonstrate the strong potential to create large-scale remote sensing elevation models where the buildings exhibit better-quality shapes and roof forms than just using the matching process. Moreover, the developed model is successfully applied to a different city that is unseen during the training to show its generalization capacity.

Effect on the Dynamic Behaviour of the Form in Airport Terminal Constructions with Biomimetic Roof

In this study, on airport terminal building design, passing long span beams and the concept of biomimesis have been the design criteria; the use of a steel structure has been examined for supporting the design form. In the airport terminal building, steel roof types in smooth surfaced, single curved-arciform, and double-curved wave forms have been designed. The three different types of steel frame roof model have been designed with the forms frequently used within the scope of the biomimesis concept and provide a covering shaped like a bird's nest, bird wing and bubble. Dynamic analysis of the three different roof forms is according to the first-degree seismic zone and Z4 local ground class. As a result, in the long-span design criterion, the aesthetics and function influence each other and change the building's behaviour.

Understanding the Meaning of Triangular Shape in Mosque Architecture in Indonesia

This paper discuss the formal and symbolical meaning of triangular shape of contemporary mosque architecture in Indonesia, with case study the mosques designed by Ridwan Kamil in Jakarta and in rest area Km 88 toll road between Jakarta and Bandung. There was a question in the public whether the triangular shape was adequate to be used as a mosque building. This paper propose answers with the analitical descriptive to understand the symbolical meaning of triangle shape used Sundanese community culture, one of Indonesian ethnics as representation. The paper used comparation and interpretation method to reveals the meaning of triangle shape in local culture and to find the connection to triangle shape in contemporary mosques architecture. The vernacular mosques in Indonesia known with their pyramid shape stacked roof with pointed roof in the peak. The pointed roof derived from the mountain that believed as the sacred place and used as symbol in the form of stacked roof of mosque. The finding of this paper is that triangular form can be accepted as mosque architectural form for the symbolical meaning derived from Sundanese culture. In the two mosques, this triangle shape enlarged and become praying room and as bridge to the God realm. The shape then achieved two purpose, as symbol of holy place and also fullfiled the function of praying room.

THE IDENTITY OF BUTON MARADIKA TRADITIONAL HOUSES IN BAUBAU CITY

Maradika's architectural identity tends to fade. This research is aimed at identifying and analyzing Maradika's house identity on the plan, view, and section. A general qualitative method is used in this study. Data were analyzed by descriptive and historical. This study concluded that Maradika's home identity as a supporter of the Buton Sultanate was reflected in the plan, view and section. In the plan category is made with a small size of 6.89 m2 x 3.89 m2. In the category of section there are round pole shapes, tada (poles supported by one elbow), poles planted soil, and poles dragged with close proximity. In the category of view there is no roof form of a double decker house, the shape of the pabate is made of triangle, and the ladder is placed perpendicular to the house.

Helophyte mats (wetland roofs) with high evapotranspiration rates as a tool for decentralised rainwater management – process stability improved by simultaneous greywater treatment

Abstract Redensification of the housing stock is also creating challenges for the drainage of wastewater and rainwater in existing sewer systems, particularly in growing cities. One alternative here is the evaporation of rainwater, which reduces hydraulic loads on sewers. Rainwater evapotranspiration using helophyte mats on building roofs is a possible approach. Helophytes are able to transpire considerably more rainwater than extensively planted green roofs. Other than conventional green roofs helophyte mats in the form of wetland roofs require a permanent water supply on a daily basis. Greywater application can be an additional advantage in terms of nutrient supply of the wetland roof after being treated microbiologically within the plant carrier mat. The treatment of greywater using a helophyte-planted roof can help to meet the water and nutrient requirements of the helophytes even during rain-free periods. However, it must be ensured that the root mat treats the greywater to a sufficient extent. It was shown under practical conditions that a 0.1 m-thick helophyte mat is suitable for treating typical domestic greywater at loads of up to 15 L m−2 d−1.

Cultural adaptation in the form of a mosque roof in the South Konawe District of the Southeast Sulawesi Province

Although it is already embodied in Islamic culture, acculturation can still be traced to elements of the supporting cultures. When the religion of Islam entered into Indonesia, the original culture was not brought with them, so the previous culture was continued by Islam. When the mosque concept is embodied as a cultural product, there are various forms and various buildings involved in the mosque. Mosques located in the Middle East are different from mosques in Indonesia. The form of the roof overlaps with that taken from the roof of ancient mosques in Indonesia. The form of roof overlap at mosques in South Konawe District has been traced by the author. This study aims to identify and analyse what cultural elements affect the shape of the roof of the mosque and the form of acculturation of the cultures at the mosques in the District of South Konawe. This research was used a qualitative descriptive method. This research concluded that the architecture as part of the Hindu cultural system, Islamic mysticism, and Europe acculturate is displayed in the roof of the mosque in the District of South Konawe. The roof shape of the two-tiered or three-storey mosque (Hindu culture and the Islamic principles of Mysticism) and the roof covered with mustaks shaped like onions (European culture) was formed by the acculturation of the three cultures.

AUTOMATIC LARGE-SCALE 3D BUILDING SHAPE REFINEMENT USING CONDITIONAL GENERATIVE ADVERSARIAL NETWORKS

Abstract. Three-dimensional building reconstruction from remote sensing imagery is one of the most difficult and important 3D modeling problems for complex urban environments. The main data sources provided the digital representation of the Earths surface and related natural, cultural, and man-made objects of the urban areas in remote sensing are the digital surface models (DSMs). The DSMs can be obtained either by light detection and ranging (LIDAR), SAR interferometry or from stereo images. Our approach relies on automatic global 3D building shape refinement from stereo DSMs using deep learning techniques. This refinement is necessary as the DSMs, which are extracted from image matching point clouds, suffer from occlusions, outliers, and noise. Though most previous works have shown promising results for building modeling, this topic remains an open research area. We present a new methodology which not only generates images with continuous values representing the elevation models but, at the same time, enhances the 3D object shapes, buildings in our case. Mainly, we train a conditional generative adversarial network (cGAN) to generate accurate LIDAR-like DSM height images from the noisy stereo DSM input. The obtained results demonstrate the strong potential of creating large areas remote sensing depth images where the buildings exhibit better-quality shapes and roof forms.

Pre-Rationalized Parametric Designing of Roof Shells Formed by Repetitive Modules of Catalan Surfaces

The aim of the study is to develop an original, methodical, and practical approach to the early stages of parametric design of roof shells formed by repetitive modules of Catalan surfaces. It is presented on the example of designing the roof shells compound of four concrete elements. The designing process proposed by us consists in linking geometric shaping of roofs’ models with their structural analysis and optimization. Contrary to other methods, which use optimization process in order to find free roof forms, we apply it in order to explore and improve design alternatives. It is realized with the application of designing tools working in Rhinoceros 3D software. The flexible scripts elaborated by us, in order to achieve roofs’ models of regular and symmetrical shapes, are converted into simulation models to perform structural analysis. It is mainly focused on how the roof shells perform dependently on their geometric characteristics. The simulation enables one to evaluate various roof shells’ shapes, as well as to select an optimal design solution. The proposed approach to the conceptual design process may drive the designing to achieve geometric and structural forms which not only follow the design intentions but also target better results.

MODERN APPEARANCE OF REZEKNE’S ANCIENT LATGALIAN CENTRE

Due to interaction of nature and human activities in regional cities of Latvia a qualitative architectonic space was created over the centuries, which manifests the local inhabitants’ attitude towards art and architecture, and which during the long development process has obtained a characteristic language – a system of relations between well–known signs and symbols for reflection of the deepest nature of creative expression. Looking for harmony in the interaction of the new and historical building through movement, development and contradictions, the dialectics of the architectonic forms is clearly shown. In Latgale the harmony of nature and building encourages you to look for artistically innovative solutions for enrichment of cultural environment. In the centre of Rēzekne beside the Latgalian hillfort, the building complex of the Eastern Latvian Creative Service Centre “Zeimuļs” was built. Roof forms of the lower construction volume are adapted to the hillfort’s relief, but its buildings contrast with surrounding houses, which remind you of sculptures, whose silhouettes are legible on the background of the landscape and sky. The plastic construction of the construction site is clearly revealed in the playful lights of the spatial structure, heterogeneity and dynamics, providing a semantic message to all of us.Topicality of the theme: cities in the Baltic lands developed not only as centres, where values of culture and art were collated, which describe the human being’s higher ideals and confirm the former generations’ achievements in the environment creation, but also their planning and architecture include information on lots of important processes in the past. In the market economy conditions territories of urban historical building are exposed to the impact of development suggestions and new buildings do not always integrate successfully in the architectonically spatial environment created through lots of centuries. Insufficient awareness of culture–historical values affects the quality requirements, thus the research on ancient urban building and planning, preservation of values, also promotion of best practices becomes topical. Goal of the paper: observing objects in nature, applying photo fixations and graphical materials, analyse the correlation of Rēzekne’s ancient and modern architecture, impact of solutions of the earlier ages on the modern urban planning and architectural development.Theoretical research methods: the comparative method is the main one in the research, which gives an opportunity to obtain general and particular conclusions. The logical method or analogous conclusion has also been applied.

Assessment of Roof Top BIPV Application of Sample Houses in Shah Alam

BIPV is an application where solar Photovoltaic modules are integrated into the building structures to produce electrical energy. It is silent, clean in operation, highly reliable and low maintenance. The purpose of the research is to assess BIPV application on the roof top of houses in Shah Alam area. Few samples were selected and important parameters were measured, and analysed to determine which roof form, orientations and PV types that influence the power generations. The average daily power generations range from 11.18kWh/kWp to 29.18kWh/kWp depending on the number of modules, PV type, roof inclination and location.

Problems of natural lighting for deepened buildings and underground premises under screen effect of high-rise construction

The main rationale and objective of the submitted research work is to create a quality lighting environment in the premises of deepened buildings and below-ground structures under screen effect of high-rise construction (high-rise buildings). It is noted, that in modern megapolises, a deficiency of vacant urban territories leads to the increased density of urban development with increased amount of high-rise construction and tendency to increase efficiency in the use of underground space. The natural lighting of premises in underground buildings and structures is the most efficient way, but it can be implemented only under use of roof lighting system in the form of roof monitors or skylights. In this case the levels of indoor natural lighting will be affected with serious screening effect of high-rise buildings in surrounding development. Such an situation is not regulated, or even considered by the contemporary building Codes and Regulations on natural lighting of interiors. The authors offered a new formula for a daylight factor calculation with roof lighting system in the described cases. The results of theoretical calculations and experimental studies showed very similar values. This proved the truth of the offered formula and elaborated method of calculation on the basis of an offered hypothesis. It prooves, that it is possible to use some factor and guide points in the daylight factors design under system of side natural lighting in the same design for a system of roof lighting.

Monitoring of the stability of underground workings in Polish copper mines conditions

One of the problems associated with the excavation of deposit in underground mines is the local disturbance in a state of unstable equilibrium results in the sudden release of energy, mainly in the form of roof falls. The scale and intensity of this type of events depends on a number of factors. To minimize the risk of instability occurrence, continuous observations of the roof strata condition are recommended. Different roof strata observation methods used in the Polish copper mines have been analysed within the framework of presented paper. In addition, selected prospective methods, which could significantly increase efficiency of rock fall prevention are presented.

La importancia cultural como guía: el plan de restauración y gestión del Arts Building and Cloister

<p>El Arts Building and Cloister (1963-1967) as una arquitectura poco común que aúna tradiciones constructivas de influencia japonesa y pensilvana con una ingeniería innovadora en forma de una cubierta en paraboloide hiperbólico. El edificio diseñado por el arquitecto y ebanista japonés-americano George Nakashima es uno entre una docena de residencias, talleres y almacenes construidos en su propiedad de New Hope, Pensilvania. La compleja y cambiante relación entre la importancia histórica del lugar y la actividad ebanista motivó la elaboración de un plan de conservación y gestión que pueda velar por su protección y mantenimiento a largo plazo. Este artículo resume el diseño del edificio, su evolución, y los principales desafíos de la conservación de un lugar que está conformado tanto por sus edificios como por su importancia inmaterial como centro de paz y conocimiento a través del arte y la artesanía.</p>

Application of green blue roof to mitigate heat island phenomena and resilient to climate change in urban areas: A case study from Seoul, Korea

AbstractGreen blue roof has the potential to reduce the surface temperature of the building in the urban areas. Green blue roof is a new innovative low impact development (LID) practice that has exhibited an option to mitigate the heat island phenomena in urban area. This is the modified form of green roof that has ability to store rainwater in vegetation, soil layer and increases the evapotranspiration rate which decreases the temperature of an area. For this purpose, green blue roof is installed at the Cheong-un middle school building roof, Seoul, Korea. During the different time scenarios the surface temperature from the green blue roof and control roof were analyzed and their results were compared with each other. The results revealed that the surface temperature of green blue roof was much less as compared to control roof under same climatic conditions. From the results it is also concluded that surface temperature value of green blue roof was less than 5°C to 9°C as compared to control roof.

Semantic 3D Modeling Based on CityGML for Ancient Chinese-Style Architectural Roofs of Digital Heritage

Ancient Chinese-style architecture has received increased attention during the last century as a segment of cultural heritage and is of great significance, specifically in regard to the process of digitizing and modeling these buildings to preserve and protect this heritage. Because the roof form reflects the age of the structure, the structural character and the historical culture of the ancient building, constructing a refined model for the roof is a primary aspect of the 3D modeling procedure. To avoid cumbersome traditional modeling approaches that use geometry units, such as points, lines and triangles, a flexible semantic method is proposed in this study to improve modeling efficiency and reduce the professional requirements. In this method, a two-level semantic decomposition of the roof is presented according to the characteristics of ancient Chinese-style architecture. The structural level reveals the basic components that determine its structural shape, and the decorative level refers to the attached components that influence the exterior appearance. The assembly validity of the decomposed elements and the combined diversity of the integrated entities are ensured by topological constraints and derived transformations of the semantic components. This proposed method was implemented by utilizing CityGML (City Geography Markup Language) via the ADE (Application Domain Extension) mechanism and was tested by modeling the principal buildings included in the Palace Museum.

Cellulose nanofibers enable paraffin encapsulation and the formation of stable thermal regulation nanocomposites

Non-leaking, green materials with high content of phase change materials (PCM) can conserve solar energy and contribute to a sustainable society. Here, paraffin was encapsulated by nanocellulose (CNF) through a pickering emulsion method, while simultaneously forming a composite material. The thermodynamic drive for phase separation was confirmed by molecular modeling. Particle formation was characterized by dynamic light scattering and they were processed into stable PCM/CNF composites in the form of PCM paper structures with favorable mechanical properties. The PCM composite was lightweight and showed a solid content of paraffin of more than 72wt%. Morphology was characterized using FE-SEM. The thermal regulation function of the PCM composite was demonstrated in the form of a model roof under simulated sunlight. No obvious leakage was observed during heating/cooling cycles, as supported by DSC and SAXS data. The PCM composite can be extended to panels used in energy-efficient smart buildings with thermal regulation integrated in load-bearing structures.

Roof Forms and Materials for Energy Saving in Thailand

A roof is one of the most important characteristics of Thai architecture especially, a traditional Thai house. The roof is also a part of a house that mainly affects energy saving due to hot air allowance pass to and release from indoor space. The study, based on model experiments, aims to find out the effect of roof forms and materials on indoor air temperatures. This study purposes to give information of selecting types of roof forms and materials for a house in Thailand. Four types of roof forms, typically used in a house in Thailand, are selected for the experiments. Also, four roof materials, popularly used in Thailand, are selected for comparisons. Temperatures in the middle of the boxes are recorded for analysis.The results for the roof forms experiment showed that the temperature in the flat roof box is the highest in the middle of the day. However, it dropped fastest in night-time. During the daytime, temperatures in the box of the other roof forms are not much different, while the temperatures in the gable roof model dropped likely faster than the rest. The roof materials study shown that the indoor temperatures of the clay tile and metal sheet are lowest during the daytime and there are highest during the nighttime. The indoor temperatures of the cement tile are highest during the day time and there are lowest during the nighttime. This study provides the basic guideline information for the users in considering roof forms and materials for their house.

Acoustic Evaluation Of A New Modular System For Green Roofs And Green Walls

Abstract Environmental noise is a major problem that affects citizen’s health and comfort mainly in densely populated urban areas. There are some ways to reduce environmental noise pollution through the use of materials with good acoustic insulation properties in buildings envelope. Recent studies have shown that green surfaces, e.g. in the form of green roofs and green walls, can contribute to decrease noise levels. The aim of this research is to identify how factors such as substrate and plants, variety and height of plants, affect the sound absorption of a modular system for green surfaces in simulated conditions. The results show that introduction substrate (S2) can improve the weighted sound absorption coefficient in 15% and the addition of plants (S3) improves it 20% more. However, if a variety of smaller and higher plants is used (S4) the weighted sound absorption coefficient (αw) can reach to 0.80 and an absorption class B can be obtained.