Abstract
Ancient Chinese-style architecture has received increased attention during the last century as a segment of cultural heritage and is of great significance, specifically in regard to the process of digitizing and modeling these buildings to preserve and protect this heritage. Because the roof form reflects the age of the structure, the structural character and the historical culture of the ancient building, constructing a refined model for the roof is a primary aspect of the 3D modeling procedure. To avoid cumbersome traditional modeling approaches that use geometry units, such as points, lines and triangles, a flexible semantic method is proposed in this study to improve modeling efficiency and reduce the professional requirements. In this method, a two-level semantic decomposition of the roof is presented according to the characteristics of ancient Chinese-style architecture. The structural level reveals the basic components that determine its structural shape, and the decorative level refers to the attached components that influence the exterior appearance. The assembly validity of the decomposed elements and the combined diversity of the integrated entities are ensured by topological constraints and derived transformations of the semantic components. This proposed method was implemented by utilizing CityGML (City Geography Markup Language) via the ADE (Application Domain Extension) mechanism and was tested by modeling the principal buildings included in the Palace Museum.
Highlights
Since the 20th century, heritage preservation and protection regarding forms both tangible and intangible have received growing and enthusiastic international attention [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8]
The contributions of this study are as follows: (1) a two-level semantic decomposition of roofs in terms of structure and decoration is proposed according to the characteristics of ancient Chinese-style architecture; (2) the corresponding topological constraints and derived transformations are determined; (3) an extension model, ACRoofADE, based on CityGML, is developed using the Application Domain Extension (ADE) mechanism; and (4) several LODs are precisely described for a roof structural model
In our study, we refer to these structures as ancient Chinese-style architecture, where many such structures are designated as historical heritage sites, such as the Fogong Temple in Shanxi, China; Nam Dae Mun in Seoul, South Korea; and the Horioji Temple in Nala, Japan [12]
Summary
Since the 20th century, heritage preservation and protection regarding forms both tangible and intangible have received growing and enthusiastic international attention [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8]. Even those that incorporate complex roof shapes, can be reconstructed using the above approaches, the modeling process and corresponding object structures may be hampered and deformed when certain features lack original data [20]. Certain studies have used both LiDAR data and aerial imagery for building reconstruction during the last decade [21,22,23,24,25] Because of this improved process, building models can incorporate acceptable shape effects, they are always geometric volumes that disregarded important semantic information about the structures. In alignment with the above-mentioned studies and considering that the structure of ancient Chinese-style architectural roofs is fairly complicated and includes a variety of detailed components, including a uniquely-distinguished Chinese-style and time-honored cultural spirit, an improved flexible semantic 3D model approach is proposed to adapt to our research theme more accurately. The contributions of this study are as follows: (1) a two-level semantic decomposition of roofs in terms of structure and decoration is proposed according to the characteristics of ancient Chinese-style architecture; (2) the corresponding topological constraints and derived transformations are determined; (3) an extension model, ACRoofADE, based on CityGML, is developed using the Application Domain Extension (ADE) mechanism; and (4) several LODs (levels of detail) are precisely described for a roof structural model
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