Romanovs Research Articles

Interwar Ukrainian Political Emigrants in Yugoslavia: Relations with the Authorities

This article is devoted to the relationship between interwar Ukrainian political emigrants and local authorities in the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (Yugoslavia). A comparative analysis of the attitude of the Yugoslav authorities towards Russian and Ukrainian emigrants was conducted. The Russophilia of Yugoslav authorities, who viewed the Ukrainian question through the lense of the Russian emigrants, was described. The idea of Pan-Slavism had been spreading in the Balkans for a long time, which facilitated the legitimization of friendly relations between the southern Slavs (primarily Serbs) and Russians, whom Serbs considered as protectors from the Ottoman and Austro-Hungarian Empires. Yugoslavia sided with the anti-Bolshevik White Movement, an ally of the Entente, which had a positive impact on the situation of Russian emigrants. The young state was in need of professionals with a good command of foreign languages and European culture. Many emigrants met those requirements. Therefore, in the early 1920s, several thousands of emigrants worked in the public service. The reigning Karadjordjević dynasty had marital ties with the Romanov dynasty. A former Russian diplomat was among advisers to the king and the head of government. The immigration from the former Russian Empire was addressed by the Royal Court as well as several ministries and central government institutions. Direct support to the immigrants was provided by the State Commission for Assistance to Russian Refugees. Yugoslavia was a center of political and religious immigration for Russians and a provincial center for Ukrainian emigration. It is concluded that the Yugoslav authorities did not distinguish Ukrainians from Russian emigrants, therefore, any specific policy towards them was not carried out. The degree of interaction of Ukrainian emigrants with local authorities in Yugoslavia varied geographically (Slovenia and Croatia, on the one hand, and Serbia and Macedonia, on the other) and in time (in the first half of the 1920s and from the mid-1920s until the beginning of World War II). Keywords: authorities, emigration, Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, Yugoslavia.

New therapeutic directions on hemophilia

Hemophilia is a congenital bleeding disorder that occurs due to quantitative and functional abnormalities of FVIII or FIX. It has a long history, dating as far back as the Babylonian era, with many high profile reports, including the British royal family and the last prince of the Romanov dynasty. The treatment used to be blood transfusion, consisting of plasma derived products from the 1970s onwards and recombinant products introduced later in the 1990s. In the 2000s, due to various modifications of factor protein, extended half-life (EHL) products have appeared and replaced conventional products. In EHL research, new products are also being developed that further the extension of the half-life and are more convenient. In 2018, an antibody-based medicine arrived, exhibiting a mechanism different from factor replacement therapy. Some other therapeutic agents used to suppress bleeding, called nonfactor agents, are currently under development. Recently, gene therapy has finally come into the clinical trial space in Japan and can be expected to be a treatment which aims at "cure," as it can be used with no exposure to bleedings for several years with one injection. This article outlines the future of hemophilia treatment.

Assessing genetic diversity of various Canadian sheep breeds through pedigree analyses

The loss of genetic variability in a population will drastically affect the success of a breeding program by reducing selection response and fitness and, consequently, affecting reproduction, resilience, and production efficiency. The objective of this study was to perform an in-depth analysis of the pedigree of the Canadian sheep breeds to assess the levels of inbreeding, effective population size, and other metrics of genetic diversity, which included the five most important sheep breeds in Canada: Dorset, Polypay (PO), Rideau-Arcott, Romanov (RV), and Suffolk, using a large dataset (1 336 926 animals). As measures of genetic diversity, effective population size, inbreeding coefficient, effective number of founders, effective number of founder genomes, effective number of nonfounders, and effective number of ancestors were estimated. The completeness and depth of the Canadian sheep pedigree datasets were reasonably high, with <20% parental information missing. More attention should be given to PO breed, which was found to have the smallest effective population size (55), and RV breed, which had the highest average level of inbreeding (4.8%). Techniques such as optimum contribution selection and minimum coancestry mating could be used to minimize the inbreeding of future generations, while maintaining genetic progress at a desirable level.

Na gruzach imperium. Ukraina po upadku cesarstwa rosyjskiego: od rewolucji lutowej 1917 do traktatu brzeskiego 1918

Revolution of 1917 in the Russian Empire took place in February (according to the Julian calendar) or in March (according to the Georgian calendar used in Western Europe). As a result, Tsar Nicholas II of Russia abdicated in the first phase of the revolution which caused the fall of the Romanov dynasty. Consequently, the Provisional Government was brought into power. At the time, the First World War was ongoing and Russia suffered severe defeats in the conflict. The country was ruled by chaos and various political groupswere fighting against each other. Furthermore, many nations started their fight for independence from the Russian Empire. The most significant events took place in Ukraine. The national activists set up their own governmental authority – Central Council of Ukraine. And, at the same time, various domestic conflicts took place in Ukraine as well. The situation was very complicated then as a 600 kilometer-long front line ran across Ukraine.Moreover, most of the country was occupied by German and Austria-Hungarian armies. It is common knowledge that the Bolsheviks led their forces against the Provisional Government in Petrograd, which was the contemporary capital of Russia (modern-day Saint Petersburg), in October / November 1917. The Bolsheviks seized power in Russia and, in consequence, the Russian Civil War started. The Bolsheviks were in no position to continue fighting in World War I and so they signed a separate peace treaty with Germany and Austria-Hungary in March 1918 in order to focus on the Russian Civil War. Ukraine, which was independent at the time, also signeda separate peace treaty with Germany and Austria-Hungary. A new phase in the war between Russia and Ukraine started which Ukraine eventually lost.

Unfinished Trials and Sentences

Unfinished Trials and Sentences

The Discovery of the “Skipping Generations” Phenomenon

Statement of the Problem: The demanding need to discover someone’s identity is not possible with the nuclear DNA especially when the traces are highly degraded, since the nuclear DNA is destroyed in these conditions. Only the mitochondrial DNA that is inherited maternally can survive in these compromised conditions. The purpose of this study is to find a genetic commonality between UAE nationals. Methodology and Theoretical Orientation: 150 buccal swabs of unrelated UAE female students (approved by the UAE ID) of Sharjah Higher Colleges of Technology were collected and kept at room temperature for a period of three months or longer; to destroy the nuclear DNA, so only the mtDNA is present. mtDNA testing was performed on these buccal swabs, and it’s consisting of DNA Extraction, Real-Time quantitative PCR, Cycle sequencing and Capillary electrophoresis. The ABI PRISM®310 Genetic Analyzer capillary autosequencer [ABI PRISM® SeqScape® Soft-ware Version 2.6] was used to generate the mitochondrial DNA profiles. Findings: From these haplotype data, a total of 229 polymorphisms were observed carefully. 106 different polymorphisms were identified out of them, and classified into unique and common polymorphisms. Interestingly, two individuals from the study subjects lacked unique polymorphisms. Conclusion and Significance: It’s impossible for anyone to preserve their mtDNA from their great ancestors till now. The discovery of the remains of the Romanov family back in 1991 concluded that the comparison of mtDNA that is more than three generations old is more likely to get at least one mutation in the current generation. Therefore, if a vertical study is done on those two individuals with their older generations, definitely they will have unique polymorphisms compared to their older generations. Those two individuals are the effect of “Skipping Generations” phenomenon, the term that I have invented to solve the mystery of having two individuals with no unique polymorphisms.

«Благороднейшая была душа»: печальная страница гессенской истории глазами великого князя Сергея Александровича. Дармштадтский дневник 1892 г.

This is the first publication of a fragment of the diary of Grand Duke Sergey Alexandrovich of Russia for 1892 describing illness, death, and burial of Grand Duke Ludwig IV of Hesse and by Rhine, head of one of the states forming a part of the German Empire. Ever since the 18th century the Russian Imperial Family was bound by close kinship to the Hessian ducal family. The author of the diary was a member of the House of the Romanovs, a younger brother of Russian Emperor Alexander III. Grand Duke Sergey Alexandrovich held the post of the Moscow Governor-General. In 1884 he married Grand Duchess Elizabeth Feodorovna, n?e Princess of Hesse, who was a daughter of Grand Duke Ludwig IV. This publication includes diary records from February 26 to March 9, 1892, covering the time when Grand Duke Sergey Alexandrovich and his wife were staying in Darmstadt. The diary describes the daily life of the Royal family in the capital of the Grand Duchy of Hesse and by Rhine during said period and the participation in the obsequies of the deceased’s family and the representatives of the Russian, British and German ruling dynasties. Among others, the Grand Duke Sergey Alexandrovich’s diary mentions German Dowager Empress Victoria (the mother of Emperor Wilhelm II), Prince Henry of Prussia (the future Grand Admiral of the Imperial German Navy), Prince Louis Battenberg (the future British First Sea Lord), Princess Alice of Hesse, the younger sister of Grand Duchess Elizabeth Feodorovna, future Russian Empress Alexandra Feodorovna. The daily entries record family unity of the members of the Russian, the German, and the British Royal dynasties in the face of common tragedy against the backdrop of difficult relations between their empires. The deceased, Grand Duke Ludwig IV, enjoyed universal respect. Diaries of Grand Duke Sergey Alexandrovich are stored in his personal provenance fond in the State Archive of the Russian Federation (Moscow).

Дневник фрейлины княжны С. Л. Шаховской – неизвестный источник о представителях Дома Романовых. 1900–1901 гг.

The review considers the new publication of well-known Perm historian D. M. Sofjin, historian and archaeographer M. V. Sofjina, and translator A. G. Neklyudova. It places their work in the broader archaeographic framework of sources about the Romanov family. The distinguishing characteristic of the diary is its relatively small volume (about 2 author's sheets). The published document has not been introduced into scientific use until now. This is probably due to its unlikely place of storage: in the fond of M. N. Katkov in the Research Division of Manuscripts of the Russian State Library (NIOR RGB). But the main barrier was, certainly, the language: French is unfamiliar to most Russian historians, including specialists in the history of the Romanovs. The diary is dated July 5, 1900 – July 24, 1901. It allows to see the Romanovs (Empress Maria Feodorovna, Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich, Grand Duchess Elizabeth Feodorovna, and others) through the eyes a young girl, Princess S. L. Shakhovskaya. The diary can be conditionally divided in two parts: the first outlines events, the second is focused on the girl’s rather gloomy feelings. The publication is prepared at the highest archeographic level. The introduction details all special considerations of text transmission, its translation into fundamentally different sign system. The remarks of the translator are noteworthy; she contends that the young Duchess had poor command of French and ‘thought in Russian.’ Most praiseworthy are the notes, which contain all necessary references and biographical data. Although it does not add anything radically new to the understanding of the period, the publication puts the finishing touches to the portrayal of several key historical figures of the turn of the 20th century (primarily, Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich and Grand Duchess Elizabeth Feodorovna, at whose court Princess S. L. Shakhovskaya was in waiting).

The Delhi Durbar Comes to Moscow: Charles Urban and Kinemacolor in Russia, 1910–1916

This article examines the exhibition and reception of Kinemacolor in Russia from 1910 to 1916. Kinemacolor was a British method of filming and projecting in natural color invented by George Albert Smith and financed by Charles Urban, a US-born entrepreneur; film historians generally regard it as the most commercially viable color process before the outbreak of war in 1914. The article investigates Urban's interest in Russia as a potential market for Kinemacolor and as a source of interesting filmic material. In addition to identifying the extent of Kinemacolor's exhibition and distribution in Russia between 1910 and 1916, it also examines the Russian subjects filmed by Urban's companies in black and white and color, and identifies two occasions (1909 and 1913) on which Tsar Nikolai II and Tsarina Aleksandra Fedorovna were filmed in Kinemacolor. The article argues that the reception of Kinemacolor was widespread and diverse, and included members of the Russian imperial family and the Bolshevik leader, Vladimir Lenin. It references the specialist film-trade press in Britain, Russia, Europe, and North America; theater listings in Britain and Russia; and contemporary reports on Kinemacolor exhibitions in the British and Russian media. The article also draws upon the extensive archive of Urban's private papers, which is currently preserved in Bradford's National Science and Media Museum.

Aktywność fizyczna i sport w życiu carskiej dynastii Romanowów (od dworskiej zabawy do uczestnictwa w igrzyskach)

The 300-year reign of the Romanov dynasty allowed Russia to become an empire of international importance. The phenomenon of the Romanovs’ authoritarian rule which had its origins in autocracy has been the subject of comprehensive research all around the world. Part of this research also considered the question of free time management and the different forms of leisure and physical activity of the Romanov family. It is beyond doubt that the Russian monarchs were not much different in this respect from other ruling families in Europe. In many cases the Romanovs were even ahead of the representatives of other ruling dynasties in terms of taking care of their physical fitness. However, because of the archaic state structure and the existing social relations, their potential as role models and the positive influence they could have had on their subjects in this respect was generally limited to the narrow circles of Russian aristocracy. The developments that were taking place at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th century were interrupted by the whirlwind of revolutionary changes and the fall of the Romanov dynasty together with Imperial Russia.

Between Mars and Venus: Peter the Great in Northern German Cities and Duchies in 1716

Peter the Great’s journey around Northern Germany in 1716 was characterised by a war that had agitated the Baltic from the beginning of the century and by diplomatic negotiations that aimed to provide the Romanov dynasty with strong European ties. The cities and duchies of the northern Holy Empire were at the intersection of these goals. In the context of geopolitical reorganisation caused by the Great Northern War, the dukes of Mecklenburg-Schwerin and Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorp were interested in finding a new protector for their defenceless territories in face of the threat posed by the three traditional northern powers, Sweden, Denmark, and Brandenburg. The northern cities, too, played an important role in the tsar’s commercial projects because after the Thirty Years’ War, a phase of Swedish supremacy had begun in the Baltic when those cities had been an impenetrable barrier between Russia and Western European and Atlantic trade. Furthermore, it is a little known but important fact that most of the cities visited by the imperial Russian couple were princely residences or cultural centres of European outreach. In this respect, the places Peter I and his spouse Catherine stayed in help us to better understand interactions between the Russian government and the interlocutors that they met during their journey. This paper is based on unpublished documents kept in the archives of Lübeck and Schwerin and on journals of that period: these allow the author to analyse the complexity and diversity of German reactions to the presence of the tsar in this region. By fluctuating between military actions and matrimonial festivities, this journey also reveals the ambiguous perception of Russia by observers.

Proof of Sincere Love for the Tsar: Popular Monarchism in the Age of Peter the Great

It is a commonplace among historians that subjects in tsarist Russia held a high regard power of (1) This phenomenon, frequently referred as naive monarchism, (2) contends that commoners (i.e., peasants, lower- class townspeople, Cossacks) revered ruler in their own distinct way, contrasting image of good tsar with that of his wicked boyars and counselors, or, in extreme cases, image of a good tsar with his opposite, a false or bad (3) Indeed, many declarations this effect from loyal subjects of tsar have survived this day. However, from time time, scholars have voiced doubts about sincerity of these pronouncements. For instance, Soviet historian Pavel Ryndzuskii argues that assertions of peasant monarchism were, as a rule, based on a most literal reading of regular forms of address used by 'subjects' in their petitions authorities, including petitions brought 'to tsar' [na vysochaishee imia], formulaic expressions of supplication employed increase effectiveness of one's petition or prescribed by official regulations on presenting petitions. (4) Noted insults and defamations of members of ruling dynasty constitute another argument put forth by certain researchers against traditional view of population's utmost respect monarchy. From these statements they conclude that Romanov dynasty, which ruled Russia from 1613 1917, did not enjoy widespread authority among people. The Russian historian Evgenii Anisimov has expressed this argument clearly. He proposes that in 18th century authority of ruling family, and institution of tsar's power more broadly, suffered in eyes of people when the behavior of tsars and tsarinas ... constantly reaffirmed 'illegitimacy' of members of Romanov dynasty. He bases this conclusion on sources drawn from political investigations, which yielded numerous invectives against bearers of supreme power. According Anisimov, evidence of these investigations makes clear that for people, not a single monarch appeared decent, kind, wise, or just. In popular mind, moral character of nearly every ruler had a tainted reputation. (5) Sometimes even historians who hold a different view of relationship between authorities and subjects raise questions about naive For example, in her article on attitudes held by participants in 1648 uprising against Tsar Aleksei Mikhailovich, Valerie Kivelson argues that middle of 17th century marked a break in traditional political culture. It was precisely Aleksei Mikhailovich's deviation from archetype of benevolent tsar, defender of his subjects, that constituted a violation of underlying principle of this political culture and precipitated a conflict between Muscovites and monarch, whom they were prepared consider a traitor. (6) In Kivelson's words, to use force against tsar himself and view him as a traitor undermine[s] 'naive monarchist' characterization of Russian people as unquestioningly and unwaveringly loyal their tsar. (7) The abundant irreverent statements about Russian rulers as well as doubts of numerous historians regarding sincerity of popular monarchist sentiment suggest that question of monarchical devotion requires a more serious consideration than it has received thus far. Those who hold traditional point of view most part continue write about high degree of authority that tsar commanded in consciousness of people as if it were a self-evident truth requiring no proof. Even when evidence of this attitude is provided (more on this below), it is hardly enough fully allay doubts of those who are skeptical of sincerity of popular monarchism. In this article I attempt, at least partially, fill this gap. …

W poszukiwaniu Piastów

The origin of the Piast dynasty is a matter of lively discussions and disputes. At least a few controversial hypotheses exist, but their credibility is difficult to assess due to the scarcity of written as well as material sources, especially from the time of Polish state formation. Life sciences, however, can support history and archeology. Application of genetic tests, used earlier mainly in forensic laboratories, enabled identification of the remains of King Richard III, the Romanov dynasty members and Nicolaus Copernicus. Contemporary DNA studies, based on next generation DNA sequencing, outreach the narrow area of known markers such as mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and selected regions of Y chromosome. Although ancient DNA (aDNA), extracted from remains, is usually highly degraded and contaminated with genetic material of microorganisms, there are methods which allow for the analysis of such material and retrieval of information about origin, kinship and some phenotypic features of an individual. Genetic studies of the Piast dynasty, a subject of our research project, have to deal with numerous difficulties. In or der to gain access to bone samples, we need to meet a number of formal requirements. Moreover, despite the existence of available abundant documentation on the Piast burials, the actual situation is not always consistent with the written sources. Our first experiences show how difficult it is to localize the remains, identify them and extract DNA of sufficient quality.

Esfir Shub

An unsurpassed master of compilation cinema, Esfir Shub is a major figure in the history of Soviet film. Shub's concept of film editing emerges clearly in the four articles that are presented here for the first time in English. They are selected from Zhizn' moya – kinematograf (Cinema Is My Life, 1972), a collection of her essays, public speeches, and letters as well as descriptions of unfinished projects. The texts document Shub's thoughts on montage and her important work as a pioneer of found footage cinema, offering insights into the making of such groundbreaking archival compilation films as The Fall of the Romanov Dynasty (1927), The Great Road (1927), and Lev Tolstoy and the Russia of Nicholas II (1928).

Editors' Introduction

Women's interest in found footage and compilation has been extraordinarily intense from the very beginning.1 Even the origins of this peculiar mode of film production are tied to a woman's name, that of Esfir Shub, the great director of Soviet cinema who was the first to create an essayistic feature by putting together pieces of archival footage.2 Her seminal film of 1927, Padenie Dinastii Romanovykh (The Fall of the Romanov Dynasty), depicts the collapse of the Tsarist empire from the February Revolution to the October Revolution of 1917 purely by means of a montage of preexisting footage. Followed by a handful of other films she made with the same method in subsequent years, this first experimentation in compilation film was an opportunity for Shub to demonstrate …

TO THE QUESTION ABOUT THE DOMESTIC WARS IN THE HISTORY OF RUSSIA (HISTORICAL DIGEST)

The article is devoted to the actual problem of domestic wars in the history of Russia throughout 1153 years throughout its historical development, built in the form of a historical digest. The author argues against the interpretation of the historians of the Middle abroad, first of all, Belarus and Ukraine, the events of the Patriotic War of 1812 and the Great Patriotic War. The author believes that the events of the past can not be treated with modern positions, bringing the current independence of these countries in the war over 200 years and 70 years ago. Based on the analysis of numerous works of Russian and foreign historians, the author comes to the reasonable conclusion that there are five domestic wars in the history of Russia: 1612 - against the Polish and Swedish interventionists, which resulted in the throne of Russia introduced a new ruling Romanov dynasty, War of 1812 against the French troops of Napoleon Bonaparte. 1853-1856 city - the Crimean War against the European coalition, the war of 1914-1918 against Germany and its allies. The Great Patriotic War, which, according to the author, ended October 22, 1944 release of virtually the entire territory of the USSR. The author introduces a new periodization of World War II and the Great Patriotic War, counting part of the Second World War liberation march of the Red Army in Poland in September 1939, the war with Finland 1939- 1940. and entering the Red Army on the territory of the Baltic states in 1940, the liberation campaign of the Red Army in Europe ended May 9, 1945 capitulation of Nazi Germany, the Asian campaign of the Red Army, will accelerate the end of World War II in the Asia-Pacific region.

The New Books and Projects in the “Publishing Club of the State Public Historical Library of Russia”

“The Publishing Club” of the State Public Historical Library of Russia (SPHL of Russia) continues its work in the “A.F. Losev House” Library. At the meeting of January, 2016 there was discussed the theme “Archival Document as a Source of Information”, as well as the projects associated with the publication of archival documents and being of interest to readers. There is presented the project of the author and publisher T.A. Lobashkova “Papers of Konstantinovichs of the Romanov Dynasty”, which includes a series of 11 publications since 2013. The new books in the genre of family chronicle were issued by the publishing house “Gelios-ARV” (“Egorievsk Olden Time” by S.T. Slovutinskyi, “The Memoirs of I.S. Turgenev Fa-mily” by V.N. Zhitova) and by SPHL of Russia (Slovutinsky S.T., “General Izmailov and his Servants”). The publishing house “Minuvshee” prepared a valuable reference edition of the book by Tula researcher M.Y. Klepov “Officers - Knights of St. George of the First World War. Martyrology”, published in the “Russian Necropoleis” series.

Occitan Studies: Language and Linguistics

Kathryn Klingebiel, ‘Occitan Linguistic Bibliography for 2012’, Tenso, 29:173–208. See also YWMLS, 75:150–57. Aitor Carrera reports on ‘Activitats de la Catedra d’Estudis Occitans de la Universitat de Lleida’, ER, 36:437–38. Marie-Laure Savoye et al., *‘Sur les traces d’Edith Brayer: catalogue des manuscrits francais et occitans de la Bibliotheque Vaticane’, MEFR, 126.2, . The world of Occitan scholarship and literature has now lost Pierre Bec (1921–2014), memorialized by Francois Pic in and by David grosclaude, Anem! Occitans!, 149:4–5, . Further obituaries for Peter T. Ricketts (†7 May 2013) and Marti de Riquer (†17 September 2013) have appeared: for the former, by Walter Meliga in RLiR 78:303–6 and F. R. P. Akehurst in Tenso 29:231–44 (with substantial bibliography, 234–44); and for the latter, by Alberto Varvaro in MedRom, 37, 2013:432–35. Varvaro (1934–2014) was himself remembered in necrologies by Laura Minervini and giovanni Palumbo in RLiR, 78:607–17, and by Francisco Rico and Isabel de Riquer in El Pais (1 November 2014). Other losses noted in 2014: Moshe Lazar (†13 December 2012), remembered by Robert A. Taylor in Tenso, 29:225–30; James J. Wilhelm (†13 December 2012), with obituary by Janet A. Walker, Tenso, 29:219–24; and Marcelle D’Herde Heiliger (†1 March 2014). Yan Lespoux, ‘Un pilier meconnu de l’occitanisme: Pierre-Louis Berthaud (1899–1956)’, AIEO 10, 625–33, traces the crucial role played by this mentor of Robert Lafont in the Occitan movement between 1930–1960. Jean Thomas, ‘Fernand Barrue, entre gasconha e Lengadoc’, AIEO 10, 852–59, provides a portrait of a now-forgotten poet (1891–1956), author of three collections, who returned to using his native gascon in his late works—and whose poetry deserves a full edition. Id., ‘Paul Debar (1794–1853)’, Gardy Vol., 897–909, reviews the life and work of a poet who is cited 94 times in Mistral’s Tresor. Bernat Vernhieras, ‘Andrieu Lagarda, passaire de la lenga’, AIEO 10, 921–30, recaps the productive career and ‘obra considerabla’ of this militant Occitanist of the generation of 1945. R. Anthony Lodge, *‘Jacques-Louis Menetra and his experience of the langue d’oc’, pp. 210–17 of Norms and Usage in Language History, 1600–1900: A Sociolinguistic and Comparative Perspective, ed. gijsbert Rutten et al., Amsterdam, Benjamins, viii + 334 pp. Elena grinina and galina Romanova, ‘La imatge de l’occita a Russia’, AIEO 10, 954–57, present a brief overview, with specific attention to two works: Academia de Linguistica, La formacio de llengues romaniques literaries: el provencal/l’occita, 1991; and Tatiana Alisova and Camila Pluzhnikova, El provencal antic: La historia de l’Occitania medieval. La gramatica historica. Crestomatia, 2011.

Иоанно-Введенский женский монастырь в судьбе последних представителей дома Романовых

Иоанно-Введенский женский монастырь в судьбе последних представителей дома Романовых

ФУНКЦІОНУВАННЯ СТАНОВИХ ІНСТИТУЦІЙ ДВОРЯНСТВА ПІВДЕННО-ЗАХІДНИХ ГУБЕРНІЙ РОСІЙСЬКОЇ ІМПЕРІЇ В КІНЦІ ХІХ — НА ПОЧАТКУ ХХ СТ.

The aim of the article is to highlight the problem of functioning of the nobility class institutions of South-West region after the banning of the iractivities as a resul to the Polish January Uprising in 1863–1864. Political and legal reality of the Russian Empire in the late 19th — early 20th century endangered the class privileges of the entire limitation or even cancelling. In such circumstances, the representatives of the privileged class, and especially the local Polish minority, had to adapt to the new order of autocratic power. The procedure for the elections, which were traditional event in the region, was limited by the partial appointment of some officials mainly from among the Russian nobility. The positions of the provincial and district leaders were not canceled, but rather included the expansion of their functions and responsibilities. For example, the position of the district leader included the obligations of mediator and provincial leader became not only a trustee of educational institutions. The nobility was included to committees working on different issues of local and national importance. The quite acute was the promotion and payment of the grants to officials, the rules of nobility funds activity. It was remained unchanged until 1917, and in certain regions until 1919, the status and activities of nobility tutelage, which competence was determined by care for abandoned and neglected estates of privileged class representatives of the Russia Empire society. So, because of the historical circumstances, which took place in the early 20th century, the nobility as a social link transformed since the government and its priorities and, of course, management mechanisms had changed. Although until the fall of the Romanov dynasty in south-wester \n provinces such class institutions as provincial governments and district leader of nobility, deputy county assembly and nobility tutelage had been functioning, but they were completely controlled by the state. All noble privileges, including the right of corporate activities were canceled by manifesto of 1917. The confrontation between the nobility and autocracy would replace by cooperation. But because of circumstances during 1863–1917s the preferable situation had not happened. Instead, autocratic government made the county and provincial institutions firstly work with the state affairs, and then — noble class. Most of the positions were appointed, the preference was given to the nobles of Russian origin. The aim was to ensure the imperial interests in the region. The process of confrontation between the authorities and the Polish nobility, which owned the majority of lands in the region, was prior to the introduction of the South-West provinces of elected Zemstvo, which were formed not on class, but on ethnic basis.