Territory Of Romania Research Articles

Development of the public movement of physical culture and sports orientation in the Romanian lands: "Tourist Society of Romania" (beginning of the 20th century)"

In the article by "Development of the public movement of physical culture and sports orientation in the Romanian lands: "Tourist Society of Romania" (beginning of the 20th century)" the peculiarities of the formation of the public movement of physical culture and sports orientation in the Romanian lands of the beginning of 20th century The role of the "Tourist Society of Romania" in popularizing and spreading hiking tourism among all segments of the population is highlighted. The society's achievements in attracting school youth to systematic physical education, tourism, local history, etc. have been identified. The authors of the article proved that the slogan of the club "Through tourism to knowledge and love for Romania" synthesized the ideas of the predecessors regarding the educational and educational potential of tourism. The article analyzes the features of the tourist work of that time, one of the most striking ones is the formation of the theory and methodology of tourist activity: the appearance of recommendations for the organization of trips of various levels, for example, the identification of the principles "from a simple to a complex route", "from a short to a long-term movement", as well as an understanding of importance careful preparation - planning, using the results of "working on mistakes" made after the previous event. The activities of the thematic magazines published in the Romanian lands during the research period are analyzed, the main topics and issues relevant for that time are highlighted. According to the authors, the "Tourist Society of Romania" published 13 issues of its yearbook - "Anuarul S.T.R.", which, according to modern researchers, was a valuable guide for those who wanted to participate in mountain trips, as well as a source for researching the activities of this society now. After all, the final part of each edition presented a list of members of the headquarters and sections, quantitative changes in members, as well as the names and titles of organizations or enterprises that provided assistance to the society. It was concluded that historically formed traditions and favorable geographical conditions on the one hand, and traditional to begin with 20th century a developed social movement and a clear understanding of the educational and educational potential of tourism, in particular for school youth, on the other hand, caused the development of its methodological basis and practical implementation on the territory of Romania.

Noi tendințe în analiza sincronică și diacronică a minorității germane din Bucovina

"The “Bukowina-Institut” [Bukovina Institute] in Augsburg was founded in 1988, at the initiative of Georg Simnacher, a politician who, at that time, was the president of the Schwaben Regional Council. The purpose of the institute was to research on scientific bases the multiethnic and multicultural space of Bukovina and to create efficient bridges of communication and collaboration with institutions and organizations from historical Bukovina, located on the territory of Romania and Ukraine. There was a close collaboration between the institute and the “Landsmannschaft der Buchenlanddeutschen”, an organization that was founded in 1949 in Munich to represent the social and cultural interests of the Bukovinian Germans in the Federal Republic of Germany. It can therefore be admitted that the institute in Augsburg had both a scientific and a political mission. It must be pointed out, however, that the political mission was fully in line with the fundamental principles and values that formed the basis for the building of the European Union. In 2003 the institute was integrated into the University of Augsburg and the fundamental directions of activity changed. The researchers newly co-opted in the Bukovina Institute were of the opinion that in the past too much importance was given to the research of the German aspects of the Bukovinaʼs culture and civilization. Then, it was considered that in the 1990s, due to the affinity and interdependence existing between the institute and the organization “Landsmannschaft der Buchenlanddeutschen”, the historical sources were not critically approached, being capitalized mainly narratives meant to give a meaning and a collective identity to the “Christian Germanophones” from Bukovina. In the present work are highlighted, on the basis of studies regarding the Bukovinian Germans, some new tendencies that manifest themselves in the current German historiography. "

Last Names Derived from Woodworking Terminology

The ethnogenesis space of the Romanian people knows the most varied landforms: mountain, hills, plains. What is noteworthy is that no matter what form of relief we relate to, the forest has been present everywhere. The specific terminology of the forest and of all that means the processing of wood in order to obtain whatever necessary for man was a source of enrichment of the Romanian anthroponymic system. In this article, the author capitalized on the information coming from the book “Traditional occupations on the territory of Romania”, vol. 4, by Gheorghe Iordache, and from the Anthroponymic Database of Romania, established at the Onomastic Research Laboratory of the Faculty of Letters, University of Craiova, in 1994. The identified last names, totaling 180, are presented with the frequency recorded by region and county.

Румыния и Германия: исторические, политические и экономические аспекты взаимодействия

Political and economic aspects of relations between Romania and Germany in the XXI century considered in the context of historical retrospective, including from the perspective of the dramatic events of the XX century. Brief information about the history of the emergence of the German community on the territory of Romania, its important role in the cultural and economic development of the regions of residence is presented. The latter contributes to the creation of a special atmosphere of today’s bilateral contacts, behind which is the policy of the Federal Republic of Germany to keep the German community in its current place of residence, which creates an additional incentive for trade and investment of German capital in Romania. A brief overview of cultural and humanitarian programs of the FRG, designed to promote not only the rallying of the German ethnic minority, but also the promotion of German culture in Romania, is given. Data are provided on the number and position of the vast community of Romanian labor migrants in Germany. The article notes that political contacts between countries are not limited to the EU and NATO, but are also developing on a bilateral basis. Particular attention is paid to the difference in the foreign policy approaches of the two countries on a number of issues. The causes and circumstances of the lack of complete mutual understanding are identified, among which pro-Americanism and the anti-Russian orientation of Romania’s foreign policy stand out, clearly manifested in connection with the problem of putting the Nord Stream-2 into operation. At the same time, attention is drawn to the strengthening of bilateral military cooperation in recent years within the framework of PESCO. The conclusion is made about the ambiguous nature of the Romanian-German relations against the background of the interest of the FRG in expanding its presence in Romania.

GIS MULTITEMPORAL ANALYSIS OF REMOTE SENSING IMAGES TO ASSESS THE SILTING OF ANTHROPOGENIC DAM LAKES IN THE OUTER SUBCARPATHIAN AREA. CASE STUDY: PUCIOASA ACCUMULATION LAKE, ROMANIA

On Romania's territory, after the major floods that took place during the 70s, the hydrotechnical setup of the large rivers that drain the peri-Carpathian areas was made. The purpose of building these anthropogenic dam lakes is complex, given that extreme hydrological phenomena occurred in late spring and early summer, caused by a significant rainwater supply (about 70%), the difference being made up by the underground supply. Such a hydrotechnical setup was made in the Subcarpathian areas, on large rivers, to mitigate flood waves, but also to create water resources to supply local communities. The main problem facing these lakes is the massive silting due on the one hand to the geological and geomorphological characteristics of the Subcarpathians and, on the other hand, to the high degree of anthropization. The Subcarpathians are, from a geological point of view, made up of friable deposits (marls, clays, marl-clays, gypsums, conglomerates), which trigger a series of geomorphological processes of slope erosion (areal streaming, ravine creation, runoffs, torrential rainfall, and landslides), all of which are involved in the hydrological drainage regime. The Subcarpathians also make up a geographical area with a high density of population and, implicitly, of anthropogenic activities, which under certain conditions favour the erosion and degradation of land. These factors ensure that the solid flow recorded on the Subcarpathian Rivers is between 5-25 million tons/ha per annum. All this leads to the intense silting of anthropogenic lakes, which causes the volume of water stored in the tank to sometimes decrease to 1/3 of its initial volume. Under these conditions, in the extremity of basins, lacustrine plains were formed, and within the dam area, the pelitic sedimentary deposits exceeded 7-10 m in thickness. The aim of this study is to perform a multitemporal analysis of lake silting in the Subcarpathian area by using GIS and integrating the suite of bathymetric elevations and the series of satellite images existing from the time of the lake's construction to present-day.

Estimation of Stature from Tibia Length for Romanian Adult Population

The estimation of stature from bones plays an important role in identifying unknown bodies, body parts, or skeletal remains, as it is an important component of the biological profile in forensic identification. The objective of this study is to enhance the development of forensic anthropology in Romania by creating a new regression formula for stature estimation. This can be accomplished from the length of the tibia, taking into account sex and age, for the Romanian adult population. A total of 137 cases from a delimited territory of Romania were included in the study. The length of the tibia and the stature of the individuals were measured before autopsy. Statistical analysis was carried using (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) SPSS 23. Tibia length showed a high correlation with stature for males, females, and the total sample. Four regression formulae were created for stature estimation of Romanian males, females, and unknown sex. The results of the analysis are impressive and have a good applicability in a forensic anthropological context. The data used in this paper provide reliable results with a large applicability in the future for estimating stature from the tibia length for the Romanian adult population.

Aspects from the evolution of past vegetation in Southern Transylvania (Sibiu region)

The article reviews the results obtained through the palynological study of sequences obtained from the Sibiu region and adjacent areas. The oldest Upper Pleistocene sequences we refer to seem to reflect snapshots from the Last Glacial Maximum. The history of the Late Glacial and Holocene vegetation here is broadly part of the succession known for the territory of Romania, in the Carpathians and the surrounding areas of medium and low altitudes. The dynamics of the main forest and grasses taxa were highlighted, influenced both by natural factors and, more recently, by human activity. The reference area is characterized by the domination of the forests during the interstadials and by open landscape of forested steppe during the cold, stadial periods.

Invasive alien plant species in Romania of European Union concern

Abstract An assessement of the alien plants of Romania was conducted which considered the requirements of Regulation 1143/2014 of the European Union (EU). Thus, available data about the presence, invasiveness, distribution, pathways of introduction and their known impact in the territory of Romania were analysed. We found that of 36 plant species of EU concern, four are already established in Romania and widespread, at least locally or regionally: Ailanthus altissima, Asclepias syriaca, Elodea nuttallii and Impatiens glandulifera. For Humulus scandens there are some reports, but its presence and status require confirmation. Heracleum sosnowskyi and Ludwigia peploides are confirmed for only one location for each species. The presence of Cabomba caroliniana and Myriophyllum aquaticum in Romania is not confirmed. Most of the records are intentional introductions for ornamental purposes. Regarding their invasiveness, given the geographical origin and history of invasion in warmer climate regions (e.g., tropical, subtropical), many of the species listed as being of EU concern do not currently constitute a real threat to Romania, for the time being, but may do in a climate change scenario for the 2070s. Data about the impact of alien plant species and their management in Romania are scattered or completely missing. Coordinated institutional efforts are needed to increase the efficiency of the management of alien species at national and local level. These efforts should include: enhancing the legislation and the capacity of public institutions to manage invasive species, increasing the research interest in the science of this topic and promoting real measures to mitigate, control and remove alien plants.

Romanian Language: A New Life as Heritage Language for Diasporic Communities

After 2000, American linguists and language instructors have introduced the distinction between dominant (English) and heritage languages (other languages spoken at home) in order to approach teaching more effectively. Most recently, Romanian has become a heritage language of diasporic communities in the US and recognized as such by state and federal authorities. I claim that Romanian as a heritage language needs to be addressed as a major component of Romanian studies in order to help maintain the Romanian language speaking communities outside the territory of Romania. Considering the substantial differences in learning practices and experiences between second generations of Romanian-Americans and their fellow Z-ers raised in Romania, I also argue that Romanian-American students cannot use textbooks conceived in the country by Romanian language specialists unfamiliar with the American school system expectations and requirements; consequently, new research paths have to be explored by Romanian language instructors active outside the country. Since education systems are different on the old continent from those across the Atlantic it is necessary that Romanian language instructors design teaching strategies following the system in which their students are enrolled and adopt the principles of Heritage Language Learning.

Inter-Orthodox controversies between Romania and Yugoslavia in the interwar period

This article examines the disputes that existed in the interwar period over the recognition of a Romanian Orthodox bishopric in Yugoslavia (The official name ‘Yugoslavia’ was only adopted in 1929. From 1918 to 1929, the state was officially called the Serbo-Croatian-Slovenian Kingdom. For the sake of simplicity, I will use the name Yugoslavia throughout this article.) and a Serbian Orthodox bishopric in Romania. The reason for this was the existence of two ethnically distinct Orthodox Churches (Serbian and Romanian) on the territory of the dualistic Hungarian monarchy before 1918, but both with de facto autocephalous status and territorial overlap. They came into being after the decision of the Synod of Bishops of the Hungarian Orthodox Metropolis to separate the existing parishes and dioceses along ethnic lines. After the break-up of the dualistic monarchy at the end of the First World War, one of the Serbian Orthodox dioceses landed on the territory of Yugoslavia (Vršac) and the second on the territory of Romania (Timișoara). However, both Romanian bishoprics (Arad and Caransebeș) ended up in Romania. Under these circumstances, several Romanian parishes in the Yugoslav Banat remained without a direct episcopal hierarchy. As a result, diplomatic negotiations began between the Romanian and Yugoslav governments and between the hierarchs of the Orthodox Churches of Romania and Yugoslavia on the establishment of a Romanian diocese on Yugoslav territory.Contribution: This article deals with a lesser-known topic on the history of the Orthodox Churches in South Eastern Europe. Because there is no extensive literature on this subject, I have made use of unpublished documents from the archives of the Metropolitanate of Sibiu (Transylvania, Romania).

ХОРСКО ПЕВАЊЕ КАО НАЧИН ОЧУВАЊА КУЛТУРНО-НАЦИОНАЛНОГ ИДЕНТИТЕТА СРБА СА ДАНАШЊЕ ТЕРИТОРИЈЕ РУМУНИЈЕ

The Serbian ethnic community in the present territory of Romania proudly nourishes a long and rich tradition of choral singing, which spans from 1836 continuously until nowadays. Initiated with the initial purpose of embellishing the church services, it quickly developed and became richer, carrying along a national component reflected mainly, but not exclusively in the repertoire. Choral singing thus became a means of preserving the cultural and national identity throughout the times, following the current geo-political contexts. The present article analyzes this phenomenon by looking at the repertoire and the overall activity of Serbian choirs in urban areas of today’s Romania.

The Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on the Instructive-educational Process in Kindergarten

"We are all going through a difficult period, called into question by so many questions: the COVID 19 pandemic. Without a doubt, this pandemic has had and still has many implications both in the personal life of each of us and in our professional life. In addition to the fact that this virus affects our health, professional life has also been put to the test. The education system was not bypassed by challenges, therefore this period proved to be extremely demanding, with many implications on the instructive-educational activity. Preschool education has not been exempted from the impact of the changes that have occurred as a result of the outbreak of the pandemic. Teachers in the preschool education system have faced many difficulties in terms of teaching in the group. The instructive-educational process suffered in the context of the pandemic, being many variables to consider: the age peculiarities of preschoolers, the ways in which the teaching activities can be carried out through the platforms, the quality of the educational act through them, the lack of training of the teachers in this respect, the availability of parents to be able to supervise the preschooler during the synchronous online activities, etc. The present study presents the results of the application of a questionnaire addressed to teachers in preschool education, on the territory of Romania, which highlights the implications of the pandemic on the instructive-educational process in kindergarten. Keywords: “COVID 19 pandemic”, “instructive-educational process”, “kindergarten” "

Ethical and Public Health Attitudes on Physical Distancing, Self-isolation, Quarantine, and Lockdown

Usually, the first responses against new communicable diseases are quarantines and travel bans. As of March, the 16th, 2020 until May, the 14th, 2020 The State of Emergency was declared on all the territory of Romania. People had to comply with “stay-at-home orders” while some regions were under total lockdown. In late April 2020, we created and distributed an online survey, via www.psysafe.org. We addressed ethical issues towards both the individual and populational levels measures designed to prevent and reduce COVID-19, as well as assessed the attitudes towards hypothetical public health sanctions infringed on people who do not follow the regulations. In total, 3.122 respondents took part in the survey. The majority consider that physical distancing, self-isolation, quarantine, and nation/region-wide lockdown imposed to prevent and reduce COVID-19 are both necessary and morally justified. The participants do not agree with a hypothetical sanction of not offering medical treatment but would agree with a hypothetical sanction of having to pay for the medical treatment. In the end, we examined the justice of quarantine and isolation from an ethical point of view.

Analysis of the impact of the allocation of European funds on rural development in Romania

Rural development within the European Union has been a continuous evolution of rural space through which it has responded to the needs and challenges of the European Community. Thus, the European Union has created and implemented the Common Agricultural Policy, and rural development is its second pillar. In the case of Romania, agriculture and rural development is a priority sector in terms of economic and social growth, due to the large area occupied by rural areas, but also due to the large area of agricultural land that is found on the territory of Romania. This article is intended to be an objective analysis of the impact that European funds have had on the development of the Romanian rural area regarding the allocation of these funds. At the same time, the degree of absorption of the National Rural Development Program (NRDP) was analysed.

Sounding-derived parameters associated with severe hail events in Romania

The present paper analyzes 549 severe weather events reported to the ESWD (European Severe Weather Database) that caused large hail in the territory of Romania. Values of atmospheric instability indices have been analyzed for these episodes using data from Bucharest and Budapest sounding stations. For a period of 140 days with episodes of large hail, 24 instability indices were analyzed to describe the atmospheric conditions of the main daily convective activity. The mean values for most indices characterize an unstable atmospheric environment. Of the indices that measure potential instability, VT (vertical totals index) and TT (totals index) had values that described a conductive atmospheric environment for the development of hailstorms. In addition, the interquartile values of LIV (lifted index using virtual temperature) had values lower than zero. For SWEAT (severe weather threat index) and CAPEV (convective available potential energy index using virtual temperature), only the values in the 75th percentile describe a very unstable environment (according to the literature). Strong linear correlations were registered between several pairs of indices such as CAPEV-LIV and SWEAT-SI that can be used for the operational forecast of hail.

Sounding-derived parameters associated with severe hail events in Romania

The present paper analyzes 549 severe weather events reported to the ESWD (European Severe Weather Database) that caused large hail in the territory of Romania. Values of atmospheric instability indices have been analyzed for these episodes using data from Bucharest and Budapest sounding stations. For a period of 140 days with episodes of large hail, 24 instability indices were analyzed to describe the atmospheric conditions of the main daily convective activity. The mean values for most indices characterize an unstable atmospheric environment. Of the indices that measure potential instability, VT (vertical totals index) and TT (totals index) had values that described a conductive atmospheric environment for the development of hailstorms. In addition, the interquartile values of LIV (lifted index using virtual temperature) had values lower than zero. For SWEAT (severe weather threat index) and CAPEV (convective available potential energy index using virtual temperature), only the values in the 75th percentile describe a very unstable environment (according to the literature). Strong linear correlations were registered between several pairs of indices such as CAPEV-LIV and SWEAT-SI that can be used for the operational forecast of hail.

Ukrainian nationalists of the Carpathian region of the OUN and the Romanian underground (1940s – early 1950s): cooperation in conditions of confrontation totalit

The OUN’s foreign-policy activity, which during the Second World War changed cardinally – from the orientation toward some great state or a group of such states to the foundation of the Anti-Bolshevik Bloc of Nations) (ABN) and attraction of all the enslaved peoples into the common struggle, is a key element of the concept of the OUN’s national revolution. Considering the struggle of the Ukrainian people as a component of the all-European anti-totalitarian resistance movement, the Ukrainian nationalists tried to prove that the victory over the Bolshevism was possible only on condition of common efforts of all the oppressed peoples. Carrying out the concept of a national-liberation revolution and having created the national departments of the Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UPA), in the years of the Second World War it became possible to involve the peoples of the Caucasus and Central Asia into the struggle. No doubt, all that was preceded by a long and carefully thought-over work among the representatives of different peoples. Propaganda raids became one of the forms of this work. The appearance of the Ukrainian insurgents in the territories of the neighboring states (Poland, Czechoslovakia, Romania) became a bright demonstration of Ukrainian feelings and refuted a long chain of myths created by the Soviet propaganda, such as “the image of the Ukrainian nationalist-criminal”, absence of any resistance to the Soviets and impossibility of struggling with them, etc. In other words, the pictorial example of the carriers of ideas of the Ukrainian nationalism became the best propaganda for the population of the neighboring states. In the article on the basis of the unknown and little-known archival documents the features of the activity of the Karpatskyi krai (the Carpathian area) of the OUN in the line of making good contacts with Romanian anticommunist movement in the 1940s – beginning of the 1950s are clarified. A dozen of descriptions of the propaganda raids into the territory of Romania, staged by Ukrainian nationalists with a mission of rendering objective truth about the OUN and UPA and attracting members of Romanian underground into the common struggle, are described. That even a partial efficiency of such raids had a powerful effect, at least – by forming an objective representation about the Ukrainian liberation movement and demonstrating a possibility to struggle against the Soviet totalitarianism, is proved. Despite the lack of details about the common struggle of the Ukrainian and Romanian anti-Communist structures (though the individual participation – of several Romanians in Karpatskyi krai underground – is undeniable), the mutual recognition and understanding of the necessity of the common struggle was certified by the very fact of their negotiations, arrangements, exchanges of materials, products, and information. Besides, it should be underlined, that, contrary to all complexities, Ukrainian national liberation movement managed to refute the myths created by the Soviet ideological-propaganda machine, to impart to the population of the neighboring countries (for example, Romania) the necessity and, moreover, the possibility of serious resistance, so vividly acknowledged by a long-term activity of the Ukrainian nationalist underground. As can be concluded, these are the reasons that pushed for expansion of the Resistance movement against the Soviet totalitarian system in the countries of central and eastern Europe.

Чехословакия, Польша, Венгрия и Подкарпатская Русь в контексте предыстории и последствий Мюнхенской конференции 1938 г.

The article examines the circumstances, details, and elements of the struggle among Poland, Hungary and the ruling circles of Czechoslovakia for the influence on Subcarpathian Rus to use it in their own political expediency. Since Subcarpathian Rus was faced with the German military threat and involved in the “small collective security system” along with France and the Soviet Union in May 1935, it had to solve the problem of strategic interaction with the latter. As there were no common border between Subcarpathian Rus and the Soviet Union, the problem was solved by constructing a strategic railroad through the territory of Romania. As a result, Subcarpathian Rus, which located in the east of Czechoslovakia, found itself at the forefront of the interaction, largely forced, yet vitally necessary for the political leadership of Prague. The activity of Warsaw and Budapest, which intensified after the Munich conference, together with some other factors ended up in mid-March of 1939 with the proclamation of the independent “Subcarpathian Ukraine” and its immediate occupation by Hungary with the tacit permission of Germany.

Mapping landslide susceptibility at national scale by spatial multi-criteria evaluation

The representation of terrain propensity to generate landslides, meaning the mapping of landslide susceptibility, represents a first step in the assessment of the risk induced by these geomorphological hazards. Results of the numerous studies differ according to the available input data, the applied methodology, the level of detail or the scale of analysis. The main goal of the present study is to provide a new landslide susceptibility map for the national territory of Romania. The application of the European Landslide Susceptibility (ELSUS) mapping methodology, based on the analytical hierarchy process (AHP), using more accurate and higher spatial resolution input data, led to the achievement of a landslide susceptibility map within individual climate-physiographic zones across the country. The landslide susceptibility is computed by combining the information regarding landslide frequency with a Spatial Multi-Criteria Evaluation (SMCE) model based on three predictors (slope angle, lithology and land cover). The continuous landslide susceptibility model was validated by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis, which indicated a better performance in the plateau, hilly and plain areas (AUC = 0.750) compared to the mountain area. Also, an independent sample validation was performed for testing the consistency of the landslide susceptibility classes. The classified susceptibility map shows patterns that are in agreement with terrain reality.

Câteva considerații privind vasele cu tub neo-eneolitice descoperite pe teritoriul României

During the 2013 and 2018 seasons, carried out at the site of Pietroasa Mică-Gruiu Dării (Pietroasele Commune, Buzău County) two complete vessels with tube were discovered in a layer with Chalcolithic depositions, characterized by a mixture of Cernavodă I and Cucuteni B archaeological materials. Such vessels are relatively rare discoveries on the territory of Romania. One of these vessels has two tubes, being the only one of this kind discovered so far on the Romanian territory. The typological categories in which these vessels were grouped are extremely numerous: baby bottle, baby feeding vessels, baby nursing spoons, vessels with tube, vessels with drain-tube, vessels with drain-pipe, miniature vessels, pseudo-kernos vessels, so-called kernoi vessels, cups, jars etc. The presumed functionalities of these artefacts are also very diverse: baby bottles for the artificial feeding of infants, recipients for dripping / spreading the colour on ceramic / various surfaces or for the administration of analgesic / curative substances, objects used in metallurgy, “pipes” for ritual “smoking”, vessels for fermentation, miniatures apparently without practical utility, offerings and libations pots, vessels with cultic connotations etc. In the context of this typological and functional diversity, as well as of the recent discoveries from Gruiu Dării, we thought it is useful to propose some considerations regarding the characteristics of this type of vessels.