Romanian Varieties Research Articles

The Romance-Speaking Balkans: Language and the Politics of Identity

The Romance-Speaking Balkans: Language and the Politics of Identity

Effect of Antiviral Compounds on the Regeneration of Potato Meristems

The aim of this research was to determine the phytotoxic effect of chemotherapeutic products over meristematic explants from two potato Romanian varieties: Marvis and Castrum. Potato meristems were cultured on nutritive medium containing four virocid chemicals: ribavirin, 5-bromouracil, 2-thiouracil and acyclovir in three concentrations (0, 15, 30 mg/l). Meristems development varied for tested antiviral agents and was decreased with increasing in concentration of antiviral products (from 0 to 30 mg/l). Antiviral products with high concentration (30 mg/l) had a negative effect on regeneration. By using 5-bromouracil the highest regeneration rate was observed (for 15 mg/l and 30 mg/l), compared to the other antiviral substances, with the same concentrations. Another chemotherapeutic 2-thiouracil exhibited phytotoxicity and reduced meristems regeneration. The lowest percentage of regeneration was registered by using of 15 mg/l 2-thiouracil compared to the other antivirals, at the same concentration. Percent of meristems regeneration was very low for ribavirin and 2-thiouracil at 30 mg/l concentrations (40%). For Castrum variety 5-bromouracil is distinguished by obtaining a very significant positive difference (19.17% regenerated meristems), but the virocid 2-thiouracil is at the opposite pole, inhibiting the regeneration of explants, with a very significant negative difference (-14.17% developed explants).

RESEARCHES ON MONITORING AND EARLY WARNING OF BROWN ROT MONILIA LAXA ATTACK ON SOME VARIETIES OF CHERRY AND PLUM

Brown rot caused by Monilia laxa (Aderh. & Ruhland, Honey) is one of the most damaging fungal disease for stone fruit species, in all European countries and in Romania as well. A great deal effort is done to study its biology and ecology, for disease monitoring and containment. This paper presents the result obtained at RIFG Pitesti Romania during 2018-2020 in monitoring and early warning of the disease attack, using two different weather stations and forecast modules made in Europe and USA. A correlation was found (R2=0.0146, r=0.1208, n=585), which proves that the microclimate was favorable for stone fruits brown rot infections, for varieties evaluation and classification and to supply data to develop new early warning tools as well. The results obtained with the two forecast systems makes possible the early warning on the attack risk of brown rot, both cherry and plum orchards. In the same period 26 cherry and 22 plum varieties were studied regarding their behavior to the pathogen natural infections. Among the Romanian varieties the ones with the lowest damages degree were: 'George', 'Clasic', 'Daria', 'Negre de Bistriţa', 'Roşii de Bistriţa', 'Rubin', 'Severin' and 'Uriaşe de Bistriţa' (DD%=0.13-0.14) on cherry and 'Pescaruş' 'Record', 'Gras ameliorat', 'Romanţa', 'Roman, 'Ialomiţa' and 'Dâmboviţa' (DD%=0.03-0.14) on plum. Under long term study, the most sensitives to brown rot attack were 'Lapins' cherry variety (DD%=3.93) as well as 'Stanley' Centenar and 'd’Agen' plum varieties (DD%=4.68-4.72), which can be used as 'indicators', in order to triggers the phytoprotection programs.

STUDY REGARDING THE BEHAVIOR OF SOME VARIETIES OF WHEAT, IN ECOPEDOLOGICAL CONDITIONS, FROM THE SOUTH-WEST AREA OF DOLJ COUNTY

The research aims at the comparative study of some varieties of autumn wheat in conventional cultivation system, in the conditions of the eutricpsamosol, from Poiana Mare, on an area of 300 ha cultivated with wheat, for a better knowledge of them, in order to the recommendation to cultivate in the area, the varieties that can express to the maximum, the productive and qualitative potential.For two years (2019 - 2020), within S.C. Primagrimar SRL Poiana Mare, Dolj were grown wheat varieties: MIRANDA, OTILIA - Romanian varieties and AVENUE, SORRIAL - French varieties. Regarding the obtained production, the Miranda variety registered the average value of 7800 kg / ha, and the Sorrial and Avenue varieties obtained an average production of 8050-8150 kg / ha.The high production of these French varieties is argued by the fact that they belong to the Premium group, very productive, very drought tolerant and with high ecological plasticity, with good resistance to wintering, falling, diseases and high twinning capacity, receptive to fertilizer doses, superior in terms of quality.The biological potential is very high reaching 11.000 kg / ha. Given the very high rainfall in June, when the plants reached physiological maturity, in both years of research, it was observed that foreign varieties lose their baking qualities very quickly, due to rains that "wash" gluten and reduce their hectoliter mass, which is not the case with Romanian varieties. Avenue, being extra early, was the most affected during the research period.

Variations in the Chemical Composition of the Essential Oil of Lavandula angustifolia Mill., Moldoveanca 4 Romanian Variety

In this research, the variations in the chemical composition of the Lavandula angustifolia Mill. essential oil, the Romanian variety Moldoveanca 4, obtained from the same culture, in the same harvesting and extraction conditions, during the years 2016-2018, representing the years 2-4 of culture. Lavandula angustifolia Mill. flowers were supplied from an ecological-crops from N-E Romania and the essential oils were obtained by hydro distillation of freshly harvested flowers. To determine the chemical composition, the essential oil was semi-quantitatively analysed by using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). In all the samples, 30 organic compounds were identified, linalool and linalyl acetate being in similar concentrations (23.51-27.39% for linalool and 26.60-40.66% for linalyl acetate). Changes in chemical composition were observed in 2017 and 2018. Also, in 2017 was determined an increase in the quantity of linalyl acetate (from 26.60 to 40.66 %), and a slight decrease in linalool content; in 2018, the concentration in linalyl acetate remained approximately the same as in 2017 (38.03 versus 40.66 %) and there was an increase in linalool compared to the previous years (27.39 %, compared to 23.51 % in 2017 and 26.22 % in 2016). The chemical composition of the essential oils obtained from flowers of Lavandula angustifolia L., Moldoveanca 4 variety, showed substantial changes of the chemical profile describing the compounds during the analysed three years, as was determined by GC-MS analyses.

Green Protocols for the Isolation of Carbohydrates from Vineyard Vine-Shoot Waste

Annually large amounts of vineyard waste are produced from vine pruning. Romania has a vineyard of 183,000 ha and produces 6.0 million hl of wine/annum, being ranked 10th in the world and 5th in Europe, after Spain, France, Italy, and Portugal. Currently, the waste is incorporated into the soil or burned in open field, leading to increased greenhouse gas emissions. The extraction of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin from vine-shoot waste is a primordial step for the integral valorization of these resources. The study aims to obtain carbohydrates from vine-shoot waste from Romanian grape varieties by using an innovative method for the transformation of vine-shoot waste into valuable compounds. Microwave pretreatments were performed using different operational conditions: temperature (150–180 °C) and residence time (10–30 min). The pretreated vine-shoot waste was delignified with sodium chlorite for lignin removal and then enzymatically hydrolyzed using new types of enzymes (cellulase from Trichoderma reesei and β-glucosidase). A maximum of 14 g glucose can be obtained from 100 g vine-shoot waste by microwave pretreatment (165 °C for 20 min), delignification, and enzymatic hydrolysis for 80 h. It can be concluded that the vine-shoot waste may be used as a raw material for bioethanol production by using a green technology in the context of circular economy objectives.

ATR-FTIR Spectroscopy Coupled with Chemical and Chemometric Analysis to Distinguish Between Some Sweet Wines

FTIR Spectroscopy correlated with some chemical characteristics and chemometric analysis have been applied to distinguish between sweet wines obtained from different Romanian varieties and Canadian icewine. Chemical analyses differentiate the two categories of origin in terms of sugar content, acidity and total polyphenol content but are expensive and time-consuming. Principal Component Analysis were performed using different regions of FT-MIR spectra for all wines. Principal Component Analysis of their chemical parameters indicated that the wines can be discriminated based on their different phenolic, carbohydrates, polyols content and geographical origin. FTIR spectroscopy coupled with chemometry is a profitable technique for distinguishing between different wines and validates the results obtained by chemical analysis.

Effect of Freeze-drying and Oven-drying Methods on Flavonoids Content in two Romanian Grape Varieties

The aims of this work was to investigate the effect of thermal drying method (vacuum oven drying), and nonthermal drying method (freeze drying) on the flavonoids content in two red grape varieties (Cabernet Sauvignon and Merlot) from different grape components (seed, skin, and pulp) collected from two experimental fields, Bucium and Copou (North East of Romania). In general, the fresh skin of Cabernet and Merlot varieties has the highest flavonoids content followed by those obtained by oven-drying and freeze-drying process. A similar situation was observed in the other component of grape varieties like pulp and seeds meaning in the way that the flavonoid content in oven-dried samples were higher than that in the freeze-dried samples. In addition, from both varieties, Merlot collected from Bucium presented the highest content compared with Cabernet.

On the Assessment of Light Use Efficiency in Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) in the Eco-Climatic Conditions of Târgovişte Piedmont Plain

The overall objective of this research was to study the light use efficiency (LUE) of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) in the eco-climatic conditions of Târgovişte Piedmont Plain. A field experiment with two Romanian varieties (Roxana and Mihaela) developed by NARDI Fundulea was conducted in pure stand between 2012 and 2014, using a Latin rectangle design with four replicates and three cutting cycles per year. Dry matter accumulation, leaf parameters and light capture characteristics did not show significant differences between the two tested varieties (p>0.05) in non-irrigated conditions. The maximum LAI at the first cutting was 5.1 for Roxana, and 5.3 for Mihaela. The ELADP varied between 1.47 and 2.36, while light extinction coefficient (k) had a synthetic average of 0.8. The energy transmitted to the canopy ranged between 7.4 and 22.3 mol m-2 s -1 on average. The coefficient of absorption varied between 0.75 and 0.83 depending on variety and experimental year. LUE of alfalfa ranged between 0.23 and 0.27 g moles-1 m-2 day-1 . The resulted elements characterizing the light interception and absorption processes in alfalfa, which were determined dynamically during the growth seasons, are useful for the parameterisation and utilization in dedicated crop growth models.

Identification and characterization of Romanian grapevine genetic resources

The research focused on old Romanian varieties of local distribution, with very limited growing area and also on those nowadays neglected, to identify, characterize and compare these cultivars with one another and on a larger geographic scale. Ampelografic characterization with 48 descriptors, photographs of shoot tip, leaf and bunch and genotyping using 13 SSR markers were applied together with literature references to confirm trueness to type. The sixty one accessions belonged to fifty one varieties. New synonymies were detected (e.g. 'Negru românesc' = 'Bātutā neagrā'; 'Cârcioasā' = 'Balint weiss'; 'Galbenā māruntā' = 'Kakotrygis'), assignments were modified (e.g. 'Galbenā uriasā' = 'Mirkovaca' and ≠ 'Galbenā de Odobesti' as previously assumed), misnomers identified and unique genotypes were detected which had never been described before. Molecular data supported previous pedigree relationships and allowed new parent-offspring hypotheses to be formulated. The results were shown to be useful for updating the information on old Romanian grapevine germplasm.

The descendants of Lat. ipse in Romanian

The Latin demonstrative ipse had different evolutions across the Romance languages, with Romanian being the one that preserved most of the source-language uses and enriched them with new ones. This article describes the evolution of the forms and functions of îns1, îns2/ins, îns(ă)3, însul, nusul, dînsul, adins, însuși, and of the bound focal particle –și in Romanian. The analysis is based on a rich corpus of old Romanian and non-standard regional varieties of modern spoken Romanian. The most significant phenomena in old Romanian compared to Latin are the proliferation of forms, the preservation of the old uses and the emergence of new ones, semantic enrichments, and a large number of lexical-functional synonymies. During the old Romanian period, the form–function correlations gradually changed, syntactically conditioned variants and differential prepositional object marking emerged, new meanings developed as contextual effects of the focal prototype, the syncretisms with the reflexive and reciprocal pronouns were limited, and the textual deictic was grammaticalized as an adversative conjunction. In modern Romanian, the number of ambiguities has decreased and register differences have appeared. The evolution of the Latin ipse in Romanian illustrates a case of poligrammaticalization and polimorfism, which is not singular in the history of the neo-Latin idioms.

Research Regarding Chemical Composition and the Digestibility of the Mulberry Leaves from Eforie Variety

During the growth of silkworm larvae study, also was done a research which aimed to determine the chemical composition and the digestibility of mulberry leaves from a Romanian variety, Eforie. The results showed that advancing in the vegetation stage at the same time with different periods of the silkworm larvae�s growth, the mulberry leaves experience an aging process being noticed through its quality decreasing from chemical composition point of view. So, for example, the CP which was in average 20.98�0.670% (from DM), decreased during the study with 3.11%; while the CF had an average of 17.91�0.434%, (from DM) increased with 2.29%. Accordingly, with this, the majority of nutrients from mulberry leaves, excepting cellulose, had an increasing of digestibility with 33.94%. It was noticed a continuous digestibility decreasing during the growth period for the CP with 22.79% and with 33.53% for NFE. The nutrients digestibility from the leaves registered a value of 59.20%.

Conservation of Genetic Diversity in Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris)

In the last two decades, both on International and European level a series of treaties and laws have been devised in order to save local varieties of crop plants. The most important methods of traditional seed conservation are on farm and ex situ (Maxim et al., 2010; Kontoleonet al., 2009). The identification of local Romanian varieties of bean, their morphological and agronomic description, seed production and its spreading in the purpose of genetic erosion reduction. Their have been taken into study 13 local varieties of bean. For the morphological description descriptors have been used accordingly to the IPGRI (International Plant Genetic Resources Institute). For the evaluation of the diseases attack, frequency (F%), intensity (I%) and degree of attack (GA%) have been calculated.The exchanges of seed between farmers were facilitated through the online catalog edited by the Eco Ruralis Association that promotes traditional seeds. Of the 13 local varieties of beean taken into study, two are with determined growth(15.3%), and 11 are with undetermined growth(84.7%). The most significant production of pods on the plant was documented on local variety MM 1039 (2.736kg), and the most significant production of beans on plant was documented on local variety HD 904 (1.156kg). The most resistant varieties against bacterian attack, anthracnose, aphids and rust were: SJ 890, CJ 909, CV 917 şi HD 1159. The growing phenomenon of genetic erosion implies the indentification and the conservation of crop plants. In the year 2015, 13 local varieties of bean have been taken into study that were used for conservation in seeds’ genbank and for the exchange of seeds between farmers.

New Varieties of Topinambour (Helianthus tuberosus) Obtained at V.R.D.S. Buzau

Introduction: It is not known precisely the introduction of this species in our country, most research indicates XVI century but there are opinions that consider that this species is present in our country since the Dacian times.Until now has not been cultivated on a large area and it has not been obtained a distinct biological Romanian variety. It can be said that this species has been neglected until now as vegetable crop. This crop gives a high yield in tubers, it grows better in poor soils than most crops, and it is resistant to pests and common plant diseases as well as to cold temperatures (Kosaric, N.,1994). Selection for high yield, inulin content and other economically important traits are useful for improving this crop (Mullin, W. J.,1994). Unlike most crops that store carbon as starch, a polymer of glucose, in the Jerusalem artichoke carbon is stored as inulin, a fructose polymer (Kays, 2007).Aims: The research started in 1996, aimed to obtain biological stabilized and genetically distinct varieties with reduced variability of the main characters, developing specific technology culture in accordance with DUS and rehabilitation of species through the promotion and expansion as vegetable crops in order to revaluate its many uses.Materials and Methods: It was evaluated the local genetic heritage in this species, representing valuable germplasm base composed of 24 genotypes. After purchasing the basic biological material, the evaluated genotypes were collected and 3 of them were detained as progeny. The breeding method used was the clonal selection.Results: The researches were completed with a valuable germplasm collection in this species, were obtained three varieties with distinct characteristics: L1, which shows pink-brown tubers with a tubers yield of over 3.8 kg / plant and a vegetative mass with a height of 2,5 m, L2, white tuber variety with an yield potential of 3.4 kg / plant and a rich vegetative mass with a height of over 2.8 m and L3 that shows pink tubers with an average yield of 2.4 kg / plant and an average plant height of 0.8 m.Conclusion: The research ended with the evaluation of a valuable germplasm collection. Three stabilized genetically varieties with distinct phenotypic characteristics were obtained. Among them, L1 was patented and the other two will be submitted in 2017. It was developed a specific technology for each variety and has been promotional offered improved material to growers with the aim of extending these varieties as vegetable crops.References Kays, Stanley J., and Stephen F. Nottingham. Biology and chemistry of Jerusalem artichoke: Helianthus tuberosus L. CRC press, 2007.2. Kosaric, N., et al. "The Jerusalem artichoke as an agricultural crop." Biomass5.1 (1984): 1-36.3. Mullin, W. J., et al. "The macronutrient content of fractions from Jerusalem artichoke tubers (Helianthus tuberosus)." Food chemistry 51.3 (1994): 263-269.

Studies of the Old Romanian Apple Varieties Involved in New Breeding Programs for Resistance to Venturia inaequalis

<p>Breeding for resistance to <em>Venturia inaequalis </em>has become a major objective for many research laboratories. The use of resistant cultivars reduces production costs for apple species. This work is focused on the identification of other sources of resistance to <em>Venturia inaequalis</em> among the old Romanian varieties in Transilvania area (“Turnu”, “Venchi”, “Vanatori 48”, “Sangeriu”, “Costat de Albesti” varieties), on the studies of the quality of these varieties, the use of the most valuable of them in the Romanian breeding program and the screening of the hybrid progenies after artificial infection with <em>Venturia inaequalis</em> for a durable resistance to this important apple disease. Some older Romanian varieties: “Mohorat”, “Viesti” and “Nobile de Geoagiu” were used like genitors in USAMVB’s breeding program.</p><p>To identify specific resistance and develop the new plant material is important in this process. Using the domestic apple varieties well adapted to the climate in Romania in the breeding program can be an interesting premise on inducing natural genetic resistance to <em>Venturia inaequalis</em>.<em> </em>After artificial infection we observed that a number of varieties such as “Prescurate”, “Turnu”, “Venchi”, “Gurguiate”, “Rosu Marin” and “Sangeriu” showed some genetic resistance to <em>Venturia inaequalis</em>, falling within Class 0. In total there were 36 plants belonging to class 0 which means no symptoms. In Class 1, 550 plants were assigned, which is also considered resistant. The results are presented in Table 3 and in Figure 6. The variety which recorded the highest values was “Iridium” with 139 plants, followed by the variety “Rosu Marin” with 124 plants and “Venghi” with 123 young plants.</p>

Evaluation of the Growth Dynamics and Morphological Characteristics of Genetic Sources of Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn.

The aim of this work was to evaluate the growth dynamics and selected morphological characteristics of genetic sources of milk thistle (Silybum marianum L. Gaertn.) for the further development of the minimal set of descriptors. Milk thistle is grown in the Czech Republic for its achenes; however, the quality of achenes can be reduced by many factors, by the occurrence of fungal pathogens mainly. The growth dynamics and morphological characteristics of milk thistle during the vegetation period in the years 2010–2013 at two localities were evaluated. The cluster analysis of the data showed the similarity for some of the accessions and confirmed the dependence of the data value to the climatic conditions. Source from Serbia, Slovakia, Romanian variety ’De Prahova’, German accessions SIL 2 and SIL 8, Hungarian accesion RCAT 040360 DDR and Czech variety ’Silyb’ seem to be promising genetic sources from the viewpoint of growth and development in the Czech Republic.

RESULTS REGARING YIELD ELEMENTS OBTAINED AT DIFFERENT DENSITIES AT CERTAIN SOYBEAN VARIETIES

In general, aside from the soybean variety and adequate fertility, different row spacing and density are a major agronomic factors that significantly influence yield potential.Soybean plants are influenced by the changes in plant population such as different densities namely the competition. Previous research reached these issues from various aspects, however, there is a lack of information regarding how interplant competition affects the yield components or how Romanian varieties of soybean respond to different plant density environments.The objective of this study was to determine the density effects on soybean yield and yield components.

Yield and Quality Potential of Anisia Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) Varity

Common bean is an economically, nutritionally, and socially important crop. In our country this species has tradition, is known as being present as cultivated crop since the 18th century. We have few Romanian approved creations in bean species. Local populations and foreign varieties were preferred to be introduced in crops. For these reasons, at V.R.D.S. Buzau appeared the necessity of completing the assortment of garden beans through a breeding programme released in 1996. Seed is a primary and essential starting point for a wide range of horticultural crops, including the majority of vegetables and many annual and biennial ornamentals. The study of the quantitative characters variability and correlation between them is very important for breeding process and conservative selection. The conservative selection scheme for each species it cannot be applied without knowing quantitative characters variability for each variety making easy the breeder activity in the selection process. Along with the culture introduction and conservative selection of the variety, a special attention was paid to maintaining the quantitative and qualitative characters variability limits focusing on assuring distinctibility, uniformity and stability. Romanian varieties deficit at these species imposed a special research program at Vegetable Research and Development Station BuzAƒu. The breeding method used was individual selection after specific parameters, using the original material of local populations. Â

Orchard Performance of some Romanian Plum Cultivars Grafted on Two Rootstocks

Abstract The pomolgical values of three Romanian plum cultivars (‘Carpatin’, ‘Centenar’, ‘Tita’) grafted on two rootstocks (‘Saint Julien’ and ‘Myrobalan C5’) were evaluated. These varieties were compared with ‘Stanley’ variety as a control. The experimental plot was established in Research Institute for Fruit Growing Pitesti-Maracineni. The trees were planted in the spring of 2010 at different distance: 4x4 m in the case of ‘Myrobalan C5’ rootstock and 4x2.25 m in the case of ‘Saint Julien’ rootstock. The planting system comprised either 4 trees with 3 replicates. The trees were irrigated and their crowns were trained as spindles (in the case of ‘Saint Julien’ rootstock) and flat open center (in the case of ‘Myrobalan C5’ rootstock). In this experimental plot, in 2012-2014 period, were evaluated: tree vigour based upon measuring of trunk-diameter and calculated trunk cross sectional area, yields in kg/tree and basic parameters of fruit quality. Behind observations and measurements we found that the trees of all cultivars grafted on ‘Saint Julien’ rootstock came into bearing in the second year after planting, but production was very low, and those on ‘Myrobalan C5’ rootstock in the third year. The vigour of all cultivars grafted on ‘Saint Julien’ rootstock was weaker than those grafted on ‘Myrobalan C5’. The Romanian varieties on both rootstocks were noted by fruit large, appearance and quality, designed for fresh consumption.

Characterization of Wines by Trans-Resveratrol Concentration: A Case Study of Romanian Varieties

The goal of this study was to determine the trans-resveratrol concentration in wine. A set of 70 wine samples from Romania, produced according to the appellation of origin system, were analyzed by reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography. White wines were found to have markedly lower concentrations of trans-resveratrol in comparison with red wines. The values were between 0.025 to 10.23 mg/L for red wine and from 0.074 to 2.572 mg/L for white wine. Red wine is a good dietary source of resveratrol.