Romanian Data Research Articles

On definiteness and person in Romanian vocatives

We investigate the correlations between the various morphosyntactic types of Romanian vocatives (+/- vocative-morphology, +/- definiteness) and the main types of vocative uses – addresses, evaluative, selecting calls and non-selecting calls (where ‘selecting calls’ by and large correspond to Schaden’s (2010) identificational vocatives). The Romanian data show that selecting calls and evaluative vocatives have structural properties that distinguish them from the other vocatives (used in addresses and non-selecting calls). Identificational vocatives, which are used when an addresee is selected from a larger group of potential addresees, involve a special Voc head that selects a definite DP, which may be unmarked for Person when the DP is nominal but is necessarily marked as 2nd person, via agreement, when the DP is pronominal. Morphologically-marked vocatives and [-def] vocatives obligatorily carry 2nd person. All four morphosyntactic patterns are available for addresses and non-selecting calls, the choice of one particular pattern being subject to lexical restrictions. We argue that morphological Vocative marking involves movement to the Voc-layer, as opposed to unmarked vocatives. Evaluative vocatives are obligatorily Voc-marked definites. We attribute the obligatory Voc-marking to the fact that for evaluative vocatives, the assignment of the NP property to the Addressee is new information. The specialization of the definite vocative-marked form for the evaluative use is explained as a morphological peculiarity of the nominalizing suffix that we postulate for evaluative adjectives, under the assumption that this suffix is also present with non-derived nouns used as evaluative predicates.

THE RELATION BETWEEN BEARS AND FOREST CLEAR-CUTTING

Deforestation, forests diminution, and scarcity of natural food are widely regarded as the primary factors contributing to the presence of brown bears in urban areas of Romania, and human-bear conflicts. Public misunderstanding regarding forest and bear management practices often leads to skepticism of expert information, worsened by misinformation in the media and social networks. This article aims to offer insight into deforestation and human-bear conflicts in Romania. It analyzes national and international official data, to assess the percentage of forested areas, primary causes of deforestation, brown bear population and density, and the number of human-bear conflicts. It also compares Romanian data with other European countries to explore the potential correlation between forested area percentage and human-bear conflicts. Between 2000 and 2020, Romania's forest area comprised 29.02% of its land, while Poland, France, and Italy had percentages of 29.89%, 30.04%, and 30.65%, respectively. Interestingly, the proportion of forest cover did not consistently correlate with the frequency of conflicts. Countries with similar forest percentages to Romania experienced fewer conflicts, whereas countries with higher percentages, like Slovenia (61.65%) and Slovakia (39.86%), faced numerous human-bear conflicts due to the dense brown bear population. The management of bears served as a valuable indicator of the extent of damage caused by these animals. In Croatia, Sweden, Slovakia, and Slovenia, where 10-16% of the bear population was harvested annually, lower levels of damage were reported. In contrast, Romania, with an annual harvest of only 2-3% of the bear population, experienced higher levels of damage.

The reflexes of Latin desinentialrVin Romanian conjugation as examples of exaptive change

AbstractThis paper attempts to motivate the distribution of the stringr(V)in the forms of contemporary Romanian conjugation, which attests it in other than the distribution we expect proceeding from desinentialrV, its origin in Latin conjugation, e.g.,răin the plural of the contemporary preterit (i.e., the paradigm traditionally designatedperfectul simpluoriginating in the Latinperfect) and thus occurring in forms like contemporaryvăzură‘they saw’.Such forms should attest finalrarising via apocope ofu, in this instance in Late Latinvideru(nt)yielding Romanian *veder, the unattested immediate origin ofvăzurăvia both phonetic and morphological innovation. The analytic focus of my treatment isexaptive changeorexaptation, an innovation predicated on the assumption that phonemic substance made available by compromised paradigms or parts thereof (i.e., paradigms partly or wholly in the process of being eliminated reflecting the systemic loss of their grammatical content) may remain and be re-assigned to instantiate systemically relevant grammatical meaning not already instantiated. As part of my analysis, I will suggest clarifications of our present understanding of exaptive change which I believe to be justified by the Romanian data.

Text Data Augmentation Techniques for Fake News Detection in the Romanian Language

This paper aims to investigate the use of a Romanian data source, different classifiers, and text data augmentation techniques to implement a fake news detection system. The paper focusses on text data augmentation techniques to improve the efficiency of fake news detection tasks. This study provides two approaches for fake news detection based on content and context features found in the Factual.ro data set. For this purpose, we implemented two data augmentation techniques, Back Translation (BT) and Easy Data Augmentation (EDA), to improve the performance of the models. The results indicate that the implementation of the BT and EDA techniques successfully improved the performance of the classifiers used in our study. The results of our content-based approach show that an Extra Trees Classifier model is the most effective, whether data augmentation is used or not, as it produced the highest accuracy, precision, F1 score, and Kappa. The Random Forest Classifier with BT yielded the best results of the context-based experiment overall, with the highest accuracy, recall, F1 score, and Kappa. Furthermore, we found that BT and EDA led to an increase in the AUC scores of all models in both content-based and context-based data sets.

Interactions Between Family and School Environments

<h3>Abstract</h3> We use Romanian data to ask whether the benefit of access to better schools is larger for children who experienced better family environments because their parents had access to abortion. We combine regression discontinuity and differences-in-differences designs to estimate impacts on a high-stakes school-leaving exam. We find that access to abortion and access to better schools each have positive impacts but find no consistent evidence of interactions between these impacts. To the extent a pattern emerges, it is suggestive of substitutability rather than complementarity of family and school environments.

Interactions between Differential Object Marking and Definiteness in Standard and Heritage Romanian

The observation that not all grammatical realizations in heritage languages can be attributed to transfer from a dominant language has been emphasized in several recent works. This paper provides further arguments in this direction from heritage Romanian. As opposed to standard Romanian, the heritage Romanian data examined here do not exhibit a restriction which blocks overt definiteness on a differentially marked object (DOM), when the latter is unmodified but interpreted as definite. Moreover, in heritage Romanian there appear to be differences between the differential marker and (other) prepositions when it comes to interactions with overt definiteness. It is shown that the preservation of overt definiteness cannot be reduced to transfer; some of the dominant languages at stake, namely Serbian and Russian are determinerless, with nominals being used bare regardless of their syntactic function. The heritage data in turn give support to a theory under which the differential marker must be structurally set aside from (other) prepositions. If the latter spell out a P projection, the differential marker is the spell out of complex internal structure of certain classes of objects, which must project at least a DP. This structural complexity for DOM is transparent in other Romance languages, where definiteness is equally obligatory on the surface, if a definite interpretation is intended. Thus, the DOM-overt definiteness setting in the heritage data follows from predictable paths of language variation.

Evaluation of Language Models on Romanian XQuAD and RoITD datasets

Natural language processing (NLP) has become a vital requirement in a wide range of applications, including machine translation, information retrieval, and text classification. The development and evaluation of NLP models for various languages have received significant attention in recent years, but there has been relatively little work done on comparing the performance of different language models on Romanian data. In particular, the introduction and evaluation of various Romanian language models with multilingual models have barely been comparatively studied. In this paper, we address this gap by evaluating eight NLP models on two Romanian datasets, XQuAD and RoITD. Our experiments and results show that bert-base-multilingual-cased and bertbase- multilingual-uncased, perform best on both XQuAD and RoITD tasks, while RoBERT-small model and DistilBERT models perform the worst. We also discuss the implications of our findings and outline directions for future work in this area.

Population data quality checks: Romanian adult deaths and lives, an evaluation

&lt;abstract&gt; &lt;p&gt;This article investigates the quality of the Romanian population data for the years 1966–2018. The following age heaping measures are being used, each with its recommended population age span: Whipple, Myers, Bachi, UNASA, Kannisto, Coale and Li. In addition, the Kannisto measure of old age overstatement is used. Our analysis corroborates the results of our measures with the demographic characteristic of the Romanian population. We aim to establish whether; (a) the data spanning the time interval 1966–1989 is more accurate than the data collected during the 1990–2018 interval, (b) the Romanian data is at least of comparable quality with the tier 2 HMD data and/or (c) the Romanian data is not grossly inaccurate and therefore suitable for research. We find support for (a) and, cautioning against the live data for the time interval 2002–2018, for (b) and (c). Limitations aside (no through overstatement or cohort analysis), this is the first study to attempt such evaluation and hopefully not the last.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;/abstract&gt;

The impact of COVID-19 in chronic kidney disease stage 5 patients on haemodialysis in Romania

BackgroundCKD 5 is a life threatening condition irrespective of cause. Most patients reach RRT. Predominant therapy is HD. Pandemic preparedness is an important pro-active public health function.Objectives1) to describe the incidence of COVID19 and IFR among CKD HD patients; 2) to evaluate the vaccination coverage among HD patients (Jan-Mar 2021); 3) to update a spreadsheet CKD5 HD 12-scenario treatment model by considering two new scenarios based on IFR: before and after vaccination.MethodsFirst two objectives use secondary data: JHSU and ECDC (secondary sources of COVID19 data) for Apr 2020-Mar 2021. The 3 NPM periods are: Apr-May 2020 (state of emergency), Jun-Dec 2020 (state of alert; vaccination -), Jan-Mar 2021 (state of alert; vaccination +). Data are taken from the Romanian Renal Registry and population data from Eurostat (available July 2021). IFR was estimated with a modified Kaplan-Meier method (Ghani,2005). A calibrated and validated CKD5 treatment model has previously been defined (10.1093/eurpub/cku161.026). Scenarios are re-run with one parameter adjusted by IFR levels. Analyses used Excel, SPSS.Resultsn = 14300 adult HD patients in March 2020; highest incidence (risk) was recorded in Apr-May 2020: 4.5% (CI95% from 4.1 to 4.8) and 2.5% (CI95% from 2.2 to 2.7). Cumulative incidence was 6.9% vs 18.5 pmp in the general population (period 1). In the general pop COVID19 incidence was highest at 443 pmp in Nov 2020 (period 2). The IFR requires full data validation; CFR was 7.7% (CI95% from 5.97 to 9.46; period 1). It is estimated that by Mar 2021 the IFR has decreased by 50%. Vaccination coverage in HD patients reached 94% (Apr 2021). Preliminary results from the updated model are presented. The model upholds its validity as the IFR allows for a better fine tuning of one parameter (mortality).Conclusionstreatment need and inequality in service provision can be addressed with a spreadsheet model by including pandemic preparedness measures.Key messages Haemodialysis patients had a very high COVID-19 incidence and CFR during the first two months of the COVID-19 pandemic when compared with the incidence in the general population.Pandemic preparedness must include protection measures for patients with chronic diseases. Renal patients are particularly vulnerable given their co-morbidity.

Utilizarea tehnologiei informației și comunicării de către copiii din România. Sinteze teoretice

To understand the effects of the pandemic on research in a particular field, we need to review the existing literature in that field up to the pandemic period. In this sense, I have synthesized the existing Romanian literature in the field of digital division among children in Romania. The results of this literary synthesis confirm an acute lack of Romanian data and research in this field. The pandemic has required in-depth research in this area, and the interests of researchers in the effects of digital technology on children/young people, have become imperative in all areas, especially education.

Reviewing Minimalist Theories of Control and a Brief Look at Romanian Control

"Reviewing Minimalist Theories of Control and a Brief Look at Romanian Control. The phenomenon of control is a long-discussed topic within the enterprise of generative grammar. Multiple theories were composed and dismissed along with the advancement of the module, and with the development of the Minimalist program, more recent theories on control came to surface. The present article provides a review of two minimalist theories of control: the Movement Theory of Control and the Agree Model of Obligatory Control. A synopsis of one applied model of the MTC on Romanian data is also part of the paper, as is a brief commentary on the structure of Romanian control, namely an exploration of the tension between subjunctive and infinitive control complements. Keywords: control theories, minimalist program, Romanian control, Agree Model of Control, Movement Theory of Control "

Towards a unified analysis of three cross-linguistically correlated telic constructions in Romanian

Recent approaches to the theory of aspectuality assume that there is a conceptual similarity and cross-linguistic correlation between the (un)availability of goal-of-motion, strong resultative and aspectual cognate object constructions. This paper, examining Romanian data, brings further evidence in favour of the parallel between these three telic constructions and supports the tight correlation between them. It shows that although, at first glance, this verb-framed language shows patterns that seem to argue against the above correlation and especially against the unavailability of these structures, they prove to be only apparent counterexamples to it. Moreover, without questioning the typological classification of Romanian as a verb- framed language or the validity of the cross-linguistic correlation between these constructions, it reveals that a more detailed analysis of aspectual cognate object constructions in Romanian requires a different and more careful approach, which also takes into consideration the source of the diachronic data.

Adaptarea Poppleton Allen Sales Aptitude Test (PASAT2000) în România: Implicaţii privind procesul de evaluare a forţei de vânzări în România

The paper discusses the cultural adaptation of the Poppleton Allen Sales Aptitude Test inRomania, describing the translation and adaptation process, the structure of the Romaniannormative sample and the psychometric characteristics of the Romanian form of the measure.Also, conclusions drawn are discussed regarding implications of the normative sample, in termsof comparisons between certain criterion groups contained in the normative sample, as well as interms of comparisons of the Romanian data regarding the existence of sales aptitudes in bothsales and non-sales professionals, in different industries.

Representing scales: Degree result clauses and emphatic negative polarity items in Romanian

The paper proposes a representational re-encoding of the scalar, pragmatic accounts of NPI licensing within the framework of Lexical Resource Semantics (LRS). The analysis focuses on a less researched distribution pattern: emphatic NPIs occurring in result clause constructions that receive an intensification reading. We will provide a scalar extension of a standard semantic account of result clauses to capture the high degree interpretations. Our investigation will also offer new insights on NPI licensing in embedded clauses. We will primarily consider Romanian data.

Endophoric definiteness: An analysis based on Romanian data

[full article and abstract in English]&#x0D; Definiteness as a grammatical or pragmatic category is usually explained via the act of reference. In this spirit, a definite noun phrase is said to ensure that the hearer can identify the entity to which the NP refers, thus establishing a successful act of communication. The well-known typology of definiteness types developed by Hawkins (1978) relies on this assumption. However, such an explanation fails to clarify all the definite noun phrases in discourse.This paper argues that the information provided in the complex nominal constituent can yield a definite interpretation of the nominal regardless of the hearer’s ability to identify the real-life referent to which the noun refers. Such types of definite noun phrases are subsumed in this article under the term “endophoric definiteness”. I will discuss two subtypes of endophoric definiteness. First, the relational definiteness, based on the notion of reference-point constructions will be discussed. Then I will turn to modificational definiteness where the use of modifiers contribute to the definite interpretation of the nominal. The article focuses on how the endophoric definiteness types function and what strategies can be used to mark them formally. To illustrate this point, I use the qualitative analysis of Romanian data. It shows that a language may have different grammatical patterns for the two subtypes of endophoric definiteness. This formal distinction in linguistic expression shows that relational and modificational definiteness types must be taken into account as contributing, in distinct ways, to the category of definiteness.

PREDICTING FINANCIAL DISTRESS FOR ROMANIAN COMPANIES

Using a moderately large number of financial ratios, we tried to build models for classifying the companies listed on the Bucharest Stock Exchange into low and high risk classes of financial distress. We considered four classification techniques: Support Vector Machines, Decision Trees, Bayesian logistic regression and Fisher linear classifier, out of which the first two proved to have the highest prediction accuracy. Classifiers were trained and tested on randomly drown samples and on four different databases built starting from the initial financial indicators. As the literature related to the topic on Romanian data is very scarce, our study, by using a variety of methods and combining feature selection and principal components analysis, brings a new approach to predicting financial distress for Romanian companies.

Defining ecological status of phytobenthos in very large rivers: a case study in practical implementation of the Water Framework Directive in Romania

Establishing ecological assessment schemes is challenging when gradients are short and there are no sites with minimal anthropogenic alteration against which metrics can be calibrated. This is the situation for large rivers in Romania and this paper describes efforts to establish meaningful ecological status concepts. The intercalibration exercise, conducted as part of Water Framework Directive (WFD) implementation, has provided a metric (“phytobenthos Intercalibration Common Metric“, pICM) which allows ecological status in different countries to be expressed on a common scale. The average boundary positions of countries who participated in this exercise provided a “common view” of status and, together with pICM, offer an “off-the-shelf” solution for countries unable to develop independent methods. However, even when expressed as pICM, Romanian phytobenthos data have a weak relationship with nutrients. Analysis of chemical data and comparison with similar data from elsewhere in Europe confirm that there are few sites with significantly elevated nutrient concentrations. Incorporation of the Romanian data into the larger dataset produced a stronger relationship from which the status of phytobenthos in very large rivers in Romania could be confirmed. This paper shows how the consensus that emerged from the WFD intercalibration exercise supports those countries unable to participate in the initial exercises.

Fluența citirii orale – norme pentru limba română

Fluența citirii orale – norme pentru limba română

Using spatial metrics to assess the efficacy of biodiversity conservation within the Romanian Carpathian Convention area

AbstractThe alpine region is of crucial importance for the European Union; as a result, the Carpathian Convention aims at its sustainable development. Since sustainability implies also conservation through natural protected areas, aimed at including regions representative for the national biogeographical space, this article aims at assessing the efficiency of conservation. The methodology consisted of using spatial metrics applied to Romanian and European data on the natural protected areas, land cover and use and their transitional dynamics. The findings show a very good coverage of the Alpine biogeographical region (98% included in the Convention area, and 43% of it protected within the Convention area) and of the ecological region of Carpathian montane coniferous forests (88% included in the Convention area, and 42% of it protected within the Convention area). The dominant land cover is represented by forests (63% within the Convention area, and 70% of the total protected area). The main transitional dynamics are deforestation (covering 50% of all changes area within the Convention area and 46% from the changed area within its protected area) and forestations – including afforestation, reforestation and colonization of abandoned agricultural areas by forest vegetation (covering 44% of all changes area within the Convention area and 51% from the changed area within its protected area) during 1990-2000 and deforestation (covering 97% of all changes area within the Convention area and 99% from the changed area within its protected area) during 1990-2000. The results suggest that the coverage of biogeographical and ecological zones is good, especially for the most relevant ones, but deforestations are a serious issue, regardless of occurring before or after achieving the protection status.

Spatial loess distribution in the eastern Carpathian Basin: a novel approach based on geoscientific maps and data

ABSTRACTGeo- and palaeoecological studies in the Carpathian Basin require a detailed knowledge of the distribution of aeolian sediments. Existing maps are not detailed enough and erroneous as a result of the basic input data and scale used. Here we present a map showing the detailed distribution of loess sediments in the Carpathian Basin at the border of Hungary and Romania using a Geographic Information System and the vectorized, statistically analysed geological map of Hungary (scale 1:300,000) and the Romanian pedological map (scale 1:500,000). Both, the Hungarian and the Romanian data sets were combined and transferred into a common loess sediment classification system resulting in a seamless cross-border map showing the loess distribution in the Carpathian Basin at a scale of about 1:500,000.