Rolling Tests Research Articles

Water‐based Cu nanofluid as lubricant for steel hot rolling: Experimental investigation and molecular dynamics simulation

AbstractThe lubrication performance of Cu nanofluid was studied through hot rolling tests and non‐equilibrium molecular dynamics simulation. Results showed that nanofluid with 0.5 wt% Cu nanoparticles possessed the optimal effect in reducing the rolling force, finish rolling thickness and rolled surface roughness. The superior lubrication performance was attributed to the formation of protective tribofilm made of Fe/Cu debris, iron and copper oxides as well as amorphous substances with a thickness of about 24 nm, which avoided the direct contact of steel strip and the roll, thus inhibiting the adhesion wear. Molecular dynamics simulation disclosed that the rolling‐dominated motion pattern of Cu nanoparticles with 74.1% rolling and 25.9% sliding motion contributed to a significant decrease in the friction force. Besides, surface defects including the peaks and valleys were polished and repaired by nanoparticles respectively, thus developing the surface quality of hot rolled products.

Определение патогномоничных признакокомплексов при клиническом и МРТ-обследовании внутрисуставных мягкотканных повреждений при посттравматическом коксартрозе

Актуальность. В настоящее время около 60 % внутрисуставных повреждений непосредственно тазобедренного сустава (ТС) диагностируются неправильно из-за отсутствия изменений на рентгенограммах на ранних (дорентгенологических) стадиях. Считается, что диагностика травм и заболеваний, ведущая к нарушению функции ТС, относительно проста. Однако с этим можно согласиться лишь в случаях выраженных морфологических изменений субхондральной кости, когда процесс разрушения суставного хряща достиг значительной степени и изменения в костной ткани компенсируют нагрузку суставных поверхностей. Цель. Определение патогномоничных признакокомплексов (сочетание клинических и МРТ-признаков), характеризующих внутрисуставные мягкотканные повреждения при посттравматическом коксартрозе (ПТ КА). Материалы и методы. Обследованы 30 пациентов с ПТ остеоартрозом ТС I–II стадии. Целью обследования было исследовать информативность и специфичность клинических и лучевых методов исследований по сравнению с артроскопией в диагностике внутрисуставных мягкотканных повреждений у больных на ранних стадиях ПТ КА. Для оценки распространенности внутрисуставных поражений мягко­тканных элементов КС у больных с нарушениями функции ТС (больных с начальными стадиями ПТ КА) и их сочетаний был проведен частотный анализ. Результаты. Определены патогномоничные признакокомплексы (сочетание клинических и МРТ-признаков), характеризующие внутрисуставные повреждения мягкотканных элементов ТС при начальных стадиях ПТ КА. К ним при pincer-ФАК относятся сочетания признаков: FABER (Patrick) + тест Стинчфилда + дегенеративные изменения (разрыв) суставной губы + костные изменения в шейке бедренной кости, импинджмент-тест + FABER (Patrick) + тест Стинчфилда + дегенеративные изменения (разрыв) суставной губы. Определены патогномоничные признакокомплексы (сочетание клинических и МРТ-признаков), характеризующие внутрисуставные поражения мягкотканных элементов ТС при начальных стадиях ПТ КА. К ним при cam-ФАК относятся сочетания признаков: импинджмент-тест + тест Стинчфилда (подъем прям. ноги с преод. сопр.) + дегенеративные изменения (разрыв) суставной губы + угол альфа больше 55°, импинджмент-тест + FABER (Patrick) + тест Стинчфилда + дегенеративные изменения (разрыв) суставной губы, импинджмент-тест + Log roll-тест + дегенеративные изменения (разрыв) суставной губы + угол альфа больше 55°. При определении изолированного ПТ повреждения суставной губы и свободных суставных тел полости ТС при ПТ КА наиболее информативным является сочетание 2 признаков (клинический + МРТ): для изолированного повреждения губы — тест Стинчфилда + МРТ-признак повреждения суставной губы, для наличия свободных суставных тел — тест Стинчфилда + МРТ-признак наличия свободных суставных тел. Признакокомплексы встречались в 100 % случаев. Выводы. Определение вышеупомянутых патогномоничных признакокомплексов будет способствовать улучшению качества диагностики внутрисуставных поражений ТС, их раннему выявлению с последующим оперативным вмешательством, уменьшению прогрессирования остеоартроза ТС.

Unilateral Multicanalicular Vestibular Lithiasis of Right Horizontal and Posterior Semicircular Canals: An Unusual Case

AbstractVestibular lithiasis (canalolithiasis as well as cupulolithiasis) commonly exists in monocanalicular forms involving one of the three semicircular canals, frequent posterior, less frequent horizontal, and very rarely anterior. It is treated with canal clearing maneuvers intended to reposition the otoconia from the semicircular canal (where they have inappropriately entered) through the utricular exit in the nonampullary arm of the semicircular canal to the utricle (where they normally remain as a part of utricular gelatinous matrix). The cases of multicanalicular vestibular lithiasis with the involvement of more than one semicircular canal require meticulous identification of the involved canals and multiple different canal-clearing maneuvers for effective treatment. A 70-year-old male patient with no significant history of previous medical or otologic illnesses or head trauma presented with a 1-day history of vertigo with positional aggravation. A one-time performed diagnostic supine head roll test elicited three different patterns of positional nystagmus, each with an accurate localizing and lateralizing value. Diagnosis of unilateral multicanalicular vestibular lithiasis of right horizontal and posterior semicircular canals was entertained based on the pattern of the elicited positional nystagmi on the supine roll test. The upbeating torsional nystagmus that localizes the involvement to the posterior semicircular canal was paradoxically elicited by supine head roll test and not by the Dix–Hallpike test. As horizontal semicircular canalolithiasis causes severe symptoms, its treatment preceded that of concurrent posterior semicircular canalolithiasis. The patient was successfully treated with multiple sessions of canalith repositioning maneuvers (CRMs) spread over 24 hours. It is important to perform both positional tests, namely Dix–Hallpike maneuver, and supine head roll test, in cases suspected to have multicanalicular vestibular lithiasis. The positionings may need to be repeated several times to unveil multiple nystagmi, each with different localizing and lateralizing values. Identifying treatment priorities with CRM for the individual semicircular canals is crucial, and the canal that is liable to cause severe symptoms needs early clearance of the otoconial debris. If a CRM fails to clear a semicircular canal, an alternative maneuver may need to be executed. Clinicians involved in the care of cases with multicanalicular vestibular lithiasis should be well versed with all possible backup maneuvers for clearing each of the three semicircular canals.

A comparison of tonnage-dependent shot blast and electro-discharge texturing methods

This study investigated the surface roughness characteristics of rolls textured using the Shot-Blast Texturing and Electro-Discharge Texturing methods. The rolling tests were carried out in an actual cold rolling mill tandem line, and the surface roughness transferred from the roughened rolls to the material with these two methods was examined. The study measured and compared the surface roughness of roughened rolls and the materials rolled by them. The study observed that the transfer ratio of electro-discharge texturing rolls was higher, but the transfer ratio of SBT rolls increased towards the end of the rolling campaign. The study also examined the extent to which the surface roughness of the rolls changed after rolling. Therefore, the level of reduction and how much was preserved were determined by comparing the surface roughness of the rolls before and after the rolling campaign. Shot-blast texturing rolls were found to have lost 53% of their roughness while electro-discharge texturing rolls lost only 33%.

Application of mathematical modelling for hot rolled Ti-6Al-4V alloy

It is an urgent need to develop a new kind of rolling process for high-quality titanium alloy bars. Establishing a series of mathematics models prior to experiments may be an effective method to save costs and optimize the rolling schedules. In this paper, based on the thermal deformation characteristics under different temperatures varied strain rates, the constitutive models of two-phase region and single-phase region are established respectively and used to reveal hardening and softening mechanisms. The temperature models including the contact deformation zone, the inter-stand zone and the roll gap zone could well describe the heat exchange during the hot rolling process. The recrystallization models about critical stress, recrystallization fraction and dislocation density are also applied to simulate microstructure changes. And the shape models of a deformed bar in flat and round triangular passes are predicted respectively according to the metal flow rule and spread models. Compared with rolling tests, the simulating results involving the above mathematical models are in good agreements with the experimental ones.

Physical Therapy for the Horizontal Semicircular Cupulolithiasis: A Prospective Interventional Case Series from an Otoneurology Center in South Rajasthan, India

Abstract Objective This article aims to study the effect of physical therapy in patients of horizontal semicircular cupulolithiasis with results audited in the short term. Design Nonrandomized prospective interventional study. Study Sample Four patients with horizontal semicircular cupulolithiasis. Results All four patients in whom diagnostic supine roll test (carried at least thrice to look for the sustainability as well as the polarity of the nystagmus) elicited apogeotropic horizontal positional nystagmus lasting more than 1 minute were subjected to therapeutic head-shaking maneuver (HSM). The results were audited immediately after the physical therapy, and at 1 hour. Follow-up by telephonic interviews for 4 weeks was done in all patients. Three out of four patients responded to HSM alone. One patient who did not respond to HSM was successfully treated with four other sequent physical therapies. Conclusion The response of physical therapy for horizontal semicircular cupulolithiasis occasionally indicates the side of the cupula to which otoconial debris is adherent (Cup-U or Cup-C). Occasionally, Cup-C variant of horizontal semicircular cupulolithiasis can be transformed by physical therapy to long posterior arm horizontal semicircular canalolithiasis—a disorder with better established treatment options.

Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo and serum transthyretin in Chinese older adults.

Poor nutritional status is associated with benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV). Transthyretin (TTR) is a more sensitive marker than is albumin for nutritional status assessment. This study was conducted to confirm an association between serum transthyretin levels and BPPV. In total, 320 patients with BPPV and 320 age- and gender-matched controls were recruited between July 1, 2018, and July 1, 2020. All patients underwent audiovestibular tests, including the Dix-Hallpike test for the posterior semicircular canal and the supine roll test for the horizontal semicircular canal. Furthermore, serum transthyretin levels and other biochemical indicators were tested. Risk factors, including a history of heart and cerebral vascular diseases, were examined, and compared between groups. Hematolgical and biochemical tests were performed and subjected to between-group analysis. Multiple logistic regression models were employed to evaluate the TTR-BPPV. Interaction and stratified analyses were conducted. Patients with BPPV had significantly lower TTR levels than controls (213±49.3 vs 284±56.4 p<0.001). Alcohol consumption and anemia played an interactive role in the association between BPPV and low TTR levels. After adjustments for triglycerides, BMI, uric acid, HbA1C, 25-OH vitamin D3, alcohol consumption, and anemia, the multiple logistic regression revealed that participants with low TTR levels had a significantly increased risk of BPPV (OR: 5.5; 95% CI, 2.55-11.9; p<0.001). Chinese older adults with low serum transthyretin levels have an increased risk of BPPV.

A Young Patient with Horizontal Semicircular Cupulolithiasis with Immediate Response to the Therapeutic Head-Shaking Maneuver (HSM)

AbstractThe apogeotropic variant of horizontal semicircular canal benign paroxysmal positional vertigo is attributed to either short anterior ampullary arm canalolithiasis or to the cupulolithiasis with the otoconial debris adhering to the cupula on utricular (Cup-U) or canal side (Cup-C), rendering it heavy and gravity sensitive. The treatment options for horizontal semicircular cupulolithiasis are not very well defined. A 25-year-old female patient with 8 days history of vertigo on rolling to either of the lateral recumbent position presented in the first week of November 2019. The supine roll test (SRT) on yawing head maximally to the right as well as to the left elicited an apogeotropic horizontal positional nystagmus lasting more than 1 minute, which was stronger on the right side and indicated a diagnosis of left horizontal semicircular cupulolithiasis. Two short-term follow-ups at 1 and 24 hours after head-shaking maneuver (HSM), with verifying SRT, were undertaken. During either of the two follow-ups, neither the previously elicited horizontal positional nystagmus was observed, nor did the patient have vertigo on rolling to lateral recumbent positions. She was telephonically questioned weekly regarding the recurrence of rotational vertigo for the next 4 weeks, and it was confirmed that she remained symptom free till then. The therapeutic HSM, owing to the inertial forces generated, can detach the otoconial debris from the cupula that renders it heavy and gravity sensitive. Successful offloading of cupula by HSM brings immediate cure in the Cup-U variant of the horizontal semicircular cupulolithiasis.

Digital tooth contact analysis of face gear drives with an accurate measurement model of face gear tooth surface inspected by CMMs

The digital tooth contact analysis (DTCA) of machined gears is an effective way to evaluate both the design and manufacturing before rolling tests. This is very challenging to face gear drives due to two aspects. (1) No measurement standard is available for face gears to obtain an accurate measurement model. (2) The DTCA equation is highly nonlinear related to the complex geometry of face gears. To fulfil those problems, this work presents an accurate measurement model of the face gear tooth surface, wherein the DTCA is implemented with a robust algorithm. An effective measurement strategy based on sensitivity analysis is proposed to establish a measurement coordinate system (MCS), and the relationship between the MCS and the design coordinate system (DCS) is further analyzed to compensate the measurement errors. Subsequently, the B-spline fitting technology is applied to reconstruct the measurement model. Furthermore, the equation of meshing is simplified to reduce its nonlinearity and realize the DTCA. The proposed method is verified by both the finite element analysis (FEA) and a rolling test.

Folding Wingtips for Improved Roll Performance

Future aircraft designs look set to use longer wingspans to increase the aspect ratio and therefore overall aerodynamic efficiency of the airframe. Such larger wingspans also reduce roll rates and require increased control surface area to achieve the roll maneuver requirements for certification. In this work, the effect of using flared folding wingtips (FFWTs) on the roll performance of simple aircraft wings is investigated numerically and experimentally. A unique rolling rig is designed, manufactured, and tested, with a series of steady roll and transient tests performed for different wingspans, with and without folding wingtips. It is shown that the use of FFWTs on aircraft wings can enable improved aerodynamic performance due to the increased span while also significantly reducing the aerodynamic damping due to roll, such that the roll performance of a wing incorporating FFWTs is comparable to that of one without the additional span.

Wheel profile optimization procedure to minimize flange wear considering profile wear evolution

This study aims to develop a wheel profile optimization procedure to minimize flange wear considering the wear evolution. To this end, the wheel wear simulation capability is integrated into the profile optimization framework such that a total material loss can be minimized under design constraints. This allows for the wear reduction to be maintained over an extended traveling distance, while an optimized profile, minimizing the frictional energy for only the initial profile, would not ensure the optimum performance after the profile wear becomes significant. Furthermore, to enable a balanced mitigation of the profile wear and surface damage, the damage index model is introduced to the weighted objective function, considering profile wear evolution. Using flange wear tests with a scaled roller test rig, wear reduction of the optimized profile is experimentally validated. The wear simulation results agree with the test data. It is demonstrated that the flange wear and tread surface damages are reduced simultaneously over an extended traveling distance using the profile optimization procedure developed in this study.

Grain evolution during hot ring rolling of as-cast 42CrMo ring billets

Abstract During hot ring rolling and subsequent air-cooling processes, the as-cast metal alloy undergoes a complicated microstructural evolution. In this paper, the grain refinement of as-cast 42CrMo ring billet during hot ring rolling and air-cooling was conducted by FEM simulation and tests. Moreover, the grain refinement mechanism of as-cast 42CrMo was also studied by comparison of single-pass deformation and multi-pass deformation with short pass interval time, with the purpose of studying the influence of the deformation process on grain refinement supported by the results of FEM simulation. As a result, effective strain and average grain size of the ring show zonal distribution characteristics The effective strain on the inner and outer layers of the ring is large, contributing to fine and homogeneous grains. In contrast, the cumulated effective strain on the interlayer of the ring is small, resulting in inhomogeneous and mixed grains and large average grain size. Grain growth occurs during subsequent air-cooling. The microstructural distribution of the hot rolled ring was confirmed by a hot ring rolling test.

Energy harvesting array materials with thin piezoelectric plates for traffic data monitoring

This study developed energy harvesting arrays (EHA) composed of multiple piezoelectric elements for traffic monitoring and energy harvesting. The developed EHA was investigated through compression tests to simulate the effects of different vehicle axle loads and speeds. The effect of the number and configuration of piezoelectric elements on piezoelectric response was explored. To quantify the sensitivity of EHA under different loads, the concept of loading utilization efficiency was proposed. The influence of temperature and surface layer type on the output signal of EHA covered with asphalt surface layer was investigated using wheel rolling test. The compression test showed that the response of EHA was affected by both axle load and vehicle speed. The output voltage and loading utilization efficiency increased gradually with the increase of load and load frequency. The response law of EHA provided ideas for monitoring vehicle axle load and speed information. The open-circuit voltage signal decreased as the number of piezoelectric elements in parallel increased. The recommended number of piezoelectric elements was identified. To reduce the impact of temperature and surface covering material on the perceived traffic information, EHA was recommended to be encapsulated with thermal insulation materials for embedment. The open circuit voltage of EHA in the wheel rolling test was found higher than that in the compression test. This difference was further explained by finite element modeling results showing that the polyurethane plate increased the deformation of thin piezoelectric plates. Considering the strength of the piezoelectric response signal, the recommended thickness of polyurethane underlayment was determined.

Lying down nystagmus in horizontal semicircular canal benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (HSC-BPPV)

Objective Determining the lateralizing value of lying-down nystagmus (LDN) in horizontal semicircular canal benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (HSC-BPPV). Methods The authors prospectively investigated LDN in 35 consecutive patients of HSC-BPPV (28 geotropic and 7 apogeotropic variants) attending an Otoneurology Centre in South Rajasthan India over a period of 20 months. Results LDN was present in 45.7% (16/35) patients of HSC-BPPV; 50% in those with geo-HSC-BPPV (14/28), and 28.6% (2/7) with apo-HSC-BPPV. When present, LDN directs contralaterally in 93% of geo-HSC-BPPV (13/14) and ipsilaterally in 100% of apo-HSC-BPPV (2/2). Only in 1 out of the 35 patients (2.9%), LDN was solitarily decisive in lateralizing the affected canal as the supine roll test elicited nystagmus of symmetric strength on the lateral head roll to either side. Conclusion LDN is an important secondary sign of lateralization (SSL) in patients with HSC-BPPV (both geotropic and apogeotropic variants). LDN direction is mainly corroborative, but rarely when the lateral head rolls to either side elicits horizontal positional nystagmus of symmetric strength to either side, it can be solitarily relied on for lateralization.

Physio-Chemical Properties, Consolidation, and Stabilization of Tropical Peat Soil Using Traditional Soil Additives — A State of the Art Literature Review

Peat is formed by the degradation of plants and animals in the lack of oxygen and is widely known for its very weak geotechnical characteristics. This is the reason to be considered as an unsuitable foundation soil for construction activities. Several attempts have been made to characterize and stabilize peat soil to make construction viable. This study encapsulates an extensive literature review of the available published data for Atterberg limits, consolidation, and stabilization of peat soil using traditional additives, especially cement and lime. Moreover, peat formation and distribution around the world are also discussed. The analysis of the gathered data shows that peat soils having a high amount of fibers may suffer a large amount of secondary consolidation when the load is applied. Besides, the compressibility factors vary for Malaysian peat due to different water and organic contents. The improvement of peat soil is challenging and expensive, requiring an extra amount of stabilizer for the initiation of the stabilization process. However, the optimum and threshold stabilizer’s dosage for peat is also a challenging task to predict due to several factors affecting the stabilization process. Lastly, the study concludes with recommendations on the implication of the fall cone and thread rolling tests for the determination of Atterberg limits of fibrous peat, effective consolidometer for peat, and utilization of traditional additives for peat soil stabilization.

The frequency and impact of undiagnosed benign paroxysmal positional vertigo in outpatients with high falls risk.

The frequency and impact of undiagnosed benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) in people identified with high falls risk has not been investigated. To determine the frequency and impact on key psychosocial measures of undiagnosed BPPV in adult community rehabilitation outpatients identified with a high falls risk. A frequency study with cross-sectional design. A Community Rehabilitation Program in Melbourne, Australia. Adult community rehabilitation outpatients with a Falls Risk for Older People in the Community Screen score of four or higher. BPPV was assessed in 34 consecutive high falls risk rehabilitation outpatients using the Dix-Hallpike test and supine roll test. Participants were assessed for anxiety, depression, fear of falls, social isolation and loneliness using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, Falls Efficacy Scale-International and De Jong Gierveld 6-Item Loneliness Scale. A total of 18 (53%; 95% confidence interval: 36, 70) participants tested positive for BPPV. There was no significant difference between those who tested positive for BPPV and those who did not for Falls Risk for Older People in the Community Screen scores (P = 0.555), Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (Anxiety) scores (P = 0.627), Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (Depression) scores (P = 0.368) or Falls Efficacy Scale-International scores (P = 0.481). Higher scores for the De Jong Gierveld 6-Item Loneliness Scale in participants with BPPV did not reach significance (P = 0.056). Undiagnosed BPPV is very common and associated with a trend towards increased loneliness in adult rehabilitation outpatients identified as having a high falls risk.

Forearm rolling test in precentral gyrus cerebral infarction

AbstractThe forearm rolling test, rapidly rotating each forearm around the other, is a useful neurological physical examination test for the identification of slight muscle weakness in the unilateral upper limb.

Hot Deformation Behavior and Microstructure Evolution of Fe-5Mn-3Al-0.1C High-Strength Lightweight Steel for Automobiles.

The hot deformation behavior of a newly designed Fe–5Mn–3Al–0.1C (wt.%) medium manganese steel was investigated using hot compression tests in the temperature range of 900 to 1150 °C, at constant strain rates of 0.1, 1, 2.5, 5, 10, and 20 s−1. A detailed analysis of the hot deformation parameters, focusing on the flow behavior, hot processing map, dynamic recrystallization (DRX) critical stress, and nucleation mechanism, was undertaken to understand the hot rolling process of the newly designed steel. The flow behavior is sensitive to deformation parameters, and the Zener–Hollomon parameter was coupled with the temperature and strain rate. Three-dimensional processing maps were developed considering the effect of strain and were used to determine safe and unsafe deformation conditions in association with the microstructural evolution. In the deformation condition, the microstructure of the steel consisted of δ-ferrite and austenite; in addition, there was a formation of DRX grains within the δ-ferrite grains and austenite grains during the hot compression test. The microstructure evolution and two types of DRX nucleation mechanisms were identified; it was observed that discontinuous dynamic recrystallization (DDRX) is the primary nucleation mechanism of austenite, while continuous dynamic recrystallization (CDRX) is the primary nucleation mechanism of δ-ferrite. The steel possesses unfavorable toughness at the deformation temperature of 900 °C, which is mainly due to the presence of coarse κ-carbides along grain boundaries, as well as the lower strengthening effect of grain boundaries. This study identified a relatively ideal hot processing region for the steel. Further exploration of hot roll tests will follow in the future.

Experimental study on site filling of sandy soil for railway subgrade

Applying cohesive soil to wrap fine sand on a subgrade slope is a new type of filling technology in railway subgrade construction. The choices of specific compaction methods and quality evaluation indicators are critical for achieving high compaction quality. In this paper, a series of field rolling tests with different compaction machines was carried out in the experimental section of China Menghua railway. Then, the compaction quality was gauged considering different indexes such as relative density (Dr), degree of compaction (K), coefficient of subgrade reaction (K30) and dynamic modulus of deformation (Evd). It is shown that adopting clayey soil (namely, wrapping soil) to cover a sandy roadbed slope can keep the internal humidity of the subgrade stable. For compaction of the fine sand used in this study, it was better to select a bulldozer to squeeze along the longitudinal and horizontal directions alternately six times, and the lift thickness was set at 35 cm. The results show a linear relationship between Evd and K30 for the sand. The application of Evd as a substitute for K30 in the compaction evaluation of sand subgrade can lead to significant efficiency.

Evaluation of pollen viability, seed viability and vigor of two Bt rice lines Y7 and P8 carrying cry1B::cry1Aa fusion genes

Pollen viability, seed viability and seed vigor of two BT lines Y7 and P8 expressing Cry1B-Cry1Aa fusion proteins were assessed to determine if these two lines equivalence to its wild type rice cv Rojolele. Pollen viability was estimated using in vitro pollen germination methods. Pollen were collected at 0, 1, and 2h after shedding. Both seed viability and vigor were observed using rolled paper test methods at incubation temperature of 30, 33, 37, and 42 °C. The results showed that there was no significant difference between pollen viability of BT lines and Rojolele wild type. The highest pollen viability was obtained when the pollen grown shortly after anthesis (0h). Seed viability and vigor were significantly affected by the incubation temperature. The highest seed viability and vigor were obtained at incubation temperature of 33 °C. Both seed viability and vigor were decreased significantly when the seeds grown at higher temperature (37 °C). However, seed viability and vigor of BT lines were not significantly difference from its wild type, except for the fresh weight parameters. Thus, based on these observations, BT lines were agronomically equivalence to wild type rice cv Rojolele. This data is important for the environmental risk assessment.