Rolling Tests Research Articles

Preview the Products on Display at Display Week 2021

Preview the Products on Display at Display Week 2021

Rolling reliability of polyurethane and polyurethane-acrylic ICAs interconnections on printed stretchable electronics

In this study, bending reliability of the surface mounted devices (SMD) attached using isotropic conductive adhesive (ICAs) on screen printed stretchable devices polyurethane substrate are investigated. The performance of polyurethane and polyurethane-acrylic ICAs and the impact of rolling speed are studied. The rolling test was performed using the customized automatic rolling test device. It was found that the polyurethane-acrylic blend gives poorer adhesion with the silver conductor and very high cohesive force. The polyurethane resin brings adhesive high adhesive force with the silver conductive layer while lower adhesion with the Tin surface of the SMD, and it exhibited poorer cohesive force. The resistance of all samples experienced a steady and slow increase period before it accelerated to failure. During the slow and steady increase phase, the increased resistance was mainly from the conductive layer, whereas during the dramatic increase phase, it was mainly from the ICA connected area. The increased rolling speed had accelerated the resistance evolution process and lowered the samples' reliability severely. It also lowered the adhesion of the polyurethane-acrylic blend with the ink layer and lowered cohesive force of polyurethane ICA.

Effect analysis of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo secondary to sudden sensorineural hearing loss

Objective:To compare the effectiveness of canalith repositioning procedure between BPPV secondary to sudden sensorineural hearing loss（SSNHL） group and idiopathic BPPV（i-BPPV） group. Methods:A retrospective study of patients with evidence of idiopathic BPPV or SSNHL with BPPV. All participants were identified and categorized by using the Dix-Hallpike test and roll test, and then followed by canalith repositioning procedures （CRPs）. The assessment of outcome was conducted at one-week post-CRPs. Results:Sixty-four BPPV patients secondary to sudden sensorineural hearing loss and 328 patients with idiopathic BPPV were included. The posterior canal is the most affected in both group. At one-week post-treatment, the effectiveness of CRPs in the BPPV with SSNHL group was significantly lower than that of the i-BPPV group （P<0.001）. Conclusion:The clinical characteristics of BPPV secondary to SSNHL were like those of i-BPPV, while BPPV secondary to SSNHL was associated with poorer outcomes than i-BPPV when treated by CRPs.

Transparent and Flexible SiOC Films on Colorless Polyimide Substrate for Flexible Cover Window.

We fabricated transparent and flexible silicon oxycarbide (SiOC) hard coating (HC) films on a colorless polyimide substrate to use as cover window films for flexible and foldable displays using a reactive roll-to-roll (R2R) sputtering system at room temperature. At a SiOC thickness of 100 nm, the R2R-sputtered SiOC film showed a high optical transmittance of 87.43% at a visible range of 400 to 800 nm. The R2R-sputtered SiOC films also demonstrated outstanding flexibility, which is a key requirement of foldable and flexible displays. There were no cracks or surface defects on the SiOC films, even after bending (static folding), folding (dynamic folding), twisting, and rolling tests. Furthermore, the R2R-sputtered SiOC film showed good scratch resistance in a pencil hardness test (550 g) and steel wool test under a load of 250 g. To test the impact protection ability, we compared the performance of thin-film heaters (TFHs) and oxide-semiconductor-based thin-film transistors (TFTs) with and without SiOC cover films. The similar performance of the TFHs and TFTs with the SiOC cover window films demonstrate that the R2R-sputtered SiOC films offer promising cover window films for the next generation of flexible or foldable displays.

A Show of Ewald's Law: I Horizontal Semicircular Canal Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo.

Objective: To evaluate horizontal semicircular canal (HSC) effects according to Ewald's law and nystagmus characteristics of horizontal semicircular canal benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (HSC-BPPV) in the supine roll test.Methods: Patients with HSC-BPPV (n = 72) and healthy subjects (n = 38) were enrolled. Latency, duration, and intensity of nystagmus elicited by supine roll test were recorded using video nystagmography.Results: In patients with HSC-BPPV, horizontal nystagmus could be elicited by right/left head position (positional nystagmus) and during head-turning (head-turning nystagmus), and nystagmus direction was the same as that of head turning. Mean intensity values of head-turning nystagmus in HSC-BPPV patients were (44.70 ± 18.24)°/s and (44.65 ± 19.27)°/s on the affected and unaffected sides, respectively, which was not a significant difference (p = 0.980), while those for positional nystagmus were (40.81 ± 25.56)°/s and (17.69 ± 9.31)°/s (ratio, 2.59 ± 1.98:1), respectively, representing a significant difference (p < 0.0001). There was no positional nystagmus in 49 HSC-BPPV patients after repositioning treatment, nor in the 38 healthy subjects. No significant difference in head-turning nystagmus was detected in HSC-BPPV patients with or without repositioning.Conclusions: The direction and intensity of nystagmus elicited by supine roll test in patients with HSC-BPPV, was broadly consistent with the physiological nystagmus associated with a same HSC with single factor stimulus. Our findings suggest that HSC-BPPV can be a show of Ewald's law in human body.

Study on Compaction Characteristics and Construction Control Index of Gravel Materials in a Core Wall Dam

Gravel materials are widely used in dam engineering in western China due to their excellent engineering characteristics such as high compaction density, high shear strength and strong water permeability. The compaction standard of gravel materials is evaluated by the relative density index. Therefore, after a reasonable compaction standard is determined, the next most critical link is the control of construction filling quality. Based on the results of field rolling tests, this paper analyzes the basic influence laws of gravel content, paving thickness, rolling times and water content on the compaction dry density and relative density of gravel materials, and studies the basic compaction characteristics of gravel materials, and determines the construction compaction parameters based on satisfying the design compaction standard. By controlling the gradation, rolling parameters and water content of dam construction gravel materials, the filling quality of dam construction can meet the design compaction standard, so as to ensure the safety and stability of dams.

There is no evidence of cochlear and vestibular melanocyte damage in patients with alopecia areata.

Follicular melanocytes are known to be damaged in alopecia areata (AA). However, it is not clear whether melanocytes are the primary target of autoimmunity and whether melanocytes in the inner ear are affected. This study aimed to detect possible cochlear and/or vestibular melanocyte damage in AA patients. Thirty-two AA patients and 35 sex- and age-matched healthy volunteers were evaluated between November 2018 and March 2020 at the Karabük University Training and Research Hospital. The conventional pure tone audiometry test and distortion product otoacoustic emission test were performed to evaluate hearing. To evaluate the vestibular function, the following tests were performed: the vestibulospinal reflex tests (Romberg test, tandem stance test and tandem walking test); positional balance tests (Dix-Hallpike test, supine roll test and head hanging test); vestibulo-ocular reflex tests (caloric test, head shake test) and oculomotor tests (saccade, smooth pursuit and optokinetic). The mean age of AA patients was 31.94±11.86years (range, 15-67years). There were no significant differences in the results of the hearing and balance tests between the groups. Furthermore, disease parameters (duration of the last attack, recurrence, positive family history, positive pull test, the severity of the disease, etc) were not associated with hearing loss and vestibular damage. AA patients did not exhibit hearing loss or balance abnormalities that would indicate cochlear and vestibular melanocyte damage. The lack of damage to the inner ear melanocytes in AA patients may indicate that follicular melanocytes are affected secondary to autoimmune damage in the hair bulb, and melanocytes are not the primary target in the pathogenesis of AA.

Clinical Implications of Horizontal Beating Nystagmus Induced by Dix-Hallpike Test in the Diagnosis of Horizontal Canal Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo.

The purpose of this study was to identify the diverse patterns of nystagmus during the Dix-Hallpike test (DHT) and analyze their clinical significance in horizontal canal benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (HC-BPPV). Retrospective medical records review. Two hundred ninety-five patients diagnosed with HC-BPPV. Various nystagmus patterns identified during the DHT in patients with HC-BPPV were analyzed. The correlation between the affected side of HC-BPPV and the direction of the horizontal beating nystagmus (HBN) during the DHT was also analyzed. The nystagmus pattern during the DHT in 128 patients with geotropic HC-BPPV demonstrated, direction-changing positional nystagmus on both sides in 48 (37.5%) patients, HBN toward one side in 25 (19.6%) patients, and no nystagmus in 55 (42.9%) patients. In 144 patients with apogeotropic HC-BPPV, 54 (37.5%) patients presented with direction-changing positional nystagmus on both sides, 27 (18.8%) patients presented with HBN toward one side, and 63 (43.7%) patients did not show nystagmus during the DHT. The direction of HBN provoked by the DHT was significantly correlated with the affected side in each subtype of HC-BPPV (geotropic type, p = 0.049; apogeotropic type, p = 0.040; respectively). More than half of the patients with HC-BPPV (56.6%) showed HBN during the DHT. When HBN was present during the DHT, it may provide a clue for determining the subtype and affected side in diagnosis of HC-BPPV before performing the supine roll test.

Active design and manufacture of face-milled spiral bevel gear by completing process method with fixed workpiece axis based on a free-form machine tool

In the design and manufacture of face-milled spiral bevel gear, the completing process method has significant advantages, such as increased efficiency, cost reduction, machining accuracy improvement, and tooth strength enhancement. Since the intrinsic limitations of the cradle-type machine tool, we develop a mathematical model for the completing process method directly based on the free-form machine tool. It is applied directly to the free-form machine tool, eliminating the need for the equivalent conversion of machine settings from the cradle-type machine tool to the free-form machine tool, and taking advantage of the flexibility and freedom offered by the free-form machine tool. Thus, except the first-order and second-order parameters of the mean contact point of each pinion flank controlled by the existing methods, each point of the contact path on the frequently used drive-side flank of pinion can be guaranteed additionally simultaneously by this method. Furthermore, the workpiece axis linkage is dispensed with during the machining process, avoiding the error caused by poor motion accuracy of the workpiece shaft and the difficulty in its manufacture. The target tooth surface and tooth depth can be guaranteed simultaneously. Finally, the method is verified by tooth contact analysis (TCA), grinding test, and rolling test.

Residual Stress Analysis After the Induced Martensitic Transformation by Rolling and Tensile Test in the 304L TRIP Steel

In this work, the residual stress study by XRD was carried out after martensitic transformation of a 304L steel subjected to plastic strain by rolling and tensile test, at room and cryogenic temperatures. This article intents to contribute with the understanding of residual stresses generated by martensitic transformation induced by plastic deformation due to its complexity. From the experimental conditions employed, it was possible to obtain high martensite volumetric fraction and it was possible to observe the influence of existing phases on the performance of residual stress measurements. In general, compressive residual stress was observed for both austenite and martensite phases. The samples rolled at cryogenic temperature showed higher magnitudes of compressive stresses, between -123 and -231 MPa, for martensite volumes between 98 and 100%. It was also clearly displacement and widening of diffraction line due to the presence of residual macro and microstresses when compared to the as-received material.

Clinical features of BPPV and their influence on the choice of the doctor’s tactics

BPPV is the most common cause of recurrent vertigo. Except vertigo attacks main clinical symptoms of BPPV can include autonomic symptoms and imbalance, which sometimes complicate the diagnosis of BPPV. A total of 640 patients (504 (78.8%) women) aged from 20 to 86 years old, mean age 56.43±0.54 years with BPPV were included and diagnosed by roll and Dix-Hallpike tests. Among them 144 (22.5%) patients were inpatient and 496 (77.5%) patients were outpatient. The detailed patient intake comprised the disease onset, the type of dizziness, vertigo triggers, autonomic symptoms, similar attacks in the past and previously made definite diagnosis of BPPV. The period from the appearance of the first symptoms to the correct diagnosis was assessed. The majority of patients (75.3%) consult a neurologist at the initial visit. Only 30.6% of patients had a correct diagnosis within a week of the onset of the disease. Initial BPPV symptoms included persistent dizziness that increased with head turns (38.8%), nausea and vomiting (21.6%), significant increase in blood pressure (13.4%), persistent imbalance while walking (73.4%). Inpatients more frequently had constant continuous dizziness, high blood pressure, severe nausea and vomiting, and the onset of symptoms in the morning when getting out of bed (p<0.05). Initial BPPV symptoms may be similar to other diseases. Focusing on medical history and complaints leads to frequent diagnostic errors, unnecessary hospitalization and prolonged treatment of patients. Positional tests are necessary for the correct diagnosis of BPPV.

Effect of Multipass Hot Rolling on the Grain Uniformity of a 316L/EH40 Composite Plate

The grain uniformity of a 316L/EH40 composite plate during multipass forming was studied by numerical simulation and hot rolling tests. In view of the total fixed deformation with a different number of passes, grain size variations on the surface, in the center, and at the interface of the base layer, and those on the surface and at the interface of the clad layer after rolling were simulated and analyzed. The rolling schedule was established to meet the adequate uniformity level of the base and clad layers. The most effective process was verified by the vacuum hot rolling test of a four-layer symmetrical billet. The metallographic images were taken in different locations of the composite plate, and the grain sizes in the images were measured by the cut-point method. Experimental results were compared with simulation data, demonstrating their reliability; the error between them was maintained within 5.5%.

Clinical Characteristics of Patients with Persistent Apogeotropic and Persistent Geotropic Direction-Changing Positional Nystagmus.

Background and PurposeThis study aimed to determine the clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment of patients with persistent geotropic (pG) and persistent apogeotropic (pAG) direction-changing positional nystagmus (DCPN).MethodsThis retrospective study included 30 patients with pG-DCPN and 44 patients with pAG-DCPN. All patients underwent neurological and neurotological examinations, including an evaluation of gaze-evoked nystagmus, eye-movement tests, and assessments of limb ataxia and balance, as well as magnetic resonance imaging to exclude central causes. The characteristics of positional nystagmus were detected using the supine roll test (SRT) and bow-and-lean test (BLT). The null point (NP) at which the nystagmus disappeared was determined. All patients were treated with the barbecue maneuver, and treatment efficacy was evaluated immediately, 1 week, and 1 month after treatment.ResultsThe history of diseases associated with atherosclerosis, peripheral vestibular disorders, otological disease, and migraine differed significantly between patients with pG-DCPN and pAG-DCPN. The affected sides of persistent horizontal DCPN can be determined using the SRT and the BLT, while determining the second NP and vestibular function as well as performing an audiological evaluation can be used to assist in identifying the affected side. The efficacy rates immediately and 1 week after treatment with the barbecue maneuver were higher in patients with pAG-DCPN than in patients with pG-DCPN.ConclusionspAG-DCPN was more compatible with the characteristics of cupulolithiasis, and pG-DCPN was more likely to be associated with a light cupula rather than canalolithiasis. pAG-DCPN was more likely to be accompanied by a disease associated with atherosclerosis, while pG-DCPN was often accompanied by autoimmune-related diseases and a history of migraine. The associations between pAG-DCPN, pG-DCPN, and the above-mentioned diseases need to be clarified further. The canalith-repositioning maneuver was effective in patients with pAG-DCPN and ineffective in patients with pG-DCPN, but most cases of pG-DCPN are self-limiting.

Deployment and Implementation of data cloud processing system for double-flank gear rolling test based on Javaweb

Deployment and Implementation of data cloud processing system for double-flank gear rolling test based on Javaweb

Nonlinear Optimization Method for Transmission Error of Hypoid Gear Machined by the Duplex Helical Method

In this study, synchronous cutting of concave and convex surfaces for hypoid gear was achieved using a duplex helical method. Precise, nonlinear optimization of the transmission error driven by machine tool parameters was performed to reduce the vibration noise of the gear pair. First, the transmission error curve and contact path of the tooth surface of the initial pinion were solved using tooth contact analysis. Second, according to the preset parabolic transmission error curve, the initial gear was used to generate the target pinion, which coincided with the contact path of the initial pinion. Finally, a deviation correction model of the discrete points, corresponding to the contact paths on the concave and convex surfaces of the target and initial pinions, was established. This model was solved using the Levenberg–Marquard algorithm with the trust region strategy, to obtain optimized machine tool parameters. Synchronous optimization of the transmission errors of concave and convex surfaces of the pinion was achieved by correcting the deviations of the contact points. The effectiveness of the proposed method was verified by a numerical example and by performing a contact area rolling test.

Design and optimization of rolling mills pass based on parameterization and orthogonal test

The complex design of the duo cold-mill, especially the pass. Aiming at this challenge, a parametric mathematical model of the pass is established in the present study. The cold rolling process of 50 pairs of tubes with reasonable actual rolling quality is simulated to obtain the change law of the rolling force. In the trial rolling test, it is found that there is a small part, which does not have ideal quality. In order to improve the quality of these rolling mills, tube rolling specifications for Φ43 mm × 6 mm~Φ25.4 mm × 1.2 mm are considered as an example, where the dimensional precision of the production tube is considered as the objective function and the change laws of rolling force are considered as the constraint condition. Furthermore, the orthogonal test is used to solve the constraint conditions for finding the best combination of seven design variables of the pass curve. Then the dimension of the pass curve is optimized by best combination. The optimization results show that the change laws of rolling force accord with the constraint conditions, and the average value of ΔD, γ, ΔS, and μ decreases by 63.00%, 62.89%, 58.10%, and 58.10%, respectively. It is concluded that the precision of the optimized pass is obviously better than that of the original pass. Finally, in order to verify the universality of the optimization method, the best design parameter combination for selected 20 groups of different specifications of tube rolling is investigated by the orthogonal test and the trial rolling test is carried out accordingly. The obtained results show that 90% of the rolling effect is ideal.

(Invited) Fabrication of Aramid Paper Electrodes for Electrochemical Applications

In recent years, flexible-electronics has become an emerging field of R&D. While plastics are typical substrates to print the circuitries, paper is an interesting alternative. Recently, paper-based touch sensor with printed silver nanoparticle has been demonstrated to work even after repeated bending and wrapping tests [1].High porosity is also an interesting feature of paper for its use in wet electrochemistry. If printed conductive matters can work as electrodes, the porosity as well as the flexibility can find advantages especially in their sensor for increased sensitivity and versatility. In this study, we employed a para-aramid paper, Teijin Twaron®, as the substrate to fabricate flexible electrodes by printing conductive pastes. Aramid papers can be stable at high temperatures and under harsh electrochemical environments. The printability, sheet resistance, stability against bending test, as well as electrochemical properties have been evaluated.Low temperature curing type conductive silver paste (TOYOCHEM, REXALPHA®) was coated to para-aramid paper and photocopy paper by doctor blade method, dried under air for an hour, and then annealed at temperatures between 100 and 500°C under air or N2 for 5 min. in a tube furnace. The coatings were observed by laser microscope and SEM. Sheet resistance was measured by four-point probe method. Adhesion and mechanical stability of the coating were checked by rolling test, by repeatedly rolling the printed paper around a 4 mm diameter glass rod, stretched, and measuring the sheet resistance in between. Linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) was performed at 5 mV/s on the paper electrode in a 0.1 M KNO₃ solution (pH 7.2) under O2 or N2.Observation of the silver coatings by laser microscope revealed smooth surface free of cracks. The SEM image showed that the layer was made of particles of about 500 nm size and had a porous structure. Although it was difficult to measure the exact film thickness due to penetration of paste in between the fibers, the thickness was roughly 100 μm as judged from the cross-section image. The sheet resistance of the as-coated film was about 1.2 Ω/sq, which was reduced to 0.3 Ω/sq by annealing under air at 250°C, whereas photocopy paper could not withstand any higher temperatures above 200°C. Annealing the coated aramid paper under N2 at the same temperature could further reduce the resistance to 0.1 Ω/sq. since oxidation of silver was prevented. While annealing at higher temperatures resulted in slight increase of the sheet resistance and the aramid film was burnt above 450°C. The rolling test up to seven times caused gradual increase of the sheet resistance, but then remained around 0.2 Ω/sq. by further repetitions, indicating its high mechanical stability. No peeling off of the Ag layer was observed.LSVs of the paper electrodes under O2 are compared to that of Ag plate in Fig. 1. The one indicated as “both sides” is in fact the free-standing silver coated aramid paper. Plateau current seen more negative than about -0.4 V vs. Ag/AgCl should correspond to the diffusion limited current for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), which, however, is approximately doubled for the paper electrode compared to that of Ag plate. Transport limited current cannot differ from electrode to electrode. Possible account for the current enlargement of the paper electrode is the contribution of current at the back side of the paper. We then attached a masking tape to only expose either the “front side” or “back side”, as indicated in the figure. Indeed, the back side measured the plateau current as large as that of the Ag plate. It seems that the aramid paper is electrochemically transparent allowing penetration of the electrolyte and transport of oxygen. The front side in fact measures slightly enhanced current, which could possibly be caused by that we cannot deactivate the back-side contribution by means of a masking tape, Therefore, the addition of the front and back side current became somewhat larger than that of the freestanding paper electrode. It is however evident that the Ag layer acts like a floating foil electrode for which both front and back sides are electrochemically active. This immediately means increased sensitivity in sensor applications, for example. Micro electrode array can easily be fabricated by screen printing to make it even a 3D active electrode, rather than double sided 2D electrode.The first trial to employ combination of Ag paste and aramid paper has turned out to be successful. Testing conductive pastes else than Ag for improved chemical stability is under way.[1] R. Li et al ACS Appl. Mater. Interface, 6 (23), 21721-21729 (2014). Figure 1

Upright BPPV Protocol: Feasibility of a New Diagnostic Paradigm for Lateral Semicircular Canal Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo Compared to Standard Diagnostic Maneuvers.

Background: The diagnosis of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) involving the lateral semicircular canal (LSC) is traditionally entrusted to the supine head roll test, also known as supine head yaw test (SHYT), which usually allows identification of the pathologic side and BPPV form (geotropic vs. apogeotropic). Nevertheless, SHYT may not always allow easy detection of the affected canal, resulting in similar responses on both sides and intense autonomic symptoms in patients with recent onset of vertigo. The newly introduced upright head roll test (UHRT) represents a diagnostic maneuver for LSC-BPPV, supplementing the already-known head pitch test (HPT) in the sitting position. The combination of these two tests should enable clinicians to determine the precise location of debris within LSC, avoiding disturbing symptoms related to supine positionings. Therefore, we proposed the upright BPPV protocol (UBP), a test battery exclusively performed in the upright position, including the evaluation of pseudo-spontaneous nystagmus (PSN), HPT and UHRT. The purpose of this multicenter study is to determine the feasibility of UBP in the diagnosis of LSC-BPPV.Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the clinical data of 134 consecutive patients diagnosed with LSC-BPPV. All of them received both UBP and the complete diagnostic protocol (CDP), including the evaluation of PSN and data resulting from HPT, UHRT, seated-supine positioning test (SSPT), and SHYT.Results: A correct diagnosis for LSC-BPPV was achieved in 95.5% of cases using exclusively the UBP, with a highly significant concordance with the CDP (p < 0.000, Cohen's kappa = 0.94), regardless of the time elapsed from symptom onset to diagnosis. The concordance between UBP and CDP was not impaired even when cases in which HPT and/or UHRT provided incomplete results were included (p < 0.000). Correct diagnosis using the supine diagnostic protocol (SDP, including SSPT + SHYT) or the sole SHYT was achieved in 85.1% of cases, with similar statistical concordance (p < 0.000) and weaker strength of relationship (Cohen's kappa = 0.80).Conclusion: UBP allows correct diagnosis in LSC-BPPV from the sitting position in most cases, sparing the patient supine positionings and related symptoms. UBP could also allow clinicians to proceed directly with repositioning maneuvers from the upright position.

Increasing the heap leach efficiency of Uşak Kışladağ gold ore using nut shell as permeability aid

The objective of this study is to increase the gold recovery from the gold ore heaps of Uşak Kışladağ Gold Company adding nut shell as percolation enhancer. In the first step of this study, bottle roll experiments were carried out on the ore sample crushed below 18 mm, 10 mm, 2.36 mm and 74 μm. Gold recovery values obtained for bottle roll tests were 53%, 55%, 65% and 85% respectively for the particle sizes −18 mm, −10 mm, −2.36 mm and −74 μm respectively. The initial experiments provided information about the ultimate gold recovery that can be reached for the particle sizes studied. Following the bottle roll tests, column leach experiments were carried out for-18 mm (the original heap particle size) and −2.36 mm size fractions for a duration of 30 days. Gold recoveries of 48% and 40% were obtained for the size groups of −18 mm and −2.36 mm respectively. At the final stage of the study, the effect of nut shell addition on the gold recoveries was studied using column leach experimental set up. Test results showed that nut shell addition markedly increased the permeability of the ore and hence the leach efficiency. The increase in the finer particle size was more noticeable because of the increase in the permeability and decrease in the particle size. Gold recoveries for −2.36 mm particle size were 42%, 55% and 61% respectively when 2.5%, 5% and 10% nut shell by volume was added. Furthermore, no gold adsorption was observed on the organic substance.

Study on the Complete Decarburization of Spring Steel 55SiCrA during Rolling

The rolling test of 55SiCrA spring steel wire rod was carried out with different finishing rolling temperature and laying temperature. The results show that different rolling processes can form different types of complete decarburization. Through temperature measurement and metallographic examination of process samples, it is found that the surface of the rolled piece has formed a complete decarburization layer during the rolling process. However, by setting proper finishing rolling temperature and laying temperature, the deformation heat of high-speed rolling can transform complete decarburization into austenite and avoid complete decarburization of 55SiCrA spring steel wire rod.