Number Of Rollers Research Articles

Моделирование движения ленточного конвейера с учетом угла наклона и натяжения канатов става

Introduction. The relevance of the work is caused by the need to eliminate the arising automatic vibration processes of the pendent roller of the conveyor linear sections relative to roller pendant and minimization of vibration synchronization processes of a significant number of pendent rollers, leading to a conveyor stop. Previous studies have established that the most effective way to transport coarse material in underground mining is a belt conveyor. These studies have identified the disadvantages of conveyor transportation.The most common ones include the auto-vibration of the pendent roller of the conveyor linear sections relative to roller pendant. The manifestation of roller automatic vibrations increases the energy intensity of the process and reduces the performance of the belt conveyor. Objective. To set the angle of the conveyor belt inclination and the tension of the ropes of the load-bearing structure with the lowest amplitude vibrations of the pendent roller in order to reduce the energy intensity of the transportation process during the deposit development and increase the operational performance of the conveyor. Task. Modeling the possibility of manifestation and causes of occurrence, as well as the circumstances of long-term preservation of roller automatic vibrationson conveyors. Materials and methods of research. The object of the study is a conveyor belt with different angles of inclination (transportation).The authors conducted analysis and summary of previously performed own research; comparison with newly obtained experimental results; as well as a generalization of theoretical and experimental studies carried out by scientists in this field; synthesizing literature and patent data. Reliabilityis confirmed with application of actual state standards and approved research methodology. Boundary conditions are accepted: conveying of ordinary medium- and small- sizedmaterials is carried out; there is a constant unit load on the belt during transportation. Two types of connection are considered: the presence of an anchoring branch of roller with the ropes; absence of an anchoring branch that is the hinged connection of roller with the ropes. Research results. It has been established that when the belt moves with a load, the pendent roller deflects along the direction of the belt movement, regardless of the type of anchoring. The angle of the side roller inclination is calculated through the sliding velocity relative to the belt. The characteristics of sliding friction or change in sliding friction coefficient are modeled. The influence of the pendent roller mass on the process of automatic vibrationsat various angles of conveyor inclination has been evaluated. The reason for the occurrence of automatic vibrationsis established. Conclusion. Design changes that prevent side roller misalignment are recommended to reduce the likelihood of automatic vibrations.The side roller misalignment angle interval, beyond which stable conveyor operation is achieved, is determined. Resume. The results of the research can be useful in designing the conveyor when transporting the extracted raw materials.

Structural Parameters Optimization of the Steel Bar Straightening Machine Based on the PSO Algorithm

In the process of steel bar straightening processing, the straightening rollers are often damaged by fatigue due to uneven force, which causes frequent replacement of the straightening rollers. Therefore, the structural parameters optimization of the steel bar straightening machine is very important to improve the machining accuracy of the straightening machine and prolong the service life of straightening roller. In this paper, an optimization method based on the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm was proposed and used to optimize the structural parameters of the steel bar straightening machine. First, the main parameters that affect the accuracy of the straightening machine were comprehensively analysed, and the optimization range of each parameter was determined. Second, in order to minimize the fluctuation of the contact stress, the objective function was established by fitting the roller spacing, roller diameter, roller number, and so on. Then, the PSO algorithm was used to find the optimal solution of structural parameters. Finally, the proposed structural optimization method was verified in practice and compared with the single variable algorithm. As a result, the straightness of the steel bar is increased by 2.88%, and the total straightening force is reduced by 16.25%, compared with the single variable algorithm. In conclusion, it was demonstrated that the proposed optimization method based on the PSO algorithm is better than the single variable algorithm in optimizing the structural parameters of the steel bar straightening machine.

ANALYSIS OF THE INFLUENCE OF AIR TEMPERATURE ON THE COMPACTION OF ASPHALT DURING INSTALLATION

In this paper, the influence of air temperature on asphalt compaction during installation was investigated. The reason for this research is that during the construction of roads or the reconstruction of existing ones, the need to completely or partially replace the asphalt layers of the flexible pavement structure most often arises. The lifespan of a flexible pavement construction, i.e. road, always depends on the quality of the subgrade, but also on the quality of the final asphalt works. In order to arrive at the best possible procedure for installing the asphalt mixture, research was carried out on several concrete examples, observing the air temperature through the compaction feature of the installed asphalt, that is, through the required number of roller passes during the installation of the asphalt mixture. During the research, numerous other data that are important for the research were measured, such as the weight of the rollers, the temperature of the asphalt at the construction site, etc. On the basis of the obtained results, sorting and analysis of the same was carried out. Based on the analysis of the obtained results, conclusions were reached. Keywords: air temperature during asphalt installation, asphalt mixture temperature, asphalt compaction

Tongue rolling and hand clasping among various ABO blood groups in a University community in Eastern Nigeria

Morphogenetic traits are physical observable traits that can be inherited either in a single gene or multifactorial pattern. ABO blood group is a codominant inherited trait that has been associated with different anatomical and physiological variations. However, there are limited studies that have linked ABO blood groups with some morphogenetic traits.
 This study was conducted to ascertain the distribution of morphogenetic traits like hand clasping and tongue rolling among ABO blood groups in a University community in Eastern Nigeria.
 A total of 115 volunteers participated in the study. The blood groups of the participants were determined and the expression of the morphogenetic traits was gotten by physical observation. Greater proportion of the participants were males (55.65 %), students (61.74 %) and within ages 15−25 (58.26 %). There was a higher prevalence of blood group O (57.39 %), tongue non-rollers (53.04 %) and right hand clasping (74.78 %) among the participants. The participants with blood groups A and O recorded a higher distribution of tongue non-rollers while those with blood groups B and AB recorded an equal number of both tongue roller and non-rollers. The participants with blood groups A, B and O recorded a higher distribution of right hand clasping while those with blood group AB recorded a significant higher distribution of left hand clasping (P<0.05).
 In conclusion, morphogenetic pattern of tongue rolling could not be associated with ABO blood group, whereas that of left hand clasping was associated with blood group AB suggesting that individuals with blood group AB is likely to exhibit left hand clasping; forming basis for determination of hand clasping using ABO blood group in future advancement of genetics and forensic science

Study on Contact Force and Vibration Characteristics of Composite Cylindrical Roller Bearing

The composite cylindrical roller is composed of a hollow cylindrical roller and a filler body and is a new type of structure roller bearing. In order to explore the influence of different parameters on the contact characteristics and vibration characteristics of bearings, finite element models of static contact, modal analysis, and harmonic response analysis of composite cylindrical roller bearings were established based on ABAQUS software. The effects of filling rate, radial force, and the number of rollers on parameters such as contact force, contact stress, and natural frequency were studied. The results show that when the filling rate of the cylindrical roller increases from 0% to 70%, the natural frequency of bearing and the peak frequency of its harmonic response decrease, the force distribution in the contact area is also more uniform, and the maximum contact stress of the roller is reduced by 29.1%; the radial force has no effect on the peak frequency of the harmonic response of the bearing, but the increase of the radial force will increase the peak value of the response displacement, and the contact force and stress of the rollers will also increase. When the number of rollers increases from 11 to 15, the natural frequency and the peak frequency of harmonic response increase, the peak displacement decreases, the contact force distribution of the rollers in the bearing area is more uniform, and the maximum contact stress of the roller is reduced by 21.1%. The research result can provide a theoretical reference for the structural optimization and engineering application of elastic composite cylindrical roller bearings.

Analogical simulation of salt flow and associated structures in different extensional conditions

The salt layer thickness variability and the timing of salt deposition in relation to rifting (prerift salt, synrift salt, and late synrift/postrift salt) influence salt flow and the resulting growth, geometry, and kinematics of salt bodies under different extensional conditions. We apply analogue modelling to analyze the influence and interplay of each of these parameters through three series of experiments focusing on extensional salt tectonics. The first (Series I) simulates thick-skinned extension of a tabular salt layer in the absence of basement structures and explore the effects of variable salt thicknesses and extensional structural styles. Series II tests the degree of mechanical coupling of sub- and supra-salt faults according to contrasting salt thicknesses over a rotating rift block. Series III explores thin-skinned, gravity-driven deformation implementing models of i) pure-gliding (S1), ii) pure-spreading (S2) and iii) a combination of both (S3). Series I shows that the degree of symmetry and the kinematics of the structures vary due to the influence of the thickness of the salt layer. Thick salt layers tend to nucleate symmetric rifts and associated diapirs, while thin salt layers form rifts that are strongly asymmetric and rotated towards the direction of extension. Series II demonstrates that the number and dimensions of peripheral post-salt grabens, rollers, and reactive diapirs depends on the degree of coupling between sub- and supra-salt, which in turn is controlled by how the salt layer is distributed over active rift structures. Series III shows that deformation is compartmentalized into proximal, transitional, and distal domains which are characterized by extension, translation and contraction, respectively. The style and lateral extent of these domains however vary. In models where deformation is driven exclusively by tilting of the salt layer (S1) and open-toe salt advance, there is development of linear grabens cored by reactive-passive diapirs throughout most of the model length. This produces a more abrupt transition between the extensional and contractional domains and limited downdip salt inflation. In the pure-spreading model (S2), where deformation is driven solely by differential loading there is formation of a wide zone of salt inflation at the toe-of-slope and an overall greater number of contractional structures at the downdip end of the model, beyond the slope. In S3 there is development of a more variable suite of salt and overburden structures as typically observed along salt-bearing passive margins. In this model, deformation is characterized by the development of rollover and normal growth faults in the proximal domain that transition downdip onto upright diapirs associated with bowl-shaped minibasins, halokinetic sequences rotated and megaflaps. Our study improves our understanding of the extensional salt tectonic systems and the controls on different salt and post-salt geometries and kinematics.

Dynamic investigation and alleviative measures for the skidding phenomenon of lubricated rolling bearing under light load

The skidding phenomenon occurs during the operation of rolling bearing under the light load owing to the design error, which will intensify the surface damage and lead to noise and abnormal vibration. In this study, a skidding dynamics model of lubricated rolling bearing is established considering the interactions between the roller and races, as well as the cage. The effect of lubricant on the dynamic characteristics of the rolling bearing is characterized as the lubricating oil stiffness, central film thickness, time-varying friction coefficient between the roller and race, passing flow resistances of rollers, and resistance torques. In addition, the nonlinear contact and structure deformations of rollers are formulated. For mitigating the skidding phenomenon of the roller under light load, the effect of roller number, inside radius of the hollow roller, density and viscosity of the lubricant, interference fit, and radial load are analyzed. The results indicate that the skidding phenomenon of the roller is induced by the lesser tangential roller-race friction forces and larger passing flow resistances of rollers. It is helpful to intensify the interactions at the roller-race interface or/and decrease the running resistance by reducing the roller number, decreasing the lubricant density, or choosing the correct viscosity of the lubricant. Besides, the effect of interference fit and increasing radial load is significant on the premise of not changing the design parameters of the rolling bearing.

Invention of a Medical Glove Durability Assessment Device

Healthcare workers across the globe rely on medical gloves to prevent the transfer of harmful bacteria and viruses between themselves and their patients. Unfortunately, due to the lack of an in-use durability standard for medical gloves by the American Society for Testing and Materials, many of these gloves are of low quality and are easily torn or punctured, exposing wearers and patients to potentially deadly diseases. To solve this problem, a device that automatically detects material failures the size of a pinhole during active testing was invented. The device consists of a prosthetic hand, vacuum pump, mobile textured roller, pressure sensor, and liquid spray system. It works by creating a vacuum inside the glove and repeatedly moving the textured roller into contact with the fingertips, which, on the prosthetic hand, are porous. When a glove perforates, the vacuum is broken, pressure within the hand rapidly increases, and the operator is alerted on a touchscreen that the glove has failed. In addition, the liquid spray system allows the user to test gloves in “real world” conditions, because healthcare workers often come into contact with liquids that may alter glove durability. As a preliminary test of the device’s accuracy, five nitrile and five latex exam gloves were tested using the system’s default settings. Natural latex is known to be the highest performing glove material, so the nitrile gloves were expected to fail more quickly than the latex gloves. The test results concur with this expected order of failure: nitrile first, with an average failure time of 300 s and 42 average number of roller touches, followed by natural latex, with an average failure time of 2206 s and 300 average number of roller touches. These results provide evidence that the device accurately ranks glove durability, and therefore could be used to develop an ASTM durability standard and improve the quality of gloves made from different polymers.

Influence of Roller Configuration on the Fiber–Matrix Distribution and Mechanical Properties of Continuously Produced, Mineral-Impregnated Carbon Fibers (MCFs)

The article at hand is envisaged to enumerate significant technological parameters for the successful impregnation of carbon fiber rovings having 50,000 (50 K) filaments, each within a fine-grained, cementitious suspension. Parameters such as the number of rollers as well as the influence of roller deflection and rotation have been investigated and discussed with regard to the quality of the related impregnation and mechanical properties resulting therefrom. Morphological analysis disclosed distinct differences in the fiber matrix distribution, which are particularly reflected in the flexural performance of the mineral-impregnated carbon fibers (MCFs) produced. Moreover, with the best fiber matrix distribution, uniaxial tensile tests on MCFs demonstrated superior tensile strengths, moduli of elasticity, and elongations at rupture.

Influence of roundness errors of bearing components on rotational accuracy of cylindrical roller bearings

Understanding the influence of bearing component roundness errors and roller number on the rotational accuracy of rolling bearings is crucial in the design of high precision bearings. The rotational accuracy of an assembled bearing is dependent upon roller number and roundness errors of the bearing components. We propose a model for calculating the rotational accuracy of a cylindrical roller bearing; we experimentally verified the effectiveness of the model in predicting the radial run-out of the inner ring proposed in the previous paper in this series. We sought to define the key contributing factors to the rotational accuracy by studying both the influence of the coupling effect of the roller number and the influence of the roundness errors in the inner raceway, outer raceway, and rollers on the motion error. The model and results will help engineers choose reasonable manufacturing tolerances for bearing components to achieve the required rotational accuracy.

Dynamic Analysis of Rolling Bearings with Roller Spalling Defects Based on Explicit Finite Element Method and Experiment

Analysis of dynamic characteristics of the defective bearing is significant for the fault diagnosis of the machinery. At present, there are few researches on numerical modeling of bearing with defective roller. To solve this problem, explicit finite element method is adopted in this paper to establish a nonlinear dynamic model of the cylindrical roller bearing with roller spalling defects. In the proposed model, the flexibility of all the components, the internal friction, the relative sliding, the finite size of the roller and the rollers-to-cage contact force are all considered. Then the proposed dynamic model is verified theoretically and experimentally. The vibration responses of bearing and the sliding behavior of defective roller and cage are analyzed based on the proposed numerical model. The results show that the roller-to-cage contact force will be increased and the slippage of the defective roller will be aggravated when the roller defect occurs. In addition, the increment of defect width and number of defective rollers will aggravate the vibration of bearing and the sliding of cage.

A Computational Analysis for Active Flow and Pressure Control Using Moving Roller Peristalsis

Peristaltic motion arises in many physiological, medical, pharmaceutical and industrial processes. Control of the fluid volume rate and pressure is crucial for pumping applications, such as the infusion of intravenous liquid drugs, blood transportation, etc. In this study, a simulation of peristaltic flow is presented in which occlusion is imposed by pairs of circular rollers that squeeze a deformable channel connected to a reservoir with constant fluid pressure. Naturally, this kind of flow is laminar; hence, the computation occurred in this context. The effect of the number and speed of the pairs of rollers, as well as that of the intrapair roller gap, is investigated. Non-Newtonian fluids are considered, and the effect of the shear-thinning behavior degree is examined. The volumetric flow rate is found to increase with an increase in the number of rollers or in the relative occlusion. A reduction in the Bird–Carreau power index resulted in a small reduction in transport efficiency. The characteristic of the pumping was computed, i.e., the induced pressure as a function of the fluid volume rate. A strong positive correlation exists between relative occlusion and induced pressure. Shear-thinning behavior significantly decreases the developed pressure compared to Newtonian fluids. The immersed boundary method on curvilinear coordinates is adapted and validated for non-Newtonian fluids.

Reliability of the belt conveyor bed when restoring failed roller supports

The reliability of modern belt conveyors, whose length reaches tens of kilometers, is primarily determined by the reliability of the roller supports that support the belt and ensure its movement. As they wear out, some roller bearings fail and need to be repaired or replaced. The dynamics of the number of working roller supports is determined by the system of Kolmogorov equations. Their solution allows us to find the probabilities of finding the system in states with a different number of working elements. The article finds probabilities for two cases. In the first case, when restoring, only one roller support is repaired each time. In the second case, all roller supports are repaired or replaced. In the case of sequential recovery, the mathematical expectation of the number of properly working roller supports may be less than the total number by several units. There are always elements that need to be repaired. If the recovery rate of the elements is many times higher than the failure rate, the mathematical expectation of the number of properly operating roller supports is less than the total number of roller supports by less than one, during most of the time all roller supports are serviceable. In the case of simultaneous recovery of elements, an equally high level of reliability is achieved even with comparable failure and recovery rates.The results obtained can be used to determine the necessary reserve of spare structural elements and to plan the maintenance of conveyors.

Composite Shaftless Roller Design for Conveyor System

Improving the performance of idlers is paramount to the performance of the conveyor system in various industries since belt conveyors can be many kilometers in length and consequently there are a huge number of rollers in use. The key intention of this work is the development of a light-weight composite idler roller. Critical design considerations are strength-to-weight ratio and performance. Most importantly, the design must reduce the weight of the roller as compared to standard steel rollers. The final design provides a significant reduction in weight of about 47 % over that of traditional steel rollers of a similar size.

Study of the rollers geometry effects in rotary tube piercing and wear analyses of mandrel according to the finite element method

The rotary tube piercing (RTP) is the first process of making the seamless tube after producing the desired alloy ingot. There are several approaches to manufacture a seamless tube, but one of the most common types is RTP. This approach covers a wide range of processes that are categorized according to the number and shape of the rollers. On the other hand, each of these types has designed guides in the output and input of the piercing process. In this paper, a new design of the input guide for four types of rollers have been examined and simulated. Thus, four specimens including Diescher and Conical rollers were considered, with the different number of rollers. Results including torque, total force, mandrel wear, temperature distribution, and strain were extracted using FEM simulation. In order to the validation of simulation, the total force and oscillations of applied force within the process have been compared with the experimental results. The results obtained through this simulation, are more in line with the empirical results obtained from previous research. As well as, the FEM simulation confirmed the performance accuracy of the output and input guides of the RTP process. On the other hand, the results indicate that the three-roller Diescher type with 17° feed angle, has the most suitable arrangement for production of seamless tube.

Effect of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra, brain inflammatory response and behavior in mice with Parkinson’s disease

Purpose: To examine the effect of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) on dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra, intracerebral inflammatory response and ethology in mice with Parkinson’s disease (PD).
 Methods: Four groups of male C57BL/6 mice (n = 48) were used: normal control, negative control, n3PUFA, and Madopa groups. Except for normal control group, all groups were given 6- hydroxydopamine hydrochloride (6-OHDA) to establish Parkinson’s mice model. The expressions of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and calcium-binding protein (CB) in substantia nigra dopaminergic neurons were determined with immunohistochemistry and Western blot. The contents of nitric oxide (NO), tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) and interferon γ (IFN-γ) (indices of intracerebral inflammatory response) were measured. Tremor paralysis, moving grid number, standing times, swimming ability, and the number of rollers in each group were observed as indices of ethology.
 Results: The number of TH and CB-positive neurons in the substantia nigra of n-3PUFA-treated mice was significantly increased, relative to those in Madopa-treated mice (p < 0.05). The expressions of TH and CB proteins in substantia nigra in n-3PUFA group were markedly higher than the corresponding expressions in Madopa-treated mice (p < 0.05). Decreased levels of NO, TNF-α and IFN-γ levels were seen in 3PUFA group, when compared to mice in Madopa group, but higher behavioral scores were obtained in n-3PUFA-treated mice, relative to Madopa-treated mice (p < 0.05).
 Conclusion: The n-3PUFAs protect substantia nigra compact dopaminergic neurons against Parkinson’s disease, alleviate immune inflammation, and improve the coordination of limb movement. Thus, n-3PUFAs have potential therapeutic application in the management of Parkinson’s disease.

Optimization of the Internal Roller Burnishing Process for Energy Reduction and Surface Properties

Improving the surface quality after burnishing operation has been the subject of various published investigations. Unfortunately, the trade-off analysis between the energy consumption and surface characteristics of the internal burnishing has been not addressed due to the expensive cost and huge efforts required. The objective of the present work is to optimize burnishing factors, including the spindle speed, burnishing feed, depth of penetration, and the number of rollers for minimizing the energy consumed in the burnishing time, as well as surface roughness and maximizing Rockwell hardness. An adaptive neuro-based-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) was used to develop burnishing objectives in terms of machining parameters. The optimization outcomes were selected using an evolution algorithm, specifically the non-dominated sorting particle swarm optimization (NSPSO). The results of the proposed ANFIS models are significant and can be employed to predict response values in industrial applications. The optimization technique comprising the ANFIS and NOPSO is a powerful approach to model burnishing performances and select optimal parameters as compared to the trial and error method as well as operator experience. Finally, the optimal solution can help to achieve the improvements in the energy consumed by 16.3 %, surface roughness by 24.3 %, and Rockwell hardness by 4.0 %, as compared to the common values.

Optimization of internal burnishing operation for energy efficiency, machined quality, and noise emission

Boosting energy efficiency and machining quality are prominent solutions to achieve sustainable production for burnishing operations. In this work, an effective optimization has been performed to enhance the energy efficiency (EFb) and decrease the machining noise (MN) as well as surface roughness (SR) of the internal burnishing operation. The burnishing factors are the spindle speed (S), burnishing feed (f), burnishing depth (D), and the number of rollers (N). The burnishing trails of the hardened material labeled SCr440 have been conducted on a CNC milling machine. The adaptive neuro-based-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) was used to construct the correlations between the process inputs and burnishing responses. The entropy approach is employed to calculate the weight of each technical objective. The non-dominated sorting particle swarm optimization (NSPSO) is utilized to determine the optimal parameters. A comprehensive model of the production cost is developed to check the effectiveness of the proposed approach. The scientific outcomes revealed that the optimal values of the S, f, D, and N are 1645 RPM, 260 mm/min, 0.08 mm, and 4, respectively. The improvements in the EFb, SR, and MN are 6.98%, 25.00%, and 2.23%, as compared to the initial values. The machining cost is saved by 6.2% at the optimal solution. Moreover, the scientific finding is a potent technical solution to enhance machining performances for the burnishing process of various components having internal holes.

Modelling the pulsatile flow rate and pressure response of a roller-type peristaltic pump

The unique working mechanics of roller-type peristaltic pumps have allowed their applications to span a wide variety of sectors and industries. The roller-type pump's accurate dosing and hydrostatic capabilities can theoretically allow for the pump to be used for hydraulic actuation (as an electro-hydrostatic actuator) for low pressure applications. This however requires accurate control of the peristaltic pump and its flow rate. The associated pressure pulsations will also have an impact on the pump's selection criteria. Accurate control of roller-type peristaltic pumps commonly rely on flow-meters, which increases the cost of the pump and can complicate control strategies. Current modelling approaches either do not rely on first principle modelling and require expensive simulation software, or do not apply for larger Reynolds numbers at larger flow rates. The most applicable model focusses on the flow rate for each roller individually. This implies that the model requires alterations in order to accommodate pumps with varying numbers of rollers. This paper presents an alternative modelling methodology towards the volume flow rate, pulsatile flow rate qualities, and pressure pulsations commonly found in peristaltic pumps. The model instead focusses on the flow rate at the inlet and the outlet of the pump, rather than on each individual roller. This model is highly scalable and allows for varying number of rollers. The model is validated using a 3D printed peristaltic pump and pulsatile flow rate test bench. The pump is capable of accommodating roller housings with varying numbers of rollers (3 or 2) in order to validate the model.

An Investigation into the Characteristics of a Novel Rotatable Pantograph Catenary System for High-Speed Trains

High speed trains receive traction electrical energy from a high-voltage catenary via a pantograph catenary system (PCS). As the velocity of trains increases, the traditional PCSs face significant challenges, such as strong aero resistance under high-speed conditions, severe electrochemical corrosion caused by poor contact between the pantograph strip and the catenary, harmful wear both on the pantograph strip and the contact wire produced by high-speed sliding friction between them, etc. The effectiveness and reliability of the PCS has a direct impact on the performance and safety of the HTS power supply. In order to alleviate some of these bottleneck effects related to the operation of the currently used PCSs, especially under high-speed conditions, this paper proposes a novel configuration where rotatable pantograph rollers replace the currently used pantograph strips. As the sliding friction is now replaced by rotating friction, this has numerous benefits, such as less friction heat, better heat dispersion and improved catenary-tracking performance. Moreover, should the whole system be modularized, it could adapt to different levels of traction power through adjusting the number of rollers.