Roll Off Research Articles

Substrate bias effect of epitaxial delta-doped channel MOS transistor for low-power applications

ABSTRACTConventional planar transistor shows shrinking substrate bias effect at scaled technology. On the other hand, epitaxial delta-doped channel (EδDC) transistor shows substantial amount of substrate bias effect even at 16-nm channel length. This paper unveils the physics behind the substrate bias effect of an n-channel EδDC transistor through Technology Computer Aided Design simulation with analytical justifications. The depletion width for an EδDC transistor very weakly depends upon the applied substrate bias, and with scaling down of channel length, the depletion width insignificantly gets widened. The substrate control over the channel is high so that significant amount of substrate depletion charge terminates on the gate, instead of on the source and the drain. The degradation of threshold voltage roll off and drain-induced barrier lowering coefficient with the increase of substrate bias, is less for the EδDC transistor, compared to that of a conventional halo free transistor. The dependence of the substrate bias sensitivity on the thickness of the low-doped epitaxial layer and concentration of the high-doped layer is explored. The effects of reverse substrate bias on leakage power dissipation and intrinsic delay of EδDC and conventional transistors are discussed.

Center of pressure during stance and gait in subjects with or without persistent complaints after a lateral ankle sprain

Study aimTo investigate differences in the center of pressure (COP) during gait and single leg stance between subjects with persistent complaints (PC) and without persistent complaints (NPC) after a lateral ankle sprain. Methods44 patients who consulted the general practitioner, 6–12 months prior to inclusion, with a lateral ankle sprain were included for the current study purpose. Using a 7-point Likert scale patients were divided into the PC or NPC group. All subjects filled out an online questionnaire, walked along a walkway and performed a single leg stance, both on the RSscan. Primary outcomes included the COP displacement, range and percentage used in mediolateral and anterioposterior direction. ResultsThere was a trend (p<0.05) towards a more medially COP trajectory during walking at 34–46% and 83–96% and more anteriorly at 21–31% and 91–100% of the stance phase in the PC group compared to NPC group. Additionally, the COP was more laterally located in the sprained leg compared to the non-sprained leg in the PC group in the loading response phase (p<0.05). An interaction was found for the percentage of anterior–posterior range used in single leg stance without vision. ConclusionThe COP trajectory discriminates between patients with PC and NPC. This indicates that roll off during gait might play an important role in the recovery of patients after a lateral ankle sprain and could be used to monitor treatment.

Sub-THz Wireless Over Fiber for Frequency Band 220–280 GHz

Higher capacity wireless access networks are required to serve the growing demands for mobile traffic and multimedia services. The use of sub-THz carrier frequencies is a potential solution for the increased data demands. This paper proposes and demonstrates experimentally the photonic generation of a multiband signal for sub-THz wireless-over-fiber transmission at up to 100 Gbit/s (20 Gbit/s in each band) using the full spectrum 220– 280 GHz for downlink wireless transmission and an uplink with 10 Gbit/s on-off keying. By using an optical frequency comb generator (OFCG), five optical tones spaced by 15 GHz are selected and split into odd and even optical subcarriers modulated separately using 10 Gbaud quadrature phase shift keying with Nyquist bandwidth achieved by using root raised cosine filtering with 0.01 roll off factor. These optical subcarriers are combined and transmitted over 10 km of fiber to the remote antenna unit (RAU). The optical bands are then filtered and transmitted separately at the RAU in a wireless channel. The received sub-THz band is down-converted to the intermediate frequency and digital signal processing (DSP) is employed at the receiver to measure the bit error ratio (BER). The performance is also evaluated to investigate the impact of the uplink on the downlink optical transmission. The receiver link budget and wireless distance for acceptable BER are also explored. The proposed system aims to distribute sub-band THz signals for short range indoor mobile units. The overall transmission capacity is increased by transmitting it as a multiband, which also reduces the bandwidth requirements on opto-electronic devices.

Competition between ro–ro and lo–lo services in short sea shipping market: The case of Mediterranean countries

A relevant portion of the scientific literature focuses on the competition of short sea shipping (SSS) with land transport in presence of international programmes that provide financial support to SSS services (e.g. Motorway-of-the-Sea).The paper analyses the competition inside the maritime SSS market, comparing roll on–roll off (ro–ro) vs. lift on–lift off (lo–lo) services. The market has two structural pillars: (a) the analysed services connect Italy and a set of countries belonging to the south-eastern range of the Mediterranean basin, then without any financial support to the services; (b) there are no available land transport services for all the considered relationships.The two above pillars allow to quantify the reciprocal advantage of the two maritime services, by purifying the market from the bias generated by the presence of available land transport services and of any kind of financial support to SSS services.An aggregate discrete choice model, simulating the split between ro–ro and lo–lo services of freight flow exchanged by sea between countries facing the Mediterranean basin, has been specified and calibrated. The important element that emerges, in general terms, is the segmentation of the market in relation to the distances existing between each couple of countries.

Rapid Fabrication of T-Shaped Micropillars on Polypropylene Surfaces with Robust Cassie–Baxter State for Quantitative Droplet Collection

Applying microinjection compression molding technology, a fast and flexible method is first proposed for the successive and mass replication of polypropylene surfaces with T-shaped micropillars in the present work. The water droplet on the titled surfaces grows in size to roll off due to gravitation effect. Interestingly, the roll-off angles on such surfaces are as a quadratic function of specified water droplet volume, meaning quantitative droplet collection and lossless transfer can be performed on the replicated surfaces. Meanwhile, self-cleaning behavior is preserved on the surfaces. Moreover, the robust Cassie–Baxter state on the replicated surfaces against the external pressure is demonstrated with droplet compression and immersion experiments. Specifically, a droplet sitting on the replicated surface can recover its spherical shape after squeezed to a water film as thin as 0.37 mm, and the replica is remained fully spotless after it is submerged into dyed water. The proposed method for fast replica...

Implementation of roll on - roll off system for transporting bottled LPG to the interior of Amazonas State

Implementation of roll on - roll off system for transporting bottled LPG to the interior of Amazonas State

Synthesis of Highly Directive Endfire Arrays Using Modified Chebyshev Polynomials

In this paper an additional parameter in the Chebyshev polynomial is introduced so as to design an endfire array by controlling two factors of the radiation characteristics- namely the Half Power Beam Width(HPBW) and the side lobe level(SLL) simultaneously. It has been shown that for a given SLL improved HPBW and First Null Beam Width (FNBW) can be achieved. Individual elements in the array are assumed to be isotropic. Simulations were carried out to find bounds on the choice of HPBW and SLL. Simulation results also shows that the directivity can be improved over the Dolph-Chebyshev array. Improvement in the roll off characteristics are also shown. Implementation of the array using the coefficients obtained by this synthesized procedure can result in a highly directive array.

Lth Band Filter Design and Performance Analysis for WIMAX Application

Filters which are generally used for equalization of video signals, are an essential part of communication systems. In this paper two Nyquist filters have been compared and analyzed having different L-bands. Its implementation can be easily found in the developing communication systems, but here results are claimed for WIMAX applications. The proposed design and analysis have been developed with the help of MATLAB with same order, sampling frequency, transition width and roll off factor as per the WIMAX specifications. The filters are then decimated by a decimation factor of 4. The cost implementation of both has been taken into consideration and a result is drawn which concludes that Nyquist filter two bands is much more cost effective as compared to the Nyquist filter with three bands.

Performance Analysis of Digital Communication Systems in Presence of AWGN Implementing Filter Technique

In digital communication system, data must encounter in a band limited environment. The fact is that constraining the bandwidth of the transmitted signal necessarily increases the probability of BER at the receiver. The system performance in terms of BER is evaluated with as well as without filter developing digital communication model. The likelihood of BER and SER is compared. The results show that Raised Cosine filter exhibits almost equal performance in comparison with rest of the filters. The worst case scenario is obtained while introducing no filtering technique despite applying the modulation scheme QAM. Roll off factor 0.22 has taken into account as Raised cosine filter act as FIR filter at that factor. In this paper inter symbol interference (ISI) is examined and it is seen that ISI plays an important role in digital communication systems. It is also observed that overall transmission errors are less while increasing the ratio of bit energy per symbol (Eb/N0). MATLAB communication environment has been used for simulation. General Terms BER, SER, Raised Cosine filter, Equiripple filter, Hamming Window filter, QAM

A New Strategy of Direct Access for Speaker Identification System Based on Classification

In this paper, we present a new direct access strategy for speaker identification system. DAMClass is a method for direct access strategy that speeds up the identification process without decreasing the identification rate drastically. This proposed method uses speaker classification strategy based on human voice’s original characteristics, such as pitch, flatness, brightness, and roll off. DAMClass decomposes available dataset into smaller sub-datasets in the form of classes or buckets based on the similarity of speaker’s original characteristics. DAMClass builds speaker dataset index based on range-based indexing of direct access facility and uses Nearest Neighbor Search, Range-Based Searching, and Multiclass-SVM Mapping as its access method. Experiments show that the direct access strategy with Multiclass-SVM algorithm outperforms the indexing accuracy of Range-Based Indexing and Nearest Neighbor for one to nine percent. DAMClass is shown to speed up the identification process 16 times faster than sequential access method with 91.05% indexing accuracy.

Jamie J. Fader: Falling Back: Incarceration and Transitions to Adulthood Among Urban Youth

Secluded in a dense forest, a five hour drive west of Philadelphia, rests a place where you will find young delinquent males between the ages of 13 and 18 carefully marching in single-file lines with their hands behind their backs, doing highly structured activities while cadence-like ‘‘thank yous’’ and ‘‘you’re welcomes’’ roll off their tongues. These boys, who have been involved in drugs, violence, and other criminal delinquency, are in the process of a behavioral reform in order to help them reflect, make better decisions, and lead a better life for themselves and for others. Jamie Fader, graduate of the University of Philadelphia, inner city godmother, and now assistant professor of criminal justice at the University at Albany SUNY, writes in her book, Falling Back, about the transition to adulthood for these young inner city males of color who have already been imprisoned by the age of 18. The book is based on her ethnographic research with black and Latino males who help to answer the question of how these vulnerable youth transition back into their urban Philadelphia neighborhoods as adult men after being incarcerated at the Mountain Ridge reform school in Pennsylvania (Mountain Ridge is the name she uses to protect the identities of staff and clients). The reform school uses a ‘‘criminal thinking errors’’ approach that is supposed to help the young males identify patterns of thinking that lead them into delinquency and to replace these patterns with prosocial and corrective thoughts, and behavioral change will follow along with it. The young men were informed at the academy about where their delinquent behavior stemmed from, and that they would not be released until they learned to identify and correct their errors. Fader spent over three years exploring their transitions back home after they were released from reform school, doing intensive participant observation and interviews with fifteen of the young black and Latino men, documenting their experiences and struggles of ‘‘falling back’’ and becoming productive members of society. Fader is a blonde-haired, blue-eyed, educated white girl, which makes her the complete opposite from those who were participating in her study, and many people ask how it was possible to establish rapport with these young men. For one, Fader had many previous years of being an evaluator for juvenile justice programs and had a good understanding of the system, along with access to the programs. She also did preliminary field research examining the various stages of reentry into the community, which helped her establish relationships with reintegration workers that were later useful. Fader says that establishing a relationship with these young men was quite simple, as they were eager to tell their stories about reform school because it helped alleviate boredom and monotony, as well as giving them freedom to say whatever they wanted about the school behind closed doors. She also says that being a straightforward person and sharing things about herself helped her to gain their trust and respect. She openly talked about the differences between them, and made them comfortable to talk about race and different perceptions. Fader quickly became close with these men and soon began to accompany them almost everywhere they went; to work, to school, to the stores, and met many of their family members and friends along the way. What Fader found throughout the process is that, despite the high costs, energy, and time put into it, the program failed to deter the young men from returning back to the & Dana Ford danaford@indiana.edu; danaford18@gmail.com

Cascaded Microstrip Trisection Stub Loaded Resonator Bandpass Filter

A microstrip filter with cascaded Electric coupling trisection and magnetic coupling trisection is proposed. This study aims to create transmission zeros at both the side of the passband. Optimal performance is achieved by creating variable gaps in the resonators and providing open ended tuning stubs at appropriate locations. To demonstrate the concept a filter is realized and fabricated operating at 905 MHz with a pass band of 877 to 917 MHz (5%). The inherent disadvantage of wider roll off from the conventional filter is overcome by the introduction of stubs. Measured results are compared and found to be in good agreement with simulated results.

Compact and Wide Stopband Lowpass Filter Using Open Complementary Split Ring Resonator and Defected Ground Structure

Abstract. A compact (0.16  g × 0.08  g ) and wide stop-band lowpass filter design using open complementary split ring resonator (OCSRR) and defected ground structure (DGS) is presented in this paper. Low pass filter is con-structed using two cascaded stages of OCSRR. Since the rejection bandwidth of the OCSRR is narrow, tapered dumbbell shaped DGS section is placed under the OCSRR to enhance the bandwidth. The cutoff frequency (f c ) of the proposed lowpass filter is 1.09 GHz. The rejection band-width of the filter covers the entire ultra wideband spec-trum. Hence the spurious passband suppression is achieved up to 10 f c . The designed filter has been fabri-cated and validated by experimental results. Keywords Lowpass filter, defected ground structure (DGS), open complementary split ring resonator (OCSRR) 1. Introduction On the motive of conventional filter design methods such as stepped impedance and open stub suffering from poor skirt characteristics and spurious passband, re-searchers have paid great attention over the past few years in designing a compact and sharp cutoff lowpass filters with spurious free wide stopband. Lowpass filter using different defected ground structures (DGS), photonic bandgap (PBG) structures and electromagnetic bandgap structures have been proposed in various literatures [1–9]. Sharp cutoff and low insertion loss lowpass filter using a complementary split ring resonator (CSRR) is reported in [3]. Cascaded stages of CSRR with open stub configura-tion, exhibiting sharp cutoff lowpass response are pre-sented in [4]. Planar photonic bandgap (PBG) structures involving compact microstrip resonating cell (CMCR) are utilized to design a lowpass filter with wide stopband [5]. Recently, a lowpass filter with very sharp transition band using OCSRR is demonstrated in [6]. In this paper, a new technique is proposed to reduce the size of the lowpass filter and to obtain the wide spurious free stopband. The lowpass filter is designed using open complementary split ring resonator and a tapered dumbbell shaped DGS is placed under the OCSRRs to extend the stopband. The proposed lowpass filter is smaller and outperforming the existing filters in terms of insertion loss level, roll off rate and rejection bandwidth. Figure 1 shows the schematic of OCSRR printed on the microstrip line. This structure is first proposed in [6] for designing a sharp cutoff lowpass filter with compact size. OCSRR is a negative image of the open split ring resonator. To study the frequency response characteristics of the OCSRR, this structure is designed on Rogers 5880 substrate with a dielectric constant of 2.2 and a substrate thickness of 0.381 mm and simulated using an Ansys full wave simulator.

Physical origin investigation of the flatband voltage roll off for metal–oxide–semiconductor device with high-k/metal gate structure**Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 61404093, 50932001) and the Doctoral Scientific Research Foundation of Weifang University (No. 014BS02).

The physical origin of the flatband voltage (VFB) roll off for a metal–oxide–semiconductor device with high-k/metal gate structure is studied from the viewpoint of energy band alignment at the high-k/Si interface because the thickness of SiO2 interlayer is thin enough to be ignored. The VFB roll off phenomenon is assigned to associate with the direct electron transfer between high-k and Si substrate. Quantitatively calculated simulation results based on this model are given considering different conditions.

Copyright and Bedside Cognitive Testing: Why We Need Alternatives to the Mini-Mental State Examination.

Manyyearsago,awizenedprofessor forced thedistracted studentswhowere fulfilling their freshmanEnglish literature requirement to recite frommemory the opening lines of Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales in as close to its original pronunciation aswecouldmuster. I remember little else from that class, but even now these lines roll off my tongue. Many readers have a similar relationshipwith theMini-Mental State Examination (MMSE).Afterwememorized it asmedical studentsand recited itasphysicians forcountlesspatients, thephrases“Spell WORLD backwards” and “No ifs, ands, or buts” roll off our tongues.TheMMSEmightbe theonlycognitive testmanyever learned.Why, then, do Tsoi and colleagues2 plaintively ask in this issueof JAMA InternalMedicinewhether there is anyuseful alternative to theMMSE?Thequestion is drivenby a copyright controversy that affects practitioners and researchers. TheMMSEwas themost popular example of a beside cognitive test—a test that canbeadministered inmost clinical settings, brief enough to fit within the confines of rounding or a clinic visit but able to reliably indicate the presence of cognitive impairment or dementia. A bedside cognitive test might be used not only in the initial assessment of memory symptoms but also to help discern whether cognitive impairment is an underlying factor that contributes to geriatric syndromes, such as falls or functional decline, or suddendecompensation of chronic diseases. At a preoperative visit, a bedside cognitive test might inform the risk of postoperative deliriumorbepart of a global assessment tohelpdecidewhich older adults will most likely benefit frommajor surgery or instead be at high risk of complications and death.3 TheMMSEwasnever the perfect test for every setting because no single test could be. It does not assess reasoning and judgment (executive function), making it less useful in frontotemporal or vascular dementia; its results are influencedby socioeconomic and cultural factors; it takes too long for some settings; and it is less sensitive to mild impairments.4,5 However, as decades of free and wide sharing among practitionersdrove it toubiquity, theMMSEscorebecamea lingua franca for cognition. In 2001, Psychological Assessment Resources (PAR) acquired an exclusive copyright license from the MMSE’s authors andbegan to exert firmcontrol over the copying anddistribution of the MMSE.6 To anyone who learned the MMSE during its long period before 2001, the description by Tsoi et alof it as“proprietary” is jarring.However, according to itspublisher, the MMSE now cannot be fully reproduced in a textbook under any circumstances and requires the purchase of an official test form for every administration. The restrictionof theMMSEamplified theneed to identify effective bedside cognitive tests that are also readily accessible to practitioners and patients. Tsoi et al took an expansive approachto identifyalternatives to theMMSE,miningpriorsystematic reviews forother tests and then independently searching the literature for studies of each of the 40 tests, rather than searching on the topic of cognitive testing. Even so, 102 of the 149 studies ultimately included in the meta-analysis involved the MMSE. The next most-studied test, the Montreal CognitiveAssessment (MoCA), trailedfarbehindwith20studies.Still, the broad inclusion criteria, unlike earlier meta-analyses not limitedtoaspecificdiseaseorcaresetting,nettedsufficientstudies to calculate pooled test characteristics for 10 bedside cognitive testsbesides theMMSE.This isa far largermenuofMMSE alternatives than inpriormeta-analyses. Several testshad sensitivities and specificities comparable to the MMSE for diagnosing dementia, including 2 that the authors ultimately recommended: the Mini-Cog test and Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination–Revised(ACE-R).Theauthorsalsorecommendthe MoCA for detectingmild cognitive impairment. So far this is a story of the march of scientific progress. If restriction of theMMSEmeanswe lose the benefit of decades ofvalidationstudies, at least it forcesus tomoveon from“good enough” to develop and deploy better tests. These new tests will continue to be iteratively improved and adapted in cycles of innovation, and eventually patientswill benefit fromevermoreusefulandaccuratebedsidecognitive tests.However, this rosy outcome hides sharp thorns. Copyright protections include not only copying but also creating derivative works. Researchers who create new cognitive testsmay be vulnerable to claims of copyright infringement if their creation is seenasderivativeof another test. Four years ago a new cognitive test called the Sweet 16 was published.7 It included orientation and recall questions similar to those in theMMSE, together with another element that overallmade for a faster butmore sensitive test. The Sweet 16 disappeared from the Internet shortly after publication, apparentlybecauseof allegationsof copyright infringement from PAR.6Tsoi andcolleaguesnowinadvertentlybringanother setback to light. The ACEwas developed to better differentiate Alzheimer disease fromfrontotemporaldementia. Introduced in2000and revised in 2006 (ACE-R), it incorporated the elements of the Related article page 1450 Review of Cognitive Tests to Detect Dementia Original Investigation Research

Paper No P17: Highly Efficient Green Phosphorescent Top‐Emitting Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes with IZO/Ag/IZO Reflective Electrode

AbstractIn this paper, we report that IZO/Ag/IZO multilayer could be used as reflective electrode for top emitting OLED. A further investigation on top emitting OLED with cohost EML demonstrates better charge injection and improve efficiency. The device showed a maximum current efficiency of 130 cd/A, a maximum power efficiency of 144 lm/W. Moreover, the efficiency roll off was small long‐lasting to 20,000 cd/m2 with current efficiencies of 111.8 cd/A at 10,000 cd/m2 and 102.6 cd/A at 20,000 cd/m2, respectively.

An improved stopband and sharp roll off microstrip low pass filter with defected ground structures

In this paper a novel low pass filter (LPF) design procedure is proposed for electromagnetic bandgap based microstrip filters without using classical filter design approach. LPF is designed for ultra-wide stopband and sharp roll-off rate via proposed design procedure. It has been shown that finite periodic fan-shaped defected ground structures (FSDGSs) and double radial stubs (DRSs) yield broad stopband and very sharp transition band. The proposed LPF has −3 dB passband from dc to 1.49 GHz, and −20 dB broad stopband from 1.65 GHz up to 7.41 GHz. Full wave electromagnetic (EM) simulation of the proposed filter is achieved with ANSYS's High Frequency Structure Simulator (HFSS) and equivalent circuit (EC) model of the filter is proposed and verified via Applied Wave Research (AWR) software. To verify the simulations, filter is realized on ARLON AD1000 substrate, and measured with Agilent 5245A PNA-X Vector Network Analyzer. Measurement results of fabricated filter are in good agreement with EM and EC simulations.

The negative consequences of consequential validity

As a result of a few meetings I’ve attended recently and a few things I’ve read, I’ve decided to learn a new language. It’s called (by me) Messish–Messick’s (1989) description of validity. I have already picked up on a few things, such as never ever talking about the validity of a test—it’s the process of test validation, which must be repeated with every new test situation. I also know now that everything you do to investigate a test is construct validation. Every study question can and should be reframed as a matter of testing a construct hypothesis. But I have a long, long way to go. I have to practice in front of a mirror so that terms like ‘‘interpretive meaningfulness’’ and ‘‘nomological relatedness’’ (Messick 1989) roll off my lips. I have to be able to babble discourse like:

Précis of the TC-25CSS Theater Testing Report

In 2014, SMPTE’s B-Chain Study Group Theater Testing Data Report Group released a major report about the acoustical performance of sound systems in four cinemas and two dubbing stages. This paper provides a precis of this B-Chain report, which is probably the most comprehensive in-depth analysis of cinema audio spaces that has ever been undertaken. The report presents numerous frequency and temporal responses for these sound systems, with in depth analysis of the center channel systems. Being based on the measured impulse responses of the systems, the report’s measurement process departed from current SMPTE standardized methods, which are “time blind.” As such, considerable insights have been gained into the behavior of these systems and the way in which frequency responses develop over time. Of particular interest is the minimal contribution that the reverberant sound field makes to the high-frequency responses. The measured responses indicate significant disparity among venues in the responses at low and high frequencies. One of the report’s conclusions is that the commonly-accepted acoustic mechanism for the roll off of high frequencies known as the X curve does not occur. Discussion of the report’s key features such as the analysis methods, trends in the responses, and conclusions is provided in the paper.

Self-cleaning transparent superhydrophobic coatings through simple sol–gel processing of fluoroalkylsilane

Upon contact with a dusty superhydrophobic surface, moving spherical water drops collect the dust particles and eventually flow off the surface. Herein, we report a very simple one-step approach to fabricate transparent and self-cleaning superhydrophobic coatings via the sol–gel processing of long-chain fluoroalkylsilane. The coating surface exhibited a rough, wrinkled, hill-like morphology similar to the microstructure of the lotus leaf (rough micro-scale papillae), which is promising for superhydrophobicity. The air bags trapped in the rough, hill-like structure allow the water drops to take a round shape with a contact angle of 169°. These round water drops abruptly roll off the coating surface at less than 5° of tilting. No major or minor water-drop pinning was observed during the roll off. The dust-repellent (self-cleaning) property, plastron stability, and durability against water-jet impact were examined on the superhydrophobic coatings.