Role Of Experts Research Articles

Entrepreneurial Spirit Paving the Way for Successful AI Deployment in Knowledge Work and Organizations

The rapid advancements in Artificial Intelligence (AI) have significantly shifted the landscape of work, altering the roles of experts and knowledge workers across various domains (Humala et al. 2023). This paper explores the pivotal role of key competencies – self-efficacy, job crafting, and proactivity – in navigating the technological transformation brought about by AI in work settings. The three key competencies were previously identified as the main building blocks of the entrepreneurial spirit that is necessary for the successful use of AI in knowledge work and organizations (Humala & Lahtinen 2023, Ruohonen & Humala 2022). The research paper draws insights from a quantitative nation-wide survey that was carried out among knowledge workers in Finland. The survey was conducted during February-March 2024, with the insights gained from 474 informants. The research was funded by The Finnish Work Environment Fund and conducted by Haaga-Helia University of Applied Sciences based in Helsinki. Results show that while the integration of AI in knowledge work environments generally supports self-efficacy, job crafting, and proactivity, the effects are varied, showing both enhancement and, in some cases, diminishment. The findings indicate that AI’s positive influence is most pronounced among those engaged in high levels of knowledge-based tasks and who maintain a positive outlook toward new technologies. This research also highlights some disparity in experiences between different groups, particularly between younger and older knowledge workers with early- and late-careers as well as those in different work positions, pointing to the need for tailored organizational support to ensure equitable benefits from AI technologies. The research reveals that AI can significantly foster proactivity in the workplace, particularly when employees are equipped with sufficient information and resources. Ultimately, this exploration aims to provide insights into developing AI-supported business models that not only leverage the human entrepreneurial spirit but also foster an inclusive environment that enhances organizational competitiveness and innovation.

Early insights into SLA with chatGPT: Navigating CS teachers and student perspectives in an opinion-based exploration

This study explores the integration of ChatGPT into Social Learning Analytics (SLA) to support programming education among computer science students at Mustapha Stambouli University, Mascara, Algeria. Utilizing a mixed-methods approach, the research combines quantitative surveys and qualitative analysis of recorded interactions of one example and interviews to examine the effectiveness, challenges, and perceptions of ChatGPT’s use in programming tasks across Arabic, French, and English. The study involved 57 students and five teachers, providing a comprehensive view of ChatGPT’s impact on learning experiences, engagement patterns, and programming performance. Results indicate that ChatGPT is frequently used as a supplementary tool, especially for programming-related queries, debugging, and last-minute assistance before deadlines. The tool’s adaptability to students’ needs, combined with its ease of use, enhances its perceived value in supporting independent learning. However, the limitations of the free version—such as restricted access, slower response times, and occasional inaccuracies—were frequently cited as barriers to consistent, effective use. Teachers acknowledged ChatGPT’s role in easing instructional burdens but emphasized the need for critical oversight to prevent over-reliance on AI-generated content. Ethical concerns regarding data privacy, academic integrity, and the quality of AI feedback were highlighted as key issues requiring attention. Interestingly, a significant portion of students expressed the belief that AI, including ChatGPT, could potentially replace human programmers in the near future, reflecting both optimism and concern about the evolving role of AI in the field. Despite this, educators maintained that while ChatGPT can augment programming education, human intuition, creativity, and contextual understanding remain irreplaceable. The study concludes that ChatGPT’s integration into SLA offers substantial opportunities to enhance educational support and enrich data on student learning behaviors. However, addressing accessibility issues, enhancing multilingual support, and mitigating ethical challenges are critical for maximizing the tool’s effectiveness. The findings underscore the importance of a balanced approach that leverages AI’s strengths while maintaining the essential role of human expertise in education and programming.

Unveiling the risks of ChatGPT in diagnostic surgical pathology.

ChatGPT, an AI capable of processing and generating human-like language, has been studied in medical education and care, yet its potential in histopathological diagnosis remains unexplored. This study evaluates ChatGPT's reliability in addressing pathology-related diagnostic questions across ten subspecialties and its ability to provide scientific references. We crafted five clinico-pathological scenarios per subspecialty, simulating a pathologist using ChatGPT to refine differential diagnoses. Each scenario, aligned with current diagnostic guidelines and validated by expert pathologists, was posed as open-ended or multiple-choice questions, either requesting scientific references or not. Outputs were assessed by six pathologists according to. (1) usefulness in supporting the diagnosis and (2) absolute number of errors. We used directed acyclic graphs and structural causal models to determine the effect of each scenario type, field, question modality, and pathologist evaluation. We yielded 894 evaluations. ChatGPT provided useful answers in 62.2% of cases, and 32.1% of outputs contained no errors, while the remaining had at least one error. ChatGPT provided 214 bibliographic references: 70.1% correct, 12.1% inaccurate, and 17.8% non-existing. Scenario variability had the greatest impact on ratings, and latent knowledge across fields showed minimal variation. Although ChatGPT provided useful responses in one-third of cases, the frequency of errors and variability underscores its inadequacy for routine diagnostic use and highlights the need for discretion as a support tool. Imprecise referencing also suggests caution as a self-learning tool. It is essential to recognize the irreplaceable role of human experts in synthesizing images, clinical data, and experience for the intricate task of histopathological diagnosis.

The causes of changes in student positioning in group discussions using Polya’s problem-solving and <i>commognitive</i> approaches

This study aims to describe the causes of changes in student positioning during group discussions utilizing Polya’s problem-solving method and commognitive principles. The subjects of the study are mathematics education students from STKIP Taman Siswa Bima. Two groups were selected from 30 participants, each consisting of three individuals representing the roles of expert, facilitator, and novice. The research approach employed was qualitative exploratory. The findings indicate that changes in positioning were due to role shifts among group members, where group 1 changed from an initial positioning of EP1FP1NP1 to F’P1E’P1NP1, incorporating complete stages of Polya’s problem-solving process and commognitive components. Group 2 transitioned from EP2FP2NP2 to F’P2FP2NP2, reflecting an incomplete application of Polya’s problem-solving stages and commognitive components. Future research recommendations include examining how changes in student positioning occur in algebra problem-solving discussions using Polya’s problem-solving strategies and commognitive components, with a focus on individual student problem-solving within groups.

Exploring the Cultural Dimensions of Translation: A Critical Analysis of Snell-Hornby's Approach

This paper analyzes Mary Snell-Hornby's seminal theoretical framework for understanding translation as an inherently cultural process. Snell-Hornby was pioneering in establishing that translation requires navigating differences in worldviews and cultural competence. Key concepts explored are culture-bound language elements, the role of expertise, and translation studies' interdisciplinarity. Practical linguistic and textual challenges posed by cultural variation are examined, along with proposed strategies for references and idioms. Case studies reveal cultural influences on translation processes and outcomes. A critical evaluation identifies strengths like emphasizing culture's centrality, and limitations addressed in later frameworks. Potential areas for further research building on Snell-Hornby's foundations are identifying, such as localized case studies, evolving digital implications, and refinement of guidance. Overall, Snell-Hornby established culture as integral to conceptualizing translation's complexities, with implications for both theory development and stewardship of cross-cultural exchange.

Legal Implications of Psychiatric Assessment for Medical Aid in Dying.

In recent years, several jurisdictions have passed legislation to permit medical aid in dying (MAID) worldwide, with considerable expansion in the availability of this practice. MAID has been defined as the practice of a clinician prescribing lethal drugs in response to a direct request from the patient, with a shared understanding that the patient intends to use the medication to bring about the patient's death. Wider legalization of MAID has prompted debates and legal controversies regarding the extent to which MAID should be available and its application for people experiencing mental illness as the primary indication. This article examines shifting attitudes of professional medical organizations toward MAID. We discuss the existing statutory provisions for psychiatric assessment for MAID in the United States and the implications on such assessments should MAID be expanded to include mental illness as the primary indication. This article also assesses legal disputes concerning MAID regulations and explores the role of psychiatric experts in the practice of MAID.

Physiotherapy educators' perceptions of physiotherapists' competencies and continuing education in the practice of musculoskeletal physiotherapy direct access.

The aim of direct access (DA) physiotherapy practice in Finland is the treatment of musculoskeletal (MSK) conditions by physiotherapists who have completed continuing DA education. It is difficult to pinpoint the competencies of DA physiotherapists as their roles and scope of practice varies. The present study aimed to explore the competencies and education of DA physiotherapists through the perceptions of DA educators. Data were collected through individual semi-structured interviews of eleven Finnish physiotherapy educators who described their perceptions of DA physiotherapists' competencies and their continuing DA education. The interviews were recorded and transcribed verbatim and then examined using a reflexive thematic analysis. Two main themes were formulated on the basis of the data, conveying the educators' perceptions. The first theme, Interaction as grounds for meaningful clinical reasoning, had two subthemes: Meaningful encounter and Rationally and safely locating the core of the client's problem. The second theme, Continuing professional development in an expert role, had four subthemes: Continuous learning, Self-reflection, Deep understanding and Taking responsibility for one's own expertise. The present study revealed how DA educators perceive the competencies of DA physiotherapists. The findings highlight the perceived significance of the physiotherapists' interaction with the client as a ground for meaningful clinical reasoning, and their responsibility for their own continuing professional self-development.

The role of local experts in the selection and use of fodder crop species: a case study in the Brazilian dry forest

The role of local experts in the selection and use of fodder crop species: a case study in the Brazilian dry forest

Beyond biomedical institutions: An ethnographic study of community science and the rise of alternative therapeutic imaginaries

This paper examines the project Open Insulin—a community-based initiative aimed at producing their own insulin in response to rising prices in the United States—as a lens to analyze the emergence of “alternative therapeutic imaginaries.” These imaginaries represent a particular form of social activity: a planning approach toward greater individualization, fragmentation, and corporatization of healthcare. Examples include health and biomedical practices undertaken by citizen scientists, do-it-yourself (DIY) patients, and others who resist or operate outside institutions of medicine. Drawing on ethnographic research, this study analyzes the construction of Open Insulin's health politics, which I argue is inspired by forms of direct social action. Unlike conventional activism approaches that tend to make claims on the state or others in power, direct social action involves direct intervention in segments of society. This paper explores how this approach is complicated by the regulatory economy and materiality of drug research, and the need for diverse expertise in the space of pharmaceuticals. I examine how project members grappled with these complications, surfacing competing perspectives for how to produce insulin safely and the role of industry experts and scientific institutions in this pursuit. I argue that Open Insulin's vision for community-produced and -owned medicines sheds light on growing mistrust of health institutions and diminishing public responsibility over healthcare provisions, leading to technolibertarian logics to address unmet healthcare needs, and potentially exacerbating health disparities by privileging those who can participate in such alternatives. This analysis contributes to broader debates on transformations in healthcare and social activism, highlighting the need for reorienting biomedical institutions toward public benefit.

ENSURING PROSECUTORIAL SUPERVISION OVER THE USE OF EXPERT KNOWLEDGE IN CONDUCTING INVESTIGATIVE ACTIONS

This article explores the role of specialists and experts in criminal investigations, emphasizing their legal involvement in procedural actions, such as interrogations and evidence collection. The distinction between specialists and experts is highlighted, with experts possessing broader procedural powers in analyzing case-relevant information. The participation of educators, especially in cases involving minors, is emphasized as critical for obtaining reliable testimony. Additionally, the role of interpreters is examined, emphasizing their importance in ensuring the rights of non-native speakers during criminal proceedings. The article underscores the prosecutor's responsibility in monitoring the proper use of specialists, experts, and interpreters, as well as the importance of maintaining accuracy and preventing potential misuse. The article also touches upon legal provisions related to the participation of third parties, such as educators and interpreters, during interrogations and investigative actions, providing insights into best practices.

When do firms benefit from overconfident CEOs? The role of board expertise and power for technological breakthrough innovation

AbstractResearch SummaryWhile prior upper echelon research has shown that overconfident CEOs are beneficial for innovation, less is known about how firms can harness the benefits of these CEOs for breakthrough innovations. To extend this stream of research, we identify crucial board characteristics that enable firms to benefit from overconfident CEOs in the context of promoting breakthrough innovations. Using longitudinal data of US high‐tech firms, our results emphasize that overconfident CEOs guided by boards with expertise and power strongly outperform fellow CEOs who are monitored by boards lacking either or both of these characteristics. By theorizing and empirically demonstrating how powerful expert boards are important for firms to profit from their CEO's overconfidence, our study provides important contributions to the CEO overconfidence, corporate board, and breakthrough innovation literatures.Managerial SummaryCan boards harness the benefits of overconfident CEOs to increase breakthrough innovation for their firms? We examine this question using a longitudinal dataset of US high‐tech firms and find that board expertise and power enable firms to benefit from CEO overconfidence in the context of breakthrough innovations. Our results suggest that boards need both power and expertise to effectively channel an overconfident CEO's drive toward breakthrough innovations. Interestingly, powerful boards that lack expertise may be detrimental to harnessing CEO overconfidence for breakthrough innovations. For governance practitioners, ensuring that a board is composed of directors with knowledge and understanding of breakthrough innovations and a balance of power with their CEOs will create a beneficial context for firms led by CEO overconfidence to produce breakthrough innovations.

Expertise and specialization in organizations: a social network analysis

ABSTRACT Organizations rely on their employees’ expertise (i.e. very high domain-specific competence relative to peers) and specialization (i.e. moderate to high competence in tasks for which no direct peers are responsible) to foster innovation and knowledge-sharing processes. While previous research demonstrated the pivotal role of experts and specialists, there remains scant knowledge on their skill profiles and embeddedness in organizational networks. Employing social network analysis (N = 344), we explore the relationships between the reception of advice requests – quantified by in-degree centralities – and self-assessed skills, expertise, and specialization. The results suggest a halo effect, as proficiency in one skill bundle is related to advice requests in other skill bundles. Furthermore, we use an exponential random graph model (ERGM) to provide evidence of similarities in skills, tenure, and leadership responsibility between advice-giver and advice-seeker. Finally, we use optimal matching analyses to compare skill profiles of individuals in our sample with theoretically derived ideal types of skill profiles for experts and specialists. The study underscores the need to further investigate expertise and specialization, emphasizing the importance of distinguishing between diverse knowledge carriers and skill profiles within career development, talent management, and knowledge management.

Resettlement Knowledge: The Expertise of Service Providers

Abstract Refugee resettlement is implemented by service providers who translate standardised policies into tangible services that meet the immediate needs of their diverse refugee clients on a daily basis. These service providers play a vital role in supporting newly arrived refugees, yet we know little about the work that resettlement entails. Considering prior research on the shortcomings of refugee resettlement policy along with scholarship on the dilemmas faced by street-level bureaucrats, this article sheds light on the role of professional expertise in carrying out this complex and dynamic programme of service provision. This article reveals how, alongside their formal prescribed duties of service management and administrative management, resettlement agency caseworkers also engage in the unofficial work of needs management and crisis management. To best support their refugee clients, caseworkers draw on specialised expertise that I call “resettlement knowledge.” Based on over 1,000 hours of ethnographic fieldwork in a resettlement agency in two cities in the United States and 102 interviews with refugees and service providers, this article illuminates the complexities of resettlement work, providing a nuanced representation of this occupation and the depth of unrecognised labour that states rely on for resettlement.

Decoding the disciplines: creating mutual understanding in multiprofessional education

Decoding the disciplines as a pedagogical approach to overcome threshold concepts in student learning. The method focuses on a process of making discipline-specific thinking and acting more accessible to students in order to enhance their learning process. Students of any discipline have difficulties with discipline-specific contents, methods or ways of thinking or acting, the so-called bottlenecks. In addition, there are bottlenecks specific to each discipline, such as topics related to scientific work. Findings from a Scholarship of Teaching and Learning approach in a multi-professional group of students in an online seminar session during the corona pandemic are presented. A decoding process on how to find a theoretical approach to one’s research question was conducted. The implementation of the decoding method took place either in face-to-face decoding expert interviews or in a writing process using predetermined guiding questions. Students’ reflections on the use of the method were analyzed using normalization process theory to identify facilitating and inhibiting aspects for the face-to-face and written implementation of the method in interprofessional learning groups. The results show that students could experience a role change or a new role when the decoding topic changes. With the interview method in particular, students can take on the role of experts or novices depending on the topic and thus actively participate. Whether a role change happens or not always depends on the dynamics and the communicative exchange of the group. Decoding takes a lot of time, especially for reflective writing.

Variation in levels of professionalism in healthcare policymaking during the Obama, Trump, and Biden administrations.

During the Trump administration it was widely asserted in the news media that the administration's agency appointees were less professional than appointees from previous administrations. Using qualitative data from 35 interviews with lobbyists, congressional staffers, and executive branch officials, and quantitative and qualitative data on years of relevant experience and job type at the date of nomination, it is demonstrated that indeed the Trump administration attracted less talent than the Obama and Biden administrations, which resulted in less supply and demand for expertise and thus a diminished role of expertise in the policymaking process.

BIM Adoption in MENA's Construction Industry: A Contractor's Perspective

This study delves into the multifaceted landscape of Building Information Modeling (BIM) adoption and implementation across the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region's construction industry. Employing an online survey methodology, the research scrutinizes the varied profiles of contractors. Through regression analysis, the study investigates the impact of institutional pressures on the contractors’ BIM adoption, implementation, encountered barriers and challenges, expected benefits and outcomes, and related expertise and training. The analysis then extends to evaluate the interrelationships among such BIM variables. The key findings reveal significant influences of institutional pressures on BIM adoption and benefits as well as their expected benefits and outcomes but less impact on overcoming BIM barriers and challenges and enhancing expertise and training. The research highlights the limited role of BIM expertise and training in the adoption, implementation, and realization of its benefits and outcomes within the MENA construction sector. Furthermore, the study concludes that barriers, challenges, benefits, and outcomes don’t have a significant effect on BIM's adoption and implementation. The study also evaluates the primary benefits and outcomes of BIM alongside the main barriers and challenges encountered. Crucially, the research identifies and dissects the salient barriers to BIM deployment, such as awareness and expertise deficiency, financial and human resource constraints, training shortages, and resistance to change. This study not only provides a detailed snapshot of the BIM landscape but also lays the groundwork for addressing the persistent challenges and harnessing the full potential of BIM in revolutionizing construction methodologies in the MENA region. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2024-010-08-015 Full Text: PDF

Integrating the Health Belief Model and Mobile Applications to Improve Knowledge and Medical Compliance in Diabetic Patients

Background: Standard care for Diabetic foot ulcers (DFU) involves various interventions, but there is limited focus on patients' knowledge and medical compliance. The Health Belief Model (HBM) offers a promising framework to enhance patient knowledge and adherence to medical recommendations by addressing perceived susceptibility, barriers, severity, and benefits. However, its application through mobile technology remains underexplored. Methods: This study conducted a systematic literature review using online databases such as PubMed, ScienceDirect, EBSCO, Springer, Google, and Google Scholar. The search focused on studies published from 2000 to 2022, examining the use of HBM in diabetes care, specifically addressing patient knowledge and medical compliance, and the integration of mobile applications. Keywords included terms such as 'education HBM diabetes patient’s knowledge' and 'mobile application HBM diabetes medical compliance.' After an initial yield of 168 articles, a rigorous screening process resulted in the inclusion of 9 relevant studies. Results: The review indicates that the HBM can effectively promote health behavior changes in diabetes care, improving self-efficacy, knowledge, and medical compliance. Implementing HBM through education has shown benefits in foot care, adherence to medical advice, and the management of diabetes-related complications. However, studies integrating mobile applications with HBM in diabetes care are scarce, highlighting a significant gap in current research. Conclusion: Utilizing the Health Belief Model through mobile applications may offer clinical benefits in diabetes care by preventing severe complications such as DFUs. The role of technology experts is critical in developing effective HBM-based mobile applications.

The Role of CEO Financial Skills on Company Performance

Fast and dynamic economic growth requires companies to choose a chief executive officer (CEO) who has strong technical and managerial skills. One important ability for a company CEO to have is financial expertise. The CEO's financial capabilities can help the company manage resources more efficiently and effectively, especially during times of crisis. This research aims to determine the role of CEO financial expertise on company performance during the Covid 19 pandemic. This research is quantitative in nature using secondary data obtained from the company's annual report and financial statements. The sample for this research was 40 property and real estate companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange in 2020-2022. The data analysis technique used is panel data regression analysis. The results obtained show that CEO financial expertise plays a negative and significant role in company performance. This finding explains that, during the financial crisis, the CEO's expertise was not able to improve company performance.

Harriett Wilson, Audrey Harvey and Margaret Wynn: poverty, research and social action in 1950–1970s Britain

ABSTRACT The foundation of the Child Poverty Action Group (CPAG) in 1965 is seen as a pivotal moment in the history of British welfare policy heralding a new wave of pressure group activism. Many histories of the organisation focus on the expertise of two of their founder members, Brian Abel-Smith and Peter Towsend. But in foregrounding the role of these academic experts in the early history of CPAG the wider ecosystem of professionals, academics, politicians and activists involved has been overshadowed. This insight this article will argue that contributions to welfare policy and practice can be subsumed in organisational histories, particularly work that is local, smaller scale and practical. Often though not exclusively, women have undertaken such grassroots research and activism. Such work can, and does, contribute to the success of voluntary groups as well as feed into wider intellectual and policy currents. This paper will explore one such case study of this: the crucial but under-documented work of three women campaigners Harriett Wilson, Audrey Harvey and Margaret Wynn. It will illustrate how by combining both intellectually rigorous social research and practical social action they were important both in the formation of CPAG and sociological thinking and practice more broadly.

Научная экспертиза как ключевой фактор социально-экономического развития

The article discusses the issues of increasing the role of scientific expertise in the management of science, education and economics, its impact on the effectiveness and quality of scientific, scientific, technical and educational activities. Scientific expertise in the fields of sciences that have a direct impact on the development of the intellectual capital of society, as the main factor of economic growth and social progress, is of particular relevance and importance. The results of the analysis of the quality of education, the effectiveness of intellectual activity, and the regulatory legal framework in terms of scientific expertise are presented. Based on the identified problems, recommendations are made to improve the legal support and the mechanism for conducting scientific expertise, on the state of which, along with other factors, the level of scientific, technological and socio-economic development of the country depends.