Male Role Research Articles

Understanding the Underrepresentation of Male Teachers in Nigerian Secondary Schools: A Case Study of Enugu State (2014-2024)

This study x-rays the decline in number of male teachers in Nigeria’s secondary schools, highlighting the gender dynamics that influence the teaching profession. The role teachers play in the education sector of every country is paramount in nation building. There is a noticeable decline in male participation particularly at the primary and secondary schools’ levels in Nigeria. The research questions that this study seeks to answer include: Why are male teachers underrepresented in the Nigerian Secondary schools? Secondly, how does the gender imbalance among secondary schools’ teachers in Nigeria affect the educational experience of the students? Thirdly, what are the strategies to be employed in combating male teachers’ underrepresentation and promoting gender balance in the teaching workforce of Nigerian secondary schools? Using social role theory and intersectionality as theoretical frameworks, the study examines cultural, economic, and social factors contributing to the underrepresentation of male teachers in secondary schools. Key findings reveal that low remuneration, social stereotypes, and cultural expectations deter men from pursuing teaching careers in Nigeria. Many view teaching in secondary schools as a low-status career, predominantly associated with caregiving roles traditionally assigned to women. This study employs a mixed-methods approach, incorporating quantitative data from surveys of 15 secondary schools in Enugu State and qualitative insights from semi-formal interviews with male teachers and non-teachers to attend to the research questions. The results showcase a significant gender imbalance, with female teachers constituting 67% of the surveyed workforce. This underrepresentation has negative implications that include; limited access to male role models for students and increased workloads for the remaining teachers. To address this, the study recommends public engagement initiatives to challenge the cultural and societal norms and promote gender balance in teaching, emphasising the importance of male participation in education for the wholistic development of students and fostering an inclusive educational environment in Nigeria.

A imagem de enfermeiras(os) no Chile por meio de desenhos infantis: um estudo iconográfico

Abstract Objective To reveal the image of nursing professionals in Chile through the analysis of children’s drawings. Method This is an exploratory qualitative study, involving the collection of information through nine drawings made by children aged between 7 and 10 years, using free technique, and then were analyzed with the Iconographic Method proposed by Erwin Panofsky. Results Most drawings depict clinical activities of nurses, focusing predominantly on the technical dimension of the profession. Although nursing is commonly associated with a mostly female occupation, permeated by gender stereotypes, some participants were able to identify the presence and importance of the male role in this professional field. No iconographic elements were identified that would reinforce stigmas associated with nursing professionals, such as the view that they are supporters, aides, or mere medical assistants. Conclusions and implications for practice Children’s drawings serve as a reflection of the collective imagination of society. By studying them in relation to nursing, we can identify the advances of the profession and glimpse its near future. This research contributes to understanding the current image of the profession in society, and allows an analysis that goes further, helping to establish future directions and the evolution of this collective perception.

Unusual functions of insect vitellogenins: minireview.

Insect vitellogenins are an intriguing class of complex proteins. They primarily serve as a source of energy for the developing embryo in insect eggs. Vitellogenesis is a complex hormonally and neurally controlled process that command synthesis of vitellogenin molecules and ensures their transport from the female fat bodies or ovarial cells into eggs. The representatives of all insect hormones such as juvenile hormones, ecdysteroids, and neurohormones participate in vitellogenesis, but juvenile hormones (most insect species) and ecdysteroids (mostly Diptera) play the most important roles in the process. Strikingly, not only insect females, but also males have been reported to synthesize vitellogenins indicating their further utility in the insect body. Indeed, it has recently been found that vitellogenins perform a variety of biological functions in the insect body. They participate in defense reactions against entomopathogens such as nematodes, fungi, and bacteria, as well as against venoms such as the honeybee Apis mellifera venom. Interestingly, vitellogenins are also present in the venom of the honeybee itself, albeit their exact role is unknown; they most likely increase the efficacy of the venom in the victim's body. Within the bee's body vitellogenins contribute to the lifespan regulation as anti-aging factor acting under tight social interactions and hormonal control. The current minireview covers all of these functions of vitellogenins and portrays them as biologically active substances that play a variety of significant roles in both insect females and males, and not only acting as passive energy sources for developing embryo.

Empowerment through Waiting Modalities The Transformation of Syrian Female Refugees' Activities and Productivity in Lebanese Informal Tented Settlements

This paper examines gender role reversal within Syrian refugee households through waiting modalities and rhythmic practices amongst Syrian female refugees living in informal tented se lements (ITSs) along the Lebanese–Syrian borderscape. The dominant traditional male role that was observed during the pre-Syrian war appears to rescind due to a new socio-economic status that female refugees gained in their waiting to return home. The ethnographic study revealed that female refugees performed new labour tasks and assumed new roles both inside and outside the ITSs whether working with host community members or assisting multisectoral agencies. In being productive, they transformed their passive waiting into an active waiting through cultural habits and daily practices. Their shrouded skills became unlocked. Gender empowerment is therefore constantly negotiated and renegotiated due to temporary coping mechanisms and forms of resiliency. This paper uses a multi-fold framework and deconstructs empowerment from a cultural and contextual perspective. The investigation of self-determination, sense of agency, and independence is performed through a Lefebvrian 'rhythmanalysis' lens (2013) present in the women's daily and seasonal activities.

The Ambition And Power In Caryl Churchill’s Top Girls

This writing aims to describe the ambition and power of feminist in Caryl Churchill’s Top Girls. Churchill reveals how women are ambitious to achieve power by taking male roles in the middle of the patriarchal system. Churchill addresses feminism issues from the class distinction and sacrifices similar to the current problems. This writing traces the sacrifice of the main character, Marlene, in reaching her goal as a career woman. This writing used qualitative methods to explore the object and inventory techniques to collect the data.

Gender stereotypes when choosing the head of the clan in Yakut families

The research of gender education and gender-role behavior of men and women is becoming increasingly relevant in modern society. Psychological trends of modern society, appealing to androgynous values, increasingly blur the boundaries that define male and female roles and their functions. This is especially evident in family relationships. The article is devoted to the idea of the head of the genus in the Yakut family, gender stereotypes among the Sakha people. In the course of the study, the author’s methodology was developed based on the Mukhina’s methodology “Criminal or scientist», as well as the authors’ questionnaire on identifying the head of a clan and the line of the clan. The respondents were young people aged 18 – 29 years. The results of the study showed that in modern Yakut families, the ancestral line is more often carried out on the mother’s side. The head of a clan in most cases is also a woman. It was revealed that there are no statistically significant gender differences in our sample

Choice of Musical Instruments: Gender Differences

Current research has focused on gender as a conditioning factor in students’ study choices, highlighting the existence of gender stereotypes associated with these choice. The general objective of this article is to analyse if there are differences based on sex in the choice of musical instruments in music conservatories. The methodology used is quantitative. We have analysed the data on enrolment in the different instrumental specialities of two public music conservatories in Seville (Spain) at the three levels of music education: Basic, Professional and Higher Music Education. This article contrasts if there are instrumental specialities that are mostly chosen by one or the other sex, and to check if this sexual segregation has been produced by chance or can be explained by other causes. This investigation was carried out for a total of 4120 students from two different conservatories. The main conclusions of the study were the existence of feminized and masculinized instrumental families, and the relationship between the variables “students’ sex” and “instrumental families and musical specialities” was significant with a medium effect size. This research confirms that men and women choose the instruments that have traditionally been associated with their male or female roles respectively.

Fictive home: the politics of urban homemaking of <em>Hijras</em> in Khulna, Bangladesh

The third gender is an identity-based category for people who do not identify themselves as either male or female. This may include people who do not feel the male or female gender roles that their culture dictates in terms of social, sexual, or gender role preference. The aim of the paper is to investigate the crucial role that the dwelling environments play in the lives of the third gender and their ultimate transformation into and stigmatization as a Hijra. In a context characterized by a lack of social acceptance of the third gender people into mainstream activities, and in the near absence of Government (and NGO) support, particularly toward their rehabilitation and resettlement, the third gender population commonly engages in ‘anti-social’ activities in order to ensure a livelihood. A significant portion of these activities, which can also be viewed as different forms of resistance-mostly absent and ritualistic, however, take place within the confines of their urban dwelling. An investigation into their family structure and household spatial implication, organization of house spaces according to their own notion of publicness-privateness, spatial sequencing, layering and hierarchy, formal articulation of houses and their setting/location to the larger urban fabric hence speak of an apparently novel culture of an undesirable community, where such novelties, as this paper argues, degrade their identity into that of a ‘socially excluded’ Hijra. Such identification and understanding of the negative socio-political-spatial products/processes of Hijra homes hence are expected to provide important feedback to policymaking on devising sustainable ways to construct a positive identity for the so-called ‘Hijra’ population and aid through possible spatial-physical intervention (e.g. housing).

Recruitment, retention, and experiences of Australian male dietitians: A cross-sectional online survey.

Male dietitians are under-represented in the global dietetics workforce, including in Australia. This study explores Australian males' experiences as dietitians in the Australian workforce, with the aim to identify influences that initially attracted them to dietetics, as well as barriers that may affect their decision to stay in or leave the profession. A cross-sectional, semi-quantitative web-based survey was distributed to male dietitians using purposive, snowball sampling. Closed and open-ended questions were included. Descriptive statistics were generated, and content analysis of free-text responses identified major themes. Seventy-one respondents opened the survey link, of which 65 respondents attempted the survey. Fifty-four (83.1%) respondents agreed that dietetics is female-dominated. An interest in food and nutrition was the most reported reason for studying dietetics (73.8%). Of the 55 respondents who were not intending to retire in the next 5 years, 15 (27.3%) stated they were somewhat or extremely likely to leave the profession of dietetics. Respondents identified issues that impacted their experiences as a male dietitian, including gender differences, a lack of male role models, barriers to career progression/employment, and perceptions of a lack of respect and impact within healthcare. Australian male dietitians perceive systemic, social, and personal factors that have influenced their career experiences. Greater exposure to prominent male role models may be self-perpetuating in improving male dietitian recruitment and eventually, retention. A multi-pronged approach is needed to improve the rate of recruitment of male dietitians, with a role for tertiary education providers and peak dietetics bodies.

A male idol becoming a girl? Nisu fans' sexual fantasy about male stars

The emergent movement of reverse Sue (Nisu) in China refers to the practice of (especially female) fans imagining themselves as having a strong male role to their idols' weak female role. In this process, female fans take on a powerful, active role to protect and look after their male idols in female form. Examining how Nisu fans interact with other types of fans and negotiate a mainstream gender discourse dominated by traditional heterosexual norms reveals how, as a burgeoning subcultural group, female Nisu fans express their subversive potential by seeking the power of an imaginary phallus to defy male hegemony. However, their internal divergence and self-contradiction might weaken this defiance.

Can sustainable entrepreneurship be achieved through green knowledge sharing, green dynamic capabilities, and green service innovation?

Expansion of business activities comes with various environmental and natural disasters, hence agitating the economies and academia to present the counter and effective solution. Researchers also pinpointed prior that there exists a dark side of business expansion such as lacking of green innovative activities and dynamic capabilities which are creating resistance to achieve sustainability. Besides, literature also claims that green innovation is a crucial segment to achieve competitive edge that leads to sustainable entrepreneurship; however, it is not easier to be achieved as green innovation along green capabilities makes a complex network which consists of embedded partners, hence, also in dire need of green knowledge sharing as well to make the process smooth. In this lieu, the study aims to scrutinize the effectiveness of green knowledge sharing, green dynamic capabilities, and green service innovation on green entrepreneurship in the presence of gender role as a moderator. Empirical estimations calculated through PLS methodology reveal that green knowledge sharing, green dynamic capabilities, and green service innovation has a positive and significant linkage with green entrepreneurship in Vietnam. The outcomes also exposed that the male gender role significantly moderates the said relationship in Vietnam. Findings confirm that adoption sustainability practices such as green knowledge sharing, innovation, and dynamic capabilities are helpful to fulfill sustainable entrepreneurship demand; hence, further research is needed to extend the framework along with existing concepts.

Rethinking Masculinities: Challenging Hegemonic Norms and Embracing Diversity

This paper critically examines the conventional understanding of masculinity, emphasizing the need to transcend hegemonic norms and embrace diverse expressions of gender identity. The introduction highlights the pervasive issue of gender egalitarianism being overshadowed by a focus on women's rights, perpetuating stagnation in perceptions of masculinity. The paper proceeds to challenge the notion of an unchanging and authentic practice of masculinity, known as "the male role," exploring the impact of hegemonic masculinity on subordinated forms. Chapters delve into the complexities of the sexed body, questioning innate versus nurtured perspectives on masculinity, and highlighting the role of societal influence and social practice. The study also explores the dynamics of masculinity concerning ethnology, social class, and race, advocating for an inclusive approach that transcends biological determinism. Furthermore, the paper discusses the evolution of new thinking around masculinity, dissecting the implications of hegemonic masculinity on men's mental health and family dynamics. The concluding chapter emphasizes the dynamic nature of masculinity, urging a departure from rigid stereotypes and encouraging a more inclusive understanding shaped by self-identification and personal decision-making. Overall, the paper contributes to the ongoing discourse on gender by challenging traditional paradigms and promoting a nuanced and adaptable conceptualization of masculinity in contemporary society.

Teaching strategies for cultivating preschoolers’ sharing behavior based on gender roles in Chinese culture

<span lang="EN-US">Chinese boys and girls manifest distinct sharing behavior compared with children of other nationalities following different cross-national pathways. Undoubtedly, the Chinese traditional culture projects distinct expectations of female and male roles. Kindergarten teachers are responsible for delivering cultural norm knowledge to children and shaping their behaviors and beliefs. This study aims to provide an insight into how kindergarten teachers cultivate preschoolers’ sharing behavior considering the traditional gender-role culture in China. This study adopted the multiple case study approach and involved six participants working in a Chinese public provincial kindergarten in Hebei Province. The data collection techniques used comprise semi-structured interviews and document analysis. This study’s findings showed teachers develop both boys’ and girls’ sharing awareness through an other-oriented strategy. They also elicit sharing practices through benefits-oriented and habits-forming strategies. However, different treatments of boys and girls could be observed in some respects. These findings demonstrate that children’s sharing behaviors are shaped through the same strategy with a subtle gender bias. They further imply that the gender-role knowledge of Chinese kindergarten teachers impacts how they cultivate preschoolers’ sharing behavior.</span>

What Does Masculinity Mean?

Abstract In Germany, there has been an ongoing discussion about the boys’ crisis in education, which is linked to the call for more masculinity through male role models so as to positively influence boys. In this article, I explore the conceptions of masculinity of young people in Germany and elaborate on the influence of education and educational institutions on notions of masculinity. To do this, I focus on two in-depth case studies, a boy and a girl who are both aged 16, which I analyze using the documentary method. The cases show that education is to be understood as a gender regime that takes an active part in the production of a binary masculinity. At the same time, they also show that education has the potential to transform masculinity.

남자 대학생의 남성다움 위협이 부적정서와 상태자존감에 미치는 영향: 남성다움 자극의 중재효과

This study tried to investigate the moderating effect of manhood stimulation on the effects of manhood threat on negative emotions and status self-esteem in male university students. 62 male university students who voluntarily participated through online research institutes were pre-examined(gender role identity scale, multiple affect adjective check list, state self-esteem scale), and then randomly assigned to one of the two groups divided into a shortened version of the movie 300(manhood stimulation group) or a video of the birth of the earth(gender neutral group). After watching the video, all participants were manipulated to experience the threat of manhood by providing feedback that femininity was higher than average as a result of the pre-test for gender role identity. After the threat experience, a post-test was conducted to verify the interaction between pre-post groups, and repeated measurement variance analysis was performed. The results of this study are as follows. Regarding the negative emotion of anger, the group that was stimulated with manhood showed a greater amount of change between pre-post test results than the gender neutral group. In terms of state self-esteem, the difference between pre-post tests was statistically significant in the group stimulated with manhood. The manhood stimulation group was found to have a moderating effect of interacting with manhood threats to increase anger emotions and to increase state self-esteem as a defensive response. The significance of this study will serve as the basis for revitalizing research considering precarious manhood properties and will help in effective intervention in male gender role counseling and education.

Dampak Gadget Terhadap Perkembangan Fungsi Sosial Remaja Di Pertanian IV Lebak Bulus Jakarta Selatan

Teenagers whose daily lives are altered by excessive gadget use may face a variety of health and social issues as a result of their overindulgence in technology. The purpose of this study is to ascertain how teenage social function development is impacted by gadget use. This study employs descriptive approaches in a qualitative manner. Data were gathered by documenting, interviewing, and observation. Purposive sampling is the method used in this study to select informants. Additionally, this study triangulates its data in order to verify the information derived from the field findings.The study's findings show what adolescents go through in terms of social functions, including developing new, more mature relationships with both male and female peers, achieving male and female social roles, accepting and making use of their physical condition, seeking emotional independence from parents and other adults, achieving guaranteed economic freedom, making career and family-planning decisions, and developing intellectual concepts and skills that are critical for civic competence. Additionally, informants reported negative effects, such as excessive use of gadgets that waste money on everyday necessities and negatively impact teenage behavior.

The Interplay of Strength and Content of Women's Gender Identity, Ambivalent Sexism Targeted at Men, and Attitudes Toward Gender Role Subtypes.

In this on-line study of adult women (N = 145), we performed a series of moderation analyses, including women's self-reported gender in-group identification as moderator, their traditional/progressive identity contents as predictors, ambivalent sexism targeted at men and attitudes toward male and female conforming and non-conforming gender roles as outcome variables. We found that both traditional and progressive identity contents were significant predictors of benevolent sexism but did not predict hostile sexism toward men. Moreover, traditional identity contents predicted more negative evaluations of both male and female gender non-conforming roles, while progressive identity contents predicted more positive evaluations of both male and female gender non-conforming roles. The results have also indicated that the less a woman identifies with her gender in-group while having highly traditional identity contents, the lower she evaluates gender non-conforming roles of other women. The present study adds to the existing research on the links between women's gender identity and perceptions of the opposite sex, as well as their evaluations of various gender roles of men and women.

The interplay between scientific motivation, creative process engagement, and scientific creativity: A network analysis study

According to the social cognitive career theory (SCCT) and the Componential Model of Creativity (CMC), scientific motivation and creative process engagement are potentially involved in producing scientific creativity. Critically, more evidence is needed for how these constructs contribute to scientific creativity. For these reasons, the present study recruited 390 participants to complete online questionnaires on scientific motivation, creative process engagement, and scientific creativity. Correlation Network Analysis and Bayesian Network Analysis were employed to get an integrated model for studying the interactive effects among the factors. Bootstrap analysis was used to determine the critical path between these factors. Results showed that: (1) Intrinsic-related scientific motivation played critical roles in the regularized partial correlation network involving scientific motivation, creative process engagement, and scientific creativity. Further, more sparsity was revealed in the partial correlation network of males, but the scientific creativity of males is more strongly linked with other nodes in the network. (2) Career motivation was the parent node for the Bayesian Network and would positively impact scientific creativity by transforming it into intrinsic-related scientific motivation. In addition, idea generation and intrinsic motivation directly drive scientific creativity. The parent nodes of male and female Bayesian networks are different, but IMPR plays a central role in males and females. (3) The bootstrap path analysis further verified pathways revealed by the Bayesian Network, as extrinsic-related motivation influenced scientific creativity through intrinsic motivation and creative process engagement. These findings demonstrate that intrinsic-related scientific motivations are the critical factor for promoting scientific creativity and that females and males show different network characteristics. Educational relevance statementEnhancing our understanding of how scientific motivation and engagement in the creative process contribute to scientific creativity is crucial for developing targeted intervention programs to improve science education. By identifying students who exhibit lower levels of intrinsic motivation in science subjects, teachers can intervene early and prevent motivational issues and subsequent underachievement. Intrinsic motivation and active engagement in the creative process are critical factors in fostering scientific creativity. Creating an open and spontaneous learning environment enables students to explore freely and actively participate in the creative process, which enhances their creativity. However, it is essential to ensure that students refrain from mindlessly pursuing scientific careers, as this may hinder their scientific creativity. Integrating career motivation with intrinsic motivation can be a practical approach to promote engagement in the creative process and facilitate the development of scientific creativity. Educators should also provide a broader range of cognitive activities related to creativity. It is equally important to foster scientific motivation and promote scientific innovation among male and female students. Additionally, boys may benefit from specific career guidance to enhance their self-efficacy. In contrast, given that girls are less creative in their self-perception, interventions to address this lower creative self-efficacy seem especially important. For this, cultivating intrinsic motivation in science and promoting effective engagement in creative activities may be particularly effective for girls. Overall, by understanding the relationship between scientific motivation, creative process engagement, and scientific creativity, educators can design interventions that cater to individual needs and foster a supportive environment for students to excel in science education.

Gender Role Attitudes and Prosecutorial Decision-Making in a Case of Intimate Partner Violence.

Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) is a pervasive public health crisis that impacts individuals across the gender spectrum. Traditionally, IPV is conceptualized through a gendered lens, with men as the perpetrators and women as the victims. The current study explored the association between perpetrator/victim sex, prosecutor gender role attitudes, and prosecutorial decision-making in a case of alleged IPV. We hypothesized that prosecutors with more traditional gender role attitudes would be more lenient, and this effect to be exacerbated in cases involving a female perpetrator. Criminal prosecutors across the United States (N = 94) completed the Male Role Norms Inventory-Revised and read case materials describing the alleged IPV between a heterosexual couple (e.g., arrest report, medical records). The victim/perpetrator sex was manipulated to involve either a female- (male victim) or male- (female victim) perpetrated IPV case. Results indicate that gender role attitudes were not associated with prosecutorial decision-making. However, prosecutors perceived the violence as more serious and the perpetrator as more likely to reoffend when the perpetrator was male; further, they attributed more blame to the female victim. An interaction between perpetrator sex and prosecutor gender role attitudes indicates those with more traditional beliefs were more likely to blame the female (rather than male) victim. These data suggest extralegal factors related to the perpetrator (i.e., perpetrator sex), rather than prosecutor individual differences (i.e., gender role attitudes), are associated with prosecutor discretionary decision-making. In tandem with real-world disparities in the prosecution of IPV based on perpetrator sex, the current research stresses the importance of exploring a diversity of factors that account for these observed differences.

Analysis of Gender Images in Elementary School Mathematics Textbooks of Jiangsu Education Press

This dissertation analyzes gender role images in elementary school mathematics textbooks of Jiangsu Education Press in China. The study aims to identify whether gender stereotypes and discrimination exist in textbooks and develop strategies to address these issues. The results showed that male characters were more frequently portrayed than female characters in both text and images, and they tended to be depicted as active and confident problem solvers. In contrast, female characters were often shown as passive and dependent learners. Additionally, gender stereotypes were found in portraying male and female characters roles and activities, with males frequently engaging in activities related to science and technology, while females were associated with more traditional roles such as homemakers and caregivers. The results of this study will shed light on the nature and extent of gender bias in mathematics textbooks published by Jiangsu Education Press and contribute to their improvement. This study contributes to the broader field of gender bias in education by providing a more specific and focused analysis of gender role representations in elementary school mathematics textbooks.